Water Policies in MENA Countries (Global Issues in Water Policy, 23)

Contents
About the Editor
Chapter 1: An Overview of the Water Sector in MENA Region
	1.1 Purpose of the Book
	1.2 Introduction
	1.3 Water Resources in MENA
	1.4 Water Allocation
	1.5 Recycling of Treated Wastewater
	1.6 Urban Water
	1.7 Desalination
	1.8 Funding
	References
Chapter 2: Water Policy in Algeria
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Legal and Organizational Aspects of the Water Sector
	2.3 Agricultural Water
		2.3.1 Surface Water
		2.3.2 Groundwater
			2.3.2.1 Fossil Water vs Renewable Groundwater
			2.3.2.2 Aquifer Depletion
		2.3.3 Property Rights
		2.3.4 Reuse of Treated Wastewater
		2.3.5 Food Safety/Vegetables/Heavy Metals
		2.3.6 Pricing
			2.3.6.1 Cost Recovery/Maintenance of the Irrigation Schemes
			2.3.6.2 Irrigation Organizations and Farmers’ Participation
		2.3.7 Irrigation Efficiency
			2.3.7.1 Technology Adoption/Subsidy and Other Policies
			2.3.7.2 State-of-the-Art Technology/Smart Irrigation & Innovations
	2.4 Research
	2.5 Food Security Versus Virtual Water/Food Imports
	2.6 Water Salinity/Other Pollution Problems
	2.7 Urban Water
		2.7.1 Sources of Supply
		2.7.2 Regulations, Priority, and Allocation
		2.7.3 Drought Management
		2.7.4 Water Transfers and Water Markets
		2.7.5 Water Quality
		2.7.6 Desalination
		2.7.7 Wastewater Treatment
		2.7.8 Wastewater Reuse in the Urban Sector
		2.7.9 Urban Water Pricing
		2.7.10 Public–Private Sector Partnership and Water Utility Management
	2.8 Water and the Environment
		2.8.1 Water and Ecosystems
		2.8.2 Brine Disposal
	2.9 Energy–Water Nexus
	2.10 Special Issues
		2.10.1 International Water
			2.10.1.1 Groundwater/Surface Water
			2.10.1.2 Conflicts, Negotiations, and Agreements
	2.11 Social, Equity, Institutional Performance, and Other Issues
	2.12 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 3: Existing and Recommended Water Policies in Egypt
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Agricultural Water
	3.3 Domestic Water
	3.4 Water-Energy-Food Nexus
	3.5 Special Issues
	3.6 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 4: Iran’s Water Policy
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Water Trends
	4.3 Agricultural Water
		4.3.1 Surface Water
		4.3.2 Groundwater
		4.3.3 Legal Framework
			4.3.3.1 Laws Governing Water Use in Agriculture
			4.3.3.2 Powers of Government Authorities in Charge of Administering Water in Agriculture
			4.3.3.3 Requirements for Licenses to Use Water
			4.3.3.4 Providing Water for Agriculture and Settling Water Disputes
			4.3.3.5 Ownership of Water Sources
		4.3.4 Reuse of Treated Wastewater
		4.3.5 Pricing
		4.3.6 Irrigation Efficiency
	4.4 Urban Water
		4.4.1 Sources of Supply
		4.4.2 Drought Management
		4.4.3 Climate Change
		4.4.4 Water Quality
		4.4.5 Desalination
		4.4.6 Water and Wastewater Treatment
		4.4.7 Urban Water Pricing
		4.4.8 Public/Private Sector Partnership and Water Utility Management
	4.5 Water and the Environment
		4.5.1 Water Fauna and Flora
	4.6 Energy–Water Nexus
	4.7 Special Issues
		4.7.1 Conflicts, Negotiations, and Agreements on Shared Water
	4.8 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 5: Water Policy in Jordan
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Administrative, Legal, and Institutional Aspects of the Water Sector
	5.3 Agricultural Water
		5.3.1 Surface Water
		5.3.2 Groundwater
		5.3.3 Treated Wastewater
			5.3.3.1 Aquifer Depletion
			5.3.3.2 Property Rights
		5.3.4 Reuse of Treated Wastewater
			5.3.4.1 Food Safety/Vegetables/Heavy Metals
		5.3.5 Pricing
	5.4 Agricultural Production
		5.4.1 Cost Recovery/Maintenance of the Irrigation Schemes
		5.4.2 Institution Setting of Irrigation Organizations and Farmers’ Participation
		5.4.3 Irrigation Efficiency
			5.4.3.1 Technology Adoption/Subsidy and Other Policies
			5.4.3.2 State-of-the-Art Technology/Smart Irrigation and Innovations
			5.4.3.3 Research
		5.4.4 Food Security vs Virtual Water/Food Imports
		5.4.5 Water Salinity and Other Pollution Problems (Nutrients and Manure)
	5.5 Urban Water
	5.6 Water and Ecosystems
		5.6.1 Brine Disposal
	5.7 Water–Energy Nexus
	5.8 Special Issues
		5.8.1 Regional and International Water Issues
	5.9 Other Issues
	5.10 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 6: Oman Water Policy
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Administrative, Legal, and Institutional Aspects of the Water Sector
	6.3 Agricultural Water
		6.3.1 Aquifer Depletion
		6.3.2 Water Rights
		6.3.3 Reuse of Treated Wastewater
		6.3.4 Pricing
		6.3.5 Irrigation Efficiency
		6.3.6 Research
		6.3.7 Food Security Versus Virtual Water/Food Imports
		6.3.8 Water Salinity/Other Pollution Problems
	6.4 Urban Water
	6.5 Water and the Environment
	6.6 Energy–Water Nexus
	6.7 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 7: Water Resources in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Challenges and Strategies for Improvement
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 An Overview of the Water Resources in the Kingdom
		7.2.1 Surface Water and Runoff Collection in Dams
		7.2.2 Groundwater Resources
			7.2.2.1 Nonrenewable Groundwater Resources in the Arabian Shield
			7.2.2.2 Renewable Groundwater Resources
		7.2.3 Desalination Plants
		7.2.4 Treated Wastewater
	7.3 Domestic Water Pricing
	7.4 Prime Water User Groups and Their Demand in the Kingdom
		7.4.1 Agricultural Sector
		7.4.2 Domestic Water
		7.4.3 Industrial Water Use
	7.5 The Water Sector Faces Many Challenges (Table 7.3)
	7.6 Prime Constraints Faced by the Water Sector
		7.6.1 Desalination Plants Have Significant Environmental Costs
		7.6.2 Price of Water
		7.6.3 Water Quality
		7.6.4 Water Losses Through Leakage Due to Old and Broken Infrastructure
		7.6.5 Unaccounted for Water
		7.6.6 Climate Change
		7.6.7 Low Irrigation Efficiency
		7.6.8 Water and the Ecosystems and the Brine Disposal
	7.7 The Kingdom’s New National Water Strategy
	7.8 Energy–Water Nexus
	7.9 Water Policy and Economic Considerations
	7.10 Conclusions and Recommendations
	References
Chapter 8: Water Policy in Tunisia
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Legal and Institutional Aspects of the Water Sector
	8.3 Agricultural Water
		8.3.1 Mobilization of Water Resources
		8.3.2 Reuse of Treated Wastewater
		8.3.3 Pricing
		8.3.4 Irrigation Efficiency
	8.4 Water Property Rights
	8.5 Food Security vs Virtual Water/Food Imports
	8.6 Water Salinity
	8.7 Urban and Drinking Water
	8.8 Water and the Environment
	8.9 Energy–Water Nexus
	8.10 Special Issues
		8.10.1 International Water: Conflicts, Negotiations, and Agreements
		8.10.2 Climate Change Effects
	8.11 Research
	8.12 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 9: The Water Sector in MENA Region: The Way Forward
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Water Policies in MENA
	9.3 Reforms Within the Water Sector
	9.4 Reforms Outside the Water Sector
		9.4.1 Water–Food Nexus
		9.4.2 Water and the Media in MENA
	9.5 Climate Change
	9.6 Experiences Outside MENA
	9.7 Conclusions
	References
Index