Water Quality, Assessment and Management in India

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Part I: Introduction
	Overview of Water Resources, Quality, and Management in India
		1 Introduction
		2 Indian´s Water Statistics from SCOPUS Database.
		3 Rivers in India
		4 Lakes in India
		5 Reservoirs and Dams in India
		6 Groundwater in India
			6.1 Modeling and Statistical Tools for Water Quality Assessment in India
		7 Recommendations
		8 Conclusions
		References
Part II: Status of Water Resources in India
	The Interlinking of Indian Rivers for Sustainable Use of Water Resources in India: An Overview
		1 Introduction
		2 Need for Interlinking Rivers
		3 Interbasin Water Transfer Proposals
		4 Proposal to Interlink
			4.1 The NPP Comprises of Basic Components
			4.2 Conceptual Gaps in the Proposed ILR
			4.3 The Peninsular Component Has Four Major Parts
		5 The Proposed Benefits
		6 The Important Factors Link with the ILR
			6.1 Political Issues and Domestic Water Supply Priority
			6.2 Environmental Social and Economic Concerns
		7 International Conflicts
			7.1 Is River Linking the Only Solution?
		8 Conclusion
		9 Recommendations
		References
	An Overview: Water Resource Management Aspects in India
		1 Introduction
		2 Precipitation in India
		3 River Systems in India
		4 Water Availability in India
			4.1 Surface Water Resources
			4.2 Groundwater Resources
		5 Droughts
		6 Floods
		7 Climate Change
			7.1 Climate Change and India´s Actions
		8 Water Quality
		9 Agriculture in India
		10 Irrigation Development in India
			10.1 History of Irrigation in India
			10.2 Post-Independence Irrigation Development
		11 National Water Policy
			11.1 National Water Mission
		12 Conclusions
		13 Recommendations
		References
Part III: Water Harvesting and Water Qualities
	Drought Characterization During Monsoon Months Based on Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) in Nuapada District, Odisha, In...
		1 Introduction
		2 Materials and Methods
			2.1 Study Area
			2.2 Methodology
			2.3 SPI for Drought Analysis
				2.3.1 Computation of SPI
		3 Results and Discussions
			3.1 Drought Classification as per SPI 3 Aug and Sep for Five Blocks of Nuapada District
			3.2 Drought Characterization (Maximum and Minimum Duration, Drought Intensity and Incidence) of Different Blocks of Nuapada Di...
			3.3 Computation of Agricultural Drought Threshold Limit
		4 Conclusions
		5 Recommendations
		References
	Catchment Scale Forest-Water Interfaces for Pollution Management
		1 Introduction
			1.1 Background
			1.2 Forests & Water
				1.2.1 Key Spectrums
				1.2.2 Issues & Perspectives
			1.3 Water Resources Glitches
		2 Forest Functions at Catchment Scale
			2.1 Hydrologic Functions & Impacts
				2.1.1 Salient Hydrologic Progressions in Forest Watersheds
				2.1.2 Salient R&D Outcomes
			2.2 Environmental Functions
			2.3 Other Functions & Impacts
		3 Forest-Water Relations & Interactions
			3.1 Fundamental Roles of Water
				3.1.1 Properties, Dynamics & Hydrologic Framework of Water
			3.2 Forest Hydrology
			3.3 Determinants of Forest-Water Connection
		4 Forest Water Quality and Climate Change
			4.1 Forests, Erosion, and Water Quality
			4.2 Vital Indicators of Water Quality
			4.3 Water Quality Monitoring
				4.3.1 Categories of Quality Data
			4.4 Catchment Water Quality Management
			4.5 Inference of Climatic & Environmental Variations
		5 Updated Forest-Water Facade: Indian Scenario
			5.1 Situation of Forests in India
				5.1.1 Suitability of Bamboo to Regulate Hydrological Processes
			5.2 State of R&D on Forest Water
				5.2.1 India´s Forest Hydrology Experimentations
				5.2.2 Ecologic Effects of Forest Conversions
			5.3 Efforts & Scope Toward R&D Essentials
				5.3.1 Indian Missions
				5.3.2 The Way Forward
		6 Catchment Managing Approaches
			6.1 Surface Water Acidification or Sea Salts
			6.2 Detecting Sensitive Areas & Framing Suitable Work Plans
				6.2.1 Influences of Forest Roads on Quality of Forest Water
			6.3 Eutrophication
		7 Knowledge Gaps & Research Needs
			7.1 State of Knowledge on Forests & Water
				7.1.1 Environmental Understanding
			7.2 Knowledge Gaps and Scope Towards Futuristic R&D
		8 Summary and Conclusion
		9 Recommendations
		References
	Assessment of Groundwater Quality in and Around Nemawar, Madhya Pradesh, India
		1 Introduction
		2 Study Area
		3 Methodology
		4 Results and Discussion
			4.1 Water Quality Parameters
			4.2 Irrigational Water Quality
		5 Conclusions
		6 Recommendations
		References
	Hydrological Response of Factors Affecting Rainfall Water Discharge and Water Balance: A Case Study of Tons Watershed
		1 Introduction
		2 Water Discharge
			2.1 First-Year Water Discharge (Jul 2008-Jun 2009)
				2.1.1 Second-Year Water Discharge (July 2009-June 2010)
				2.1.2 Third-Year Water Discharge (2010-2011)
				2.1.3 Average of Three Years of Water Discharge (2008-2011)
				2.1.4 Rate of Water Discharge
			2.2 Water Balance
				2.2.1 Water Balance in Watersheds
				2.2.2 Parameters Required for Water Balance
					Precipitation
					Stream Outflow
					Evaporation and Evapotranspiration
					Ground-Water Inflow & Ground-Water Outflow (Gin, Gout)
		3 Conclusion
		4 Recommendations
		References
	Water Quality Status of the Narmada River Across Its Basin: Predicting Water Quality Using Artificial Neural Network
		1 Introduction
		2 Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)
		3 Study Area: Narmada River
		4 Methodology
			4.1 Evaluating the Water Quality Parameters
			4.2 Predicting the COD
		5 Results and Discussion
			5.1 Narmada Water Quality
			5.2 Correlation Clustering
			5.3 Categorization of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Input Parameter Dimensionality Reduction
			5.4 Application of ANN and Results
		6 Conclusion
		7 Recommendations
		Appendix
		References
	Rain Water Harvesting Methods in Rajasthan
		1 Introduction
		2 Rain Water Harvesting: Overview
			2.1 Components of Rain Water Harvesting
		3 History
		4 Rain Water Harvesting: Methodology
			4.1 Urban Areas
				4.1.1 Recharge Pits
				4.1.2 Trench
				4.1.3 Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting Through Existing Tube Wells
			4.2 Rural Areas
				4.2.1 Rain Water Harvesting Through Dug Wells Recharge
				4.2.2 Rain Water Harvesting Through Recharge Shaft
				4.2.3 Rain Water Harvesting Through Percolation Tanks
		5 Water Storage Units in Different Parts of Country
			5.1 Jack Wells
			5.2 Korambus
			5.3 Bamboo Drip Irrigation
			5.4 Zabo
			5.5 Virdas
			5.6 Johads
			5.7 Kuhls
		6 Rajasthan
			6.1 Water Storage Units in Rajasthan
				6.1.1 Beri
				6.1.2 Tanka
				6.1.3 Johads
				6.1.4 Baori
		7 How Rain Water Harvesting Works
			7.1 Rain Water Harvesting Potential
				7.1.1 Rainfall
				7.1.2 Catchment Area Characteristics
				7.1.3 Runoff Coefficient
		8 Needs and Advantages of Rain Water Harvesting
			8.1 Needs of Rain Water Harvesting System
			8.2 Advantages of Rain Water Harvesting [63-65]
			8.3 Disadvantages of Rain Water Harvesting [66]
				8.3.1 Extra Expenditure
				8.3.2 Enormous Labours and Assets Required
				8.3.3 Rainfall Dependency
				8.3.4 Restricted Storage
				8.3.5 Acid Rain
		9 Projects Encouraging Rain Water Harvesting in Rajasthan
			9.1 Johad: Water-Shed in Alwar District
			9.2 Rain Water Harvesting and Groundwater Recharge
				9.2.1 Objective
			9.3 Mukhyamantri Jal Swavlamban Abhiyan (MJSA)
		10 Conclusions
		References
	Groundwater Exploration Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques Coupled with Vertical Electrical Soundings from Hard Rock Terr...
		1 Introduction
		2 Study Area
		3 Materials and Methods
			3.1 Spatial Database Construction
			3.2 Spatial Data Analysis
			3.3 Data Modeling
			3.4 Validation of Groundwater Prospective Map
		4 Interpretation and Discussion
			4.1 Geological and Hydrogeomorphological Investigations
			4.2 Elevation and Slope
			4.3 Lineament Analysis
			4.4 Drainage/Drainage Density
			4.5 Soil Map
			4.6 Groundwater Potential Zones
		5 Results
			5.1 Geophysical Exploration
			5.2 Exploratory Wells and Yield Ranges
			5.3 Veerapandy Panchayat Union (VPU)
			5.4 Mc Donalds Choultrey Panchayat Union (MDCPU)
			5.5 Konganapuram Panchayat Union (KPU)
		6 Conclusion
		References
Part IV: Water Quality Assessment and Management
	Management of Coal Fly Ash Leachates Generated from Disposal Sites Near Thermal Power Plants
		1 Introduction to Fly Ash Generation and Utilization
		2 Fly Ash Properties
			2.1 Physical Properties
			2.2 Chemical Properties
			2.3 Heavy Metals
		3 Environmental Impacts Due to Fly Ash Disposal
		4 Leaching from Fly Ash and its Management
			4.1 Characteristics of Fly Ash Leachates
			4.2 Management and Treatment of Fly Ash Leachates
		5 Conclusion
		6 Recommendations
		References
	Assessment of Water Quality by Evaluating Water Quality Index Over Kolkata Using Statistical Approach: A Step Towards Water Po...
		1 Introduction
		2 Site Location
		3 Materials and Methods
		4 Implementation Procedure
		5 Results and Discussion
			5.1 Temperature
			5.2 pH
			5.3 Conductivity
			5.4 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
			5.5 TSS
			5.6 Dissolved Oxygen
			5.7 Biological Oxygen Demand
			5.8 Chemical Oxygen Demand
			5.9 Total Hardness as CaCO3
			5.10 Total Alkalinity
			5.11 Calcium
			5.12 Magnesium
			5.13 Phosphate-P
			5.14 Potassium
			5.15 Sodium
			5.16 Nitrate-N
			5.17 Ammonia-N
			5.18 Sulphate
			5.19 Chloride
			5.20 Fluoride
			5.21 Turbidity
			5.22 Iron
		6 Conclusions
		7 Recommendations
		8 Acknowledgments
		References
	Assessment of Water Quality of Ramganga River in Moradabad, India
		1 Introduction
			1.1 Demography of Moradabad Region
			1.2 Determinants of Water Pollution
		2 Material and Methods
			2.1 Study Area and Scope
			2.2 Procedure of Sampling and Analysis
		3 Results and Discussion
			3.1 DO in Ramganga Water
			3.2 The pH of Ramganga Water
			3.3 B.O.D. of Ramganga Water
			3.4 Fecal and Total Coliform in Ramganga Water
			3.5 TDS and Fluoride Concentration in Ramganga Water
			3.6 Remedial Measures to Curb the Water Pollution of the Ramganga River
		4 Conclusions
		References
	Assessment of Surface Water Quality of Indian Rivers in Terms of Water Quality Index (WQI)
		Introduction
			What Is Potable Water?
			Monitoring Water Quality
		Methodology and Methods to Determine Water Quality Index
			Determination of WQI Using National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index (NSFWQI)
			Determination of WQI Using Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index (CCME WQI)
			Determination of WQI Using Oregon Water Quality Index (OWQI)
			Determination of WQI Using Weighted Arithmetic Water Quality Index Method
		WQI and Health Risk Assessment
		Results and Discussion on WQI of Indian Rivers
		Conclusion
		Recommendation
		References
Part V: Groundwater Quality Assessment
	Groundwater Quality Assessment in the Semi-Arid Blocks of Rajasthan, India: A Combined Approach of Fuzzy Aggregation Technique...
		1 Introduction
		2 Study Area
		3 Data and Methodology
		4 Results and Discussions
		5 Conclusions
		6 Recommendations
		References
	Estimation of Groundwater Quality Parameters for Drinking Purpose using IDW, GIS and Statistical Analysis Methods: A Case Stud...
		1 Introduction
		2 Study Area
		3 Geology, Climate and Drainage System
		4 Methodology
		5 Statistical Analysis
		6 Spatial Interpolation Techniques
			6.1 Inverse Distance Weighted
		7 Results
			7.1 Groundwater Quality for Drinking Purpose
		8 Groundwater Chemistry
		9 Correlation Analysis
		10 Physical Parameters
			10.1 pH
			10.2 Electrical Conductivity (EC)
			10.3 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
			10.4 Chemical Parameters
			10.5 Calcium (Ca)
			10.6 Chloride (Cl)
			10.7 Magnesium (Mg)
			10.8 Sodium (Na)
			10.9 Potassium (K)
			10.10 Sulphates (SO4)
			10.11 Classification of Concentration of Bicarbonate + Carbonate Ions
		11 Hydrogeochemical Facies
		12 Hydrogeochemistry
			12.1 The Piper´s Trilinear Diagram
		13 Durov Diagrams
		14 Kelly´s Ratio (KR)
		15 Magnesium Hazard
		16 Discussion
		17 Conclusion
		18 Recommendations
		References
	Evaluation of Hydro-meteorological Conditions and Water Resource Prospects in East Bokaro Coalfield, Damodar Basin, India
		1 Introduction
		2 Study Area
			2.1 Geology of East Bokaro Coalfield
			2.2 Hydrogeology of East Bokaro Coalfield
			2.3 Aquifer Parameters
			2.4 Unconsolidated Formation
			2.5 Terrain Analysis
			2.6 Hill Shade or Digital Terrain Model
			2.7 Slope of the Study Area
			2.8 Aspect
			2.9 Flow Direction
			2.10 Geomorphology
			2.11 Drainage Pattern
		3 Methodology
			3.1 Water Level Monitoring
			3.2 Evaluation of Groundwater Prospects
			3.3 Calculation of Groundwater Prospective
		4 Results and Discussion
			4.1 Normal Rainfall Pattern in East Bokaro Coalfield
			4.2 Temperature and Humidity Variations
			4.3 Historical Water Levels
			4.4 Water Level Trend
			4.5 Water Table Behaviors
			4.6 Assessment of Rainfall Pattern and Water Level Trend
			4.7 Groundwater Prospects in East Bokaro Coalfield
			4.8 Annual Groundwater Draft Estimation
			4.9 Net Annual Groundwater Availability Calculation
			4.10 Groundwater Development Stages
		5 Conclusions
		6 Recommendations
		References
Part VI: Control of Water Quality
	Distribution and Statistical Source Identification of Heavy Metals and Radionuclides in Soil: A Case Study from a Proposed Ura...
		1 Introduction
		2 Materials and Methods
			2.1 Study Area
			2.2 Sample Collection and Laboratory Analysis
			2.3 Analysis of the Data
			2.4 Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
			2.5 Enrichment Factor (EF) and Geo-accumulation Index (Igeo)
		3 Results and Discussion
			3.1 Radionuclides
			3.2 Heavy Metals
			3.3 Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
			3.4 Enrichment Factor and Geo-accumulation Index
		4 Conclusions
		References
Part VII: Conclusions and Recommendations
	Update, Conclusions and Recommendations for ``Water Quality, Assessment and Management in India´´
		1 Background
		2 Update
			2.1 Status of Water Resources in India
			2.2 Water Harvesting and Water Qualities
			2.3 Water Quality Assessment and Management
			2.4 Groundwater Quality Assessment and Control
		3 Conclusions
			3.1 Status of Water Resources in India
			3.2 Water Harvesting and Water Qualities
			3.3 Water Quality Assessment and Management
			3.4 Groundwater Quality Assessment and Control
		4 Recommendations
		References