Water Pollution Control: A Guide to the Use of Water Quality Management Principles

Table of Contents......Page 4
Foreword......Page 9
Acknowledgements......Page 11
1.2 Policy framework......Page 15
1.3 Guiding principles for water pollution control......Page 17
1.5 References......Page 21
2.1 Introduction......Page 23
2.2 Why water quality criteria and objectives?......Page 24
2.3 Water quality criteria for individual use categories......Page 27
2.4 Water quality objectives......Page 35
2.5 Conclusions and recommendations......Page 47
2.6 References......Page 49
3.1 Integrating waste and water management......Page 52
3.2 Wastewater origin, composition and significance......Page 54
3.3 Wastewater management......Page 58
3.4 Pollution prevention and minimisation......Page 66
3.5 Sewage conveyance......Page 69
3.6 Costs, operation and maintenance......Page 72
3.7 Selection of technology......Page 73
3.8 Conclusions and recommendations......Page 87
3.9 References......Page 89
4.1 Introduction......Page 91
4.2 Types of reuse......Page 92
4.3 Implementing or upgrading agricultural reuse systems......Page 94
4.4 Technical aspects of health protection......Page 108
4.5 Conclusions and recommendations......Page 121
4.6 References......Page 122
5.1 Introduction......Page 125
5.2 Inventories for pollution control......Page 126
5.3 Derivation of standards for point sources......Page 130
5.4 Regulation of point sources......Page 134
5.5 Non-point source pollution......Page 143
5.6 Groundwater protection......Page 151
5.7 Transboundary pollution......Page 153
5.8 Conclusions......Page 154
5.9 References......Page 155
6.2 Why use economic instruments?......Page 157
6.3 Applying economic instruments......Page 161
6.4 Choosing between instruments......Page 173
6.5 Application in developing countries......Page 175
6.6 Conclusions......Page 176
6.7 References......Page 177
7.2 The challenges of urban sanitation......Page 179
7.3 The financial challenges......Page 184
7.4 Strategic planning and policies for sustainable sanitation......Page 196
7.5 Conclusions......Page 199
7.6 References......Page 200
8.1 Introduction......Page 204
8.2 The water pollution control sub-sector......Page 205
8.3 Institutions and organisations......Page 206
8.4 Criteria and determinants......Page 207
8.5 Examples of institutional arrangements......Page 213
8.6 Capacity building......Page 221
8.7 Conclusions......Page 222
8.8 References......Page 223
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9.1 Introduction......Page 225
9.2 The importance of integration......Page 226
9.3 Specifying information needs......Page 230
9.4 Information gathering and dissemination......Page 234
9.5 From data to information tools......Page 238
9.6 Design of monitoring networks and selection of variables......Page 243
9.7 Monitoring technology......Page 246
9.8 References......Page 248
10.1 Introduction......Page 253
10.2 Initial analysis of water quality problems......Page 255
10.3 Establishing objectives for water pollution control......Page 258
10.4 Management tools and instruments......Page 262
10.5 Action plan for water pollution control......Page 272
10.6 References......Page 276
I.2 The Ganga river......Page 278
I.3 The Ganga Action Plan......Page 281
I.4 Implementation problems......Page 286
I.6 The future......Page 287
I.8 Recommendations......Page 288
I.9 Source literature......Page 289
II.2 Background information......Page 290
II.3 Institutional development and industrial pollution control......Page 295
II.4 Pollution control strategy for the Huangpu River......Page 301
II.5 Other major measures used in cleaning the Huangpu River......Page 310
II.6 Conclusions......Page 312
II.7 References......Page 313
III.1 Country profile......Page 315
III.2 Basin identification......Page 316
III.3 Pre-intervention situation......Page 318
III.4 The intervention scenario......Page 321
III.5 Lessons learned, constraints and opportunities......Page 329
III.6 Conclusions and recommendations......Page 330
IV.1 Introduction......Page 332
IV.2 National environmental policy......Page 336
IV.3 Water resources management......Page 339
IV.4 Industrial water pollution control programme......Page 341
IV.5 Conclusions......Page 344
IV.6 References......Page 345
V.2 Background information......Page 346
V.3 The Witbank Dam catchment......Page 348
V.4 Pre-intervention situation......Page 349
V.5 Intervention with a new approach......Page 350
V.6 Shortcomings of the approach......Page 356
V.8 References......Page 357
VI.2 The metropolitan region of São Paulo......Page 358
VI.3 Pre-intervention situation......Page 360
VI.4 The Tietê Project......Page 361
VI.5 Industrial wastewater management......Page 362
VI.6 Conclusions......Page 365
VI.7 References......Page 366
VII.1 Introduction......Page 367
VII.2 The Mezquital Valley......Page 368
VII.3 Pre-intervention situation......Page 371
VII.4 Intervention scenario......Page 373
VII.5 Lessons learned, constraints and opportunities......Page 374
VII.6 Conclusions and recommendations......Page 375
VII.7 References......Page 376
VIII.1 Introduction......Page 377
VIII.2 The Lerma-Chapala basin......Page 378
VIII.3 Pre-intervention situation......Page 380
VIII.4 Intervention scenario......Page 383
VIII.5 Conclusions and lessons for the future......Page 389
VIII.6 Final reflections......Page 390
IX.1 Introduction......Page 392
IX.2 Economic activities in the basin......Page 393
IX.3 The Environmental Programme for the Danube river basin......Page 398
IX.5 Problems and priorities......Page 399
IX.6 Strategic directions......Page 402
IX.8 References......Page 405
X.2 Description of the region......Page 407
X.3 Water systems......Page 409
X.4 Water resources assessment......Page 412
X.5 Pollution sources......Page 415
X.6 Major problems......Page 416
X.7 The programme......Page 417
X.8 International co-operation......Page 419
X.10 References......Page 420
XI.2 Water resources......Page 422
XI.3 Measures to conserve and replenish groundwater......Page 425
XI.4 Direct use of treated wastewater for irrigation......Page 427
XI.5 Pollution of water resources......Page 428
XI.6 Conclusions and recommendations......Page 431
XI.7 References......Page 432
XII.2 General information on Jordan and Greater Amman......Page 433
XII.3 Wastewaters and water pollution control......Page 435
XII.4 Existing major wastewater management problems and......Page 436
XII.5 Management solution alternatives......Page 440
XII.6 Recommendations and possible results......Page 443
XII.7 References......Page 444
XIII.1 Introduction......Page 445
XIII.2 Water issues......Page 447
XIII.4 Lessons learned and conclusions......Page 454
XIII.5 References......Page 455
Appendix - Participants in the Working Group......Page 457