Water Electrolysis for Hydrogen Production

Preface
Contents
Abbreviations
Fundamentals of Water Electrolysis
	1 Introduction
	2 Hydrogen Production Through Electrolysis
		2.1 Water Electrolysis History
		2.2 Water Electrolysis Principles
		2.3 Electrode Potentials
		2.4 Hydrogen and Oxygen Evolution
	3 Theoretical Fundamentals
		3.1 Basics of Catalyst Reactions
		3.2 The Electrochemical Interface and the Electric Double Layer
		3.3 Catalytic Active Sites
		3.4 Electrocatalytic Reactions in Energy Conversion and Storage
		3.5 Nernst Equation
		3.6 Butler-Volmer Equation
		3.7 Tafel Equation, Overpotential and Limiting Current Density
		3.8 Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
		3.9 Oxygen Evolution Reaction
	4 Catalytic Activity
		4.1 Activity Definition
		4.2 Microkinetic Model
		4.3 Nanomaterials
	5 Pulsed Water Electrolysis
		5.1 Inductive Pulses
		5.2 Voltage Pulses
		5.3 Current Pulses
	6 Conclusions
	References
Hydrogen and Energy Transition
	1 Introduction
	2 The Energy Carrier of the Future
	3 Physical and Chemical Properties
		3.1 Metal Hydrides
		3.2 Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers
	4 Chemical Properties
	5 Hydrogen Production
		5.1 Steam Reforming
		5.2 Hydrogen from Coal
		5.3 Hydrogen from Biomass
		5.4 Hydrogen Through Nuclear
		5.5 Biological and Photonic Methods
	6 Conclusions
	References
Thermochemical Water Splitting Cycles
	1 Introduction
	2 Principles of Water Splitting
	3 Low Temperature Electrolysis
	4 Thermodynamic at High Pressure
	5 Thermodynamic of Catalytic Activity
	6 Membranes for Water Splitting
	7 Conclusions
	References
Water Purification and Desalinization
	1 Introduction
	2 Water Purification
		2.1 Electrolysis of Sea Water
		2.2 Wastewater Treatment
		2.3 Electrochemical Wastewater Treatment
		2.4 Electrochemical Treatment of Persistent Wastewater
		2.5 Efficiency and Energy Parameters in Electrochemical Oxidation
		2.6 Kinetics and Mechanism of Organic Oxidation
		2.7 Pulsed Electrochemical Wastewater Oxidation
	3 Direct Sea Water Electrolysis
	4 Conclusions
	References
Alkaline Liquid Electrolyte Water Electrolysis
	1 Introduction
	2 Alkaline Water Electrolysis
	3 Catalytic Reactions
		3.1 HER Catalysts
		3.2 OER Catalysts
		3.3 Cell Components
	4 Ni-Based Alloys Catalytic Performances
	5 Influence of Process Conditions on Gas Purity in Alkaline Water Electrolysis
	6 Conclusions
	References
Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis
	1 Introduction
	2 Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis
		2.1 Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
		2.2 Oxygen Evolution Reaction
		2.3 Cell Components
	3 Gas Crossover
	4 Voltage Losses
	5 Operating Conditions
	6 Degradation Phenomena
	7 Catalysts Activity
		7.1 Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMD´s)
		7.2 Metal Organic Framework Derivatives
		7.3 Transition Metal Phosphides (TMP´s)
	8 OER Catalysts Activity
		8.1 Unary Metal Oxides
		8.2 Mixed Metal Oxides
		8.3 Beyond Metal Oxides
		8.4 Anodic Conductive Supports
	9 Conclusions
	References
Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis
	1 Introduction
	2 Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis
		2.1 Thermodynamic of Water Splitting
	3 Cell Components
		3.1 Electrodes
		3.2 Anion Exchange Membrane
	4 Conclusions
	References
Solid Oxide Water Electrolysis
	1 Introduction
	2 Solid Oxide Electrolysis
	3 Cell Components
		3.1 Hydrogen Electrode
		3.2 Oxygen Electrode
		3.3 Solid Oxide Electrolyte
	4 High Temperature Steam Electrolysis
		4.1 Cell Physical Model
	5 Materials for Solid Oxide Electrolysis
		5.1 State of the Art Materials
		5.2 Innovative Materials
	6 Conclusions
	References
Photoelectrochemical Water Electrolysis
	1 Introduction
	2 Photoelectrochemical Water Electrolysis
	3 PEC Water Splitting
		3.1 Photoelectrodes Performances
	4 Cell Design
		4.1 Photoelectrodes Materials
	5 Solar Energy to Hydrogen
	6 Conclusions
	References
Decoupled Water Splitting
	1 Introduction
	2 Decoupled Electrochemical Water Splitting Fundamentals
	3 Decoupled Water Splitting Cells
	4 E-TAC
	5 Conclusions
	References
Electrocatalysts for Water Splitting
	1 Introduction
	2 Design Principles
	3 HER Electrocatalysts
	4 Metals and Alloys
	5 Transition Metals Oxides and Hydroxides
	6 Transition Metals Chalcogenides
	7 Transition Metals Phosphides
	8 TMPs Based Composites
	9 Other Compounds
	10 OER Catalysts
		10.1 Carbon Free Materials
		10.2 Carbon-Based Materials
	11 Noble Metals Electrocatalysts
	12 Conclusions
	References
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Analysis of Hydrogen Production Processes
	1 Introduction
	2 Role of Catalysts
	3 Materials for OER
		3.1 Kinetics of OER
		3.2 NiFe-Based Catalysts for OER
		3.3 3d Dual Transition Metal Catalysts for OER
		3.4 Perovskite Oxide Electrocatalysts for OER
	4 Materials for HER
		4.1 Precious Metals Catalysts for HER
		4.2 PGM-Free Metals and their Alloys Catalysts for HER
		4.3 Other PGM-Free Material Groups for HER
		4.4 Zero-Dimensional Catalytic Materials for HER
		4.5 One-Dimensional Catalytic Materials for HER
		4.6 Two-Dimensional Catalytic Materials for HER
	5 Conclusions
	References
Nuclear Hydrogen Production
	1 Introduction
	2 High Temperature Co-electrolysis of Steam and Carbon Dioxide
	3 Nuclear Reactor for Hydrogen Production
	4 Hydrogen from Nuclear Energy
		4.1 High-Temperature Elecrolysis of Steam
		4.2 Ultra High-Temperature Reactors
	5 Conclusions
	References
Hydrogen Separation and Purification
	1 Introduction
	2 Hydrogen Separation and Purification
	3 Conclusions
	References
Hydrogen Infrastructure
	1 Introduction
	2 Liquefaction of Hydrogen
	3 Storage of Hydrogen
	4 Transportation/Distribution of Hydrogen
	5 Hydrogen Infrastructure Overview
	6 Conclusions
	References
Hydrogen Storage
	1 Introduction
	2 Compressed Gas Hydrogen Storage
		2.1 Cryogenic Hydrogen Storage Systems
		2.2 On Board Reversible Hydrogen Storage Materials and Systems
	3 Hydrogen Storage in Pressure Vessels: Liquid, Cryogenic, and Compressed Gas
	4 Hydrogen Storage in Interstitial Metal Hydrades
	5 Engineering Properties of Hydrogen Storage Materials
	6 Conclusions
	References
Hydrogen Transportation
	1 Introduction
	2 Hydrogen Embrittlement
		2.1 Hydrogen Embrittlement Mechanisms
		2.2 Hydrogen Diffusion and Trapping Models
	3 Transmission Through Pipelines
	4 Hydrogen Compression
	5 Refueling Issues
	6 Conclusions
	References
Hydrogen Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Current Uses of Hydrogen
	3 Uses of Hydrogen as Raw Material
	4 Prospective Uses of Hydrogen
	5 Hydrogen Vehicles
	6 Stationary Applications
	7 Potential Industrial Uses of Hydrogen
		7.1 Hydrogen in Oil Refining
		7.2 Chemical Sector
		7.3 Iron and Steel Sector
		7.4 High Temperature Heating
	8 Potential Uses of Hydrogen in Transport
		8.1 Hydrogen as a Clean Transport Fuel
		8.2 Hydrogen in Maritime Sector
		8.3 Hydrogen in Rail
		8.4 Hydrogen in Aviation
	9 Hydrogen for Power Generation and Electricity Storage
	10 Conclusions
	References
Safety Issues and Regulations
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Drivers for Hydrogen Penetration
	2 Barriers to the Penetration
	3 Safety Issues
		3.1 Material Properties-Related Safety Aspects
		3.2 Hydrogen Handling-Related Safety Aspects
	4 Hydrogen Risk Assessment
	5 Safety Issues for Hydrogen Storage
	6 Engineering Issues Related to Condensed Phase Storage
	7 Hydrogen Engineering Safety
	8 Conclusions
	References
Electrolysis Economy
	1 Introduction
	2 Stack Design
		2.1 PEM Electrolyzers
		2.2 AEM Electrolyzers
		2.3 Solid Oxide Electrolyzers
	3 Materials
	4 Modules Size
	5 System Level
		5.1 Manufacturing Scale
	6 Electricity
	7 Transmission Costs
	8 Costs of Delivering and Storing Hydrogen
	9 Conclusions
	References
Index