Water in textiles and fashion: consumption, footprint, and life cycle assessment

Front Cover......Page 1
Water in Textiles and Fashion: Consumption, Footprint, and Life Cycle Assessment......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Contributors......Page 10
Editor's Biography......Page 14
 1.1. Introduction......Page 16
  1.2.1. Surface water......Page 17
 1.3. Science of water......Page 18
 1.4. Water consumption and use......Page 20
   1.4.1.1. Primary data collection......Page 21
   1.4.1.2. Secondary data collection......Page 22
   1.4.1.3. Data analysis and management......Page 23
 1.6. Water pollution......Page 24
  1.6.2. Factors determining contamination in water......Page 26
   1.6.4.2. Biochemical oxygen demand......Page 27
  1.6.5. Control and treatment......Page 28
   1.6.5.3. Tertiary treatment......Page 29
   1.7.1.4. Drought......Page 30
   1.7.3.3. Recent techniques for water conservation......Page 31
 1.8. Current challenges......Page 32
 References......Page 34
  2.1.1. Textiles in India......Page 36
  2.2.1. Fabrics......Page 37
   2.2.2.2. Dyeing......Page 39
 2.3. Water consumption in textiles......Page 40
  2.3.1. Impact of water resources......Page 42
  2.3.2. Characteristics of wastewater......Page 43
 2.4. Water consumption in life cycle phases of textile products......Page 45
  2.5.2. Fabric production phase......Page 48
   2.5.2.1. Wet treatment......Page 49
  2.6.1. Water conservation and reuse......Page 50
   2.6.1.1. Start-of-pipe approach......Page 52
 References......Page 53
 3.1. Introduction......Page 56
 3.2. Fiber, dye and process wise water requirement......Page 58
  3.2.1. Water consumption in processing of natural fibers......Page 59
 3.3. Strategies for reduction of water consumption in textile processing......Page 60
  3.3.1. Developments in dyeing machinery and processes to reduce water consumption......Page 62
  3.3.2. Textile coloration by printing......Page 64
  3.3.4. Low-water and/or solvent-based coating/nanocoating of textiles......Page 65
  3.3.5. Use of supercritical fluid for low-water processing......Page 66
  3.3.6. Ultrasonic wave-assisted textile processing......Page 67
 3.4. Textile processing using different irradiation techniques......Page 68
  3.5.1. Different techniques to reduce pollution load......Page 69
 3.6. Conclusion and the future prospects......Page 71
 References......Page 72
 4.1. Introduction......Page 76
 4.2. Water withdrawal and conservation-a global scenario......Page 78
 4.2.1. Plasma dyeing......Page 79
 4.2.2. Supercritical carbon dioxide dyeing method......Page 81
 4.3. Global laws for water withdrawal......Page 83
 4.4. Standards for water withdrawal and consumption......Page 84
 4.5. Challenges and opportunities......Page 85
 4.6. Conclusion......Page 87
 References......Page 88
 Further reading......Page 90
 5.1. Introduction......Page 92
  5.2.1. Sustainable fashion supply chains......Page 94
  5.2.2. Water footprint in the textile industry......Page 97
  5.3.1. Emerging trends......Page 99
  5.3.2. Challenges and research opportunities......Page 101
 5.4. Discussion and conclusions......Page 102
 References......Page 104
 6.1. Introduction......Page 110
  6.2.2. Denim......Page 112
  6.2.3. Cotton......Page 113
  6.3.1. A shift in luxury to more sustainability......Page 114
  6.3.2. Luxury companies educating consumers......Page 116
  6.3.4. Fast-fashion industries strategies......Page 118
  6.3.5. Green advertising campaign: Reality or greenwashing?......Page 120
 6.4. Solutions......Page 121
  6.4.2. Alternative fibers......Page 122
  6.4.3. Leather improvements......Page 123
  6.4.4. New fibers......Page 124
 6.6. Overview of African fashion and luxury: Showing the way!......Page 125
 6.7. Conclusion and challenges......Page 126
 Further reading......Page 127
 7.1. Introduction......Page 130
 7.2. Literature review......Page 133
 7.3. Method......Page 135
  7.3.1. Analysis of overflow rinsing process......Page 136
  7.3.2. Implemented of the drop-fill process......Page 141
 7.4. General findings......Page 142
 References......Page 148
 Further reading......Page 149
 8.2. Low wet pickup techniques......Page 150
  8.2.1.1. Fiber-filled rollers......Page 151
  8.2.1.3. Vacuum extractors......Page 152
 8.2.2. Topical techniques......Page 153
  8.2.2.3. Loop transfer system......Page 154
 8.3. Foam finishing......Page 155
 8.5.1. Soft flow and air flow dyeing machines......Page 157
 8.7. Solvent dyeing......Page 158
  8.7.1.1. Disperse dyes......Page 159
  8.7.1.2. Dyeing of natural fibers and blends using SC-CO2......Page 160
   Silicone crosslinking......Page 162
 8.8. Environmental effects and waste minimization......Page 163
 References......Page 165
 9.1. Introduction......Page 170
  9.2.1. Sustainable designs for water......Page 171
 9.3. Water availability in India......Page 172
  9.3.1. Water requirement for textile processing industry......Page 173
  9.3.2. Water requirements for the cotton processing industries......Page 174
  9.3.3. Process-wise water consumption......Page 175
 9.4. Water-conserving techniques for textile wet processing......Page 176
  9.4.1. Process and chemical management......Page 177
  9.4.2. Effective dyeing machinery......Page 179
   9.4.3.1. General technical measures......Page 180
  9.5.1. Supercritical carbon dioxide-based processing......Page 182
  9.5.2. Plasma processing......Page 183
   9.5.3.2. Secondary treatment......Page 184
 9.6. Conclusion......Page 185
 References......Page 186
 10.1. Introduction......Page 190
 10.2. Importance of water conservation in textiles......Page 191
  10.2.4. Reuse of soaper wastewater......Page 193
  10.2.7. Reusing wash water......Page 194
  10.3.1. Decoupling of water conservation by water footprint method......Page 195
  10.3.2. Foam technology......Page 196
  10.3.3. Water management and recycling through advanced oxidation processes......Page 197
  10.3.4. Process-level water conservation and pollution control method......Page 199
   10.3.5.1. Membrane separation......Page 200
   10.3.5.2. Nanofiltration process......Page 201
 10.4. Challenges and opportunities for textiles and fashion......Page 203
 References......Page 204
 Further reading......Page 209
Index......Page 210
Back Cover......Page 216