Water and Wastewater Engineering Technology

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
About the Author
Section I Basic Sciences
	Chapter 1 Introduction
		1.1 Historical Perspective
			1.1.1 Water Supply
			1.1.2 History of Sanitary Engineering
		1.2 Hydrologic Cycle
		1.3 Urban Water Cycle
		1.4 Essentials of a Water Supply System
		1.5 Need for Wastewater Treatment System
		1.6 Global Issue
		1.7 Role of the Engineer
	Chapter 2 Standards of Measurement
		2.1 Systems of Units
		2.2 Measures of Dimension
		2.3 Dimensions and Units
		2.4 Derived Units
			2.4.1 Force
			2.4.2 Mass and Weight
			2.4.3 Pressure
			2.4.4 Energy and Power
		2.5 Symbols and Suffixes
		2.6 Significant Figures
		2.7 Numerical Precision
			2.7.1 Absolute Precision
			2.7.2 Relative Precision
		2.8 Conversions
			2.8.1 Temperature Conversions
			2.8.2 Steps for Unit Cancellation
	Chapter 3 Basic Hydraulics
		3.1 Flow Velocity
		3.2 Continuity Equation
		3.3 Energy and Head
			3.3.1 Flow Energy
			3.3.2 Kinetic Energy
			3.3.3 Gravitational Potential Energy
			3.3.4 Hydraulic Head
			3.3.5 Total Head
		3.4 Bernoulli’s Equation
			3.4.1 Limitations of Bernoulli’s Equation
			3.4.2 Static Flow Conditions
		3.5 General Energy Equation
		3.6 Power
		3.7 Flow Equations
			3.7.1 Darcy-Weisbach Flow Equation
			3.7.2 Hazen-Williams Flow Equation
			3.7.3 Manning’s Flow Equation
	Chapter 4 Basic Chemistry
		4.1 States of Matter
			4.1.1 Structure of Atom
			4.1.2 Periodic Table
		4.2 Compounds
		4.3 Acids and Bases
			4.3.1 Neutralization
			4.3.2 The pH Scale and Alkalinity
		4.4 Solutions
		4.5 Expressing Concentrations
			4.5.1 Mass per Unit Volume, Cm/V
			4.5.2 Mass per Unit Mass, Cm/m
		4.6 Stoichiometry
		4.7 Chemical Feeding
		4.8 Common Chemicals
			4.8.1 Activated Carbon
			4.8.2 Alum (Aluminium Sulphate)
			4.8.3 Chlorine (CI)
			4.8.4 Lime and Soda Ash
	Chapter 5 Microbial Water Quality
		5.1 Basics of Microbiology
			5.1.1 Bacteria
			5.1.2 Algae
			5.1.3 Fungi
			5.1.4 Protozoa
			5.1.5 Viruses
		5.2 Microbiological Contaminants
		5.3 Microbiological Tests
			5.3.1 Indicator Organisms
			5.3.2 Membrane Filtration Method
			5.3.3 Multiple-Tube Fermentation Method
			5.3.4 Sample Collection for Microbiological Testing
		5.4 Biochemical Oxygen Demand
		5.5 Nitrogen (N)
		5.6 Solids
		5.7 Hazardous Contaminants
		5.8 Sampling
			5.8.1 Grab Samples
			5.8.2 Composite Samples
Section II Water Treatment
	Chapter 6 Sources of Water Supply
		6.1 Surface Water
			6.1.1 Lakes and Ponds
			6.1.2 Rivers and Streams
			6.1.3 Artificial Reservoirs
			6.1.4 Seawater
			6.1.5 Wastewater Reclamation
			6.1.6 Stored Rainwater
			6.1.7 Yield Assessment
		6.2 Intake Works
			6.2.1 Reservoir Intakes
			6.2.2 Twin Tower River intake
			6.2.3 Single Well Type River Intake
			6.2.4 Lake Intake
		6.3 Water Transmission
		6.4 Groundwater
			6.4.1 Water Wells
			6.4.2 Springs
			6.4.3 Infiltration Galleries
			6.4.4 Collector Wells
		6.5 Well Types
		6.6 Well Hydraulics
			6.6.1 Steady Flow to an Artesian Well
			6.6.2 Unconfined Well Equation
			6.6.3 Modified Non-Equilibrium Equation
		6.7 Failure of Wells and Remediation
		6.8 Sanitary Protection
		6.9 Well Abandonment
		6.10 Water Quantity
		6.11 Water Quality
		6.12 Groundwater under the Influence (GUDI)
		6.13 Choice of Source of Water Supply
	Chapter 7 Water Demand and Water Quality
		7.1 Design Period
		7.2 Forecasting Population
			7.2.1 Arithmetical Increase
			7.2.2 Geometrical Increase Method
			7.2.3 Incremental Increase Method
		7.3 Estimating Water Demand
			7.3.1 Domestic
			7.3.2 Industrial and Commercial
			7.3.3 Public Use
			7.3.4 Firefighting
		7.4 Total Demand
		7.5 Factors Affecting per Capita Demand
		7.6 Variation in Demand
			7.6.1 Seasonal Variation
			7.6.2 Daily Variation
			7.6.3 Hourly Variation
		7.7 Water Quality Standards
		7.8 Water Quality Parameters
		7.9 Physical Parameters
			7.9.1 Turbidity
			7.9.2 Color
			7.9.3 Temperature
			7.9.4 Taste and Odor
			7.9.5 Solids
			7.9.6 Water Density
			7.9.7 Viscosity
		7.10 Chemical Parameters
			7.10.1 Hydrogen Ion Concentration (pH)
			7.10.2 Alkalinity
			7.10.3 Hardness
			7.10.4 Iron and Manganese
			7.10.5 Fluorides
			7.10.6 Nitrogen
			7.10.7 Dissolved Gases
	Chapter 8 Coagulation and Flocculation
		8.1 Source of Supply and Treatment
		8.2 Preliminary Treatment
		8.3 Conventional Treatment
		8.4 Coagulation
		8.5 Coagulating Chemicals
			8.5.1 Primary coagulants
			8.5.2 Coagulant Aids
		8.6 Chemistry of Coagulation
			8.6.1 Chemical Reactions
			8.6.2 Alum Floc (Sludge)
		8.7 Flocculation Phenomenon
			8.7.1 Mixers
			8.7.2 Flocculation Tanks
			8.7.3 Factors Affecting Flocculation
		8.8 Jar Testing
		8.9 Operational Control Tests
			8.9.1 Acidity Tests
			8.9.2 Turbidity Tests
			8.9.3 Filterability Tests
			8.9.4 Zeta Potential
			8.9.5 Streaming Current Monitors
			8.9.6 Particle Counters
	Chapter 9 Sedimentation
		9.1 Theory of Sedimentation
			9.1.1 Plain Sedimentation
			9.1.2 Discrete Settling
		9.2 Sedimentation Aided with Coagulation
		9.3 Sedimentation Basins and Tanks
			9.3.1 Rectangular Basins
			9.3.2 Circular and Square Basins
			9.3.3 Tube Settlers
			9.3.4 Solids Contact Units
			9.3.5 Pulsator Clarifier
			9.3.6 Ballasted Flocculation
		9.4 Design Parameters
			9.4.1 Detention Time
			9.4.2 Surface Overflow Rate
			9.4.3 Overflow Rate and Removal Efficiency
			9.4.4 Effective Water Depth
			9.4.5 Mean Flow Velocity
			9.4.6 Weir Loading Rate
		9.5 Factors Affecting Operation of Sedimentation
		9.6 Volume of Sludge
		9.7 Sludge Disposal
	Chapter 10 Filtration
		10.1 Filtration Mechanisms
		10.2 Types of Filters
			10.2.1 Slow Sand Filters (SSFs)
			10.2.2 Rapid Gravity Filters (RGFs)
			10.2.3 High-Rate Filters
			10.2.4 Pressure Filters
		10.3 Components of a Gravity Filter
			10.3.1 Filter Box
			10.3.2 Filter Media
			10.3.3 Underdrain System
			10.3.4 Surface Wash System
			10.3.5 Wash-Water Troughs
			10.3.6 Control Equipment
		10.4 Filtration Operation
			10.4.1 Filtering
			10.4.2 Declining Rate Control
			10.4.3 Split Flow Control
			10.4.4 Backwashing
			10.4.5 Backwash Operation
			10.4.6 Filtering to Waste
			10.4.7 Backwashing Key Points
		10.5 Design and Performance Parameters
			10.5.1 Filtration Rate
			10.5.2 Unit Filter Run Volume
			10.5.3 Flow Rate and Volume of Water Filtered
			10.5.4 Backwash Rate
		10.6 Operating Problems
		10.7 Optimum Filter Operation
	Chapter 11 Disinfection
		11.1 Definition
			11.1.1 Primary Disinfection
			11.1.2 Secondary Disinfection
		11.2 Disinfection Methods
			11.2.1 Removal Processes
			11.2.2 Inactivation Processes
		11.3 Chlorine Compounds
			11.3.1 Gas Chlorination
			11.3.2 Chlorine Safety
		11.4 Hypochlorination
			11.4.1 Calcium Hypochlorite
			11.4.2 Sodium Hypochlorite
			11.4.3 Chlorine Dioxide Disinfection
		11.5 Chemistry of Chlorination
		11.6 Chlorine Practices
			11.6.1 Chloramination
			11.6.2 Breakpoint Chlorination
			11.6.3 Superchlorination
			11.6.4 Dechlorination
		11.7 Points of Chlorination
			11.7.1 Pre-Chlorination
			11.7.2 Post-Chlorination
			11.7.3 Re-Chlorination
		11.8 Formation of Trihalomethanes
		11.9 Factors Affecting Chlorine Dosage
		11.10 Gas Chlorination Equipment
		11.11 Chlorine Feed Control
			11.11.1 Manual Control
			11.11.2 Automatic Proportional Control
			11.11.3 Automatic Residual Control
			11.11.4 Hypochlorination Facilities
			11.11.5 Hypochlorinators
	Chapter 12 Water Softening
		12.1 Types of Hardness
			12.1.1 Carbonate Hardness
			12.1.2 Non-Carbonate Hardness
		12.2 Softening Methods
			12.2.1 Lime-Soda Ash Softening
			12.2.2 Chemical Dosages
		12.3 Types of Lime-Soda Ash Processes
			12.3.1 Selective Calcium Removal
			12.3.2 Excess Lime Treatment
			12.3.3 Split Treatment
		12.4 Ion-Exchange Softening
			12.4.1 Removal Capacity
			12.4.2 Water Treatment Capacity
	Chapter 13 Miscellaneous Methods I
		13.1 Fluoridation
			13.1.1 Fluoride Chemicals
			13.1.2 Fluoridation Systems
		13.2 Defluoridation
			13.2.1 Calcium Phosphate
			13.2.2 Tri-Calcium Phosphate
			13.2.3 Ion Exchange
			13.2.4 Lime
			13.2.5 Aluminum Compounds
			13.2.6 Activated Carbon
		13.3 Iron and Manganese Control
		13.4 Control Methods
			13.4.1 Phosphate Treatment
			13.4.2 Feed System
		13.5 Removal Methods
			13.5.1 Oxidation by Aeration
			13.5.2 Oxidation with Chlorine
			13.5.3 Oxidation with Permanganate
			13.5.4 Ion Exchange with Zeolites
		13.6 Arsenic Removal
		13.7 Nitrate Removal
	Chapter 14 Miscellaneous Methods II
		14.1 Taste and Odor Control
			14.1.1 Organics in Raw Water
			14.1.2 Chemical Dosing
		14.2 Taste and Odor Removal
			14.2.1 Oxidation
			14.2.2 Aeration
			14.2.3 Chemical Oxidation
			14.2.4 Adsorption
			14.2.5 Forms of Activated Carbon
		14.3 Membrane Filtration
			14.3.1 Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration
			14.3.2 Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis
		14.4 Desalination
			14.4.1 Membrane Technology
			14.4.2 Distillation of Seawater
		14.5 Water Stabilization
			14.5.1 Classifying Water Stability
			14.5.2 Chemistry of Corrosion
			14.5.3 Stability Index
			14.5.4 Corrosion Control
Section III Water Distribution
	Chapter 15 Water Distribution
		15.1 System Components
		15.2 Methods of Water Distribution
			15.2.1 Gravitational System
			15.2.2 Pumping System
			15.2.3 Combined Gravity and Pumping System
		15.3 Equalizing Demand
			15.3.1 Equalizing Storage Capacity
			15.3.2 Other Purposes of Storage
			15.3.3 Types of Storage
		15.4 Pipeline Layout
			15.4.1 Dead End Systems
			15.4.2 Gridiron System
			15.4.3 Ring System
			15.4.4 Radial system
		15.5 Pipe Material
			15.5.1 Plastic Pipes
			15.5.2 Cast Iron Pipes
			15.5.3 Ductile Iron Pipes
			15.5.4 Steel Pipes
			15.5.5 Cement Concrete and RCC Pipes
			15.5.6 Asbestos Cement Pipes
		15.6 Pipe Joints
			15.6.1 Flanged Joint
			15.6.2 Socket and Spigot Joint
			15.6.3 Flexible Joint
			15.6.4 Mechanical Joint
			15.6.5 Expansion Joint
			15.6.6 Simplex Joint
		15.7 Pipelaying and Testing
			15.7.1 Anchoring of Pipes
			15.7.2 Backfilling with Earth
			15.7.3 Testing of Pipes
			15.7.4 Flow Velocity
		15.8 Valves
			15.8.1 Gate Valve
			15.8.2 Globe Valve
			15.8.3 Air and Vacuum Relief Valves
			15.8.4 Rotary Valves
			15.8.5 Special Function Valves
			15.8.6 Exercising of Valves
		15.9 Cross Contamination
			15.9.1 Back Pressure
			15.9.2 Back Siphoning
			15.9.3 Backflow Prevention
		15.10 Hydrants
		15.11 Service Connections
		15.12 Water Meters
		15.13 Thrust Control
		15.14 Dual Water Systems
	Chapter 16 Pipeline Systems
		16.1 Series and Parallel Systems
		16.2 Equivalent Pipe
		16.3 System Classification
			16.3.1 Class I Systems
			16.3.2 Class II Systems
			16.3.3 Class III Systems
		16.4 Complex Pipe Networks
		16.5 Hardy Cross Method
		16.6 Computer Applications
	Chapter 17 Pumps and Pumping
		17.1 Positive Displacement Pumps
		17.2 Velocity Pumps
			17.2.1 Types of centrifugal pumps
			17.2.2 Positive Displacement Pump Characteristics
			17.2.3 Performance Curves of Centrifugal Pumps
		17.3 System Head
		17.4 Affinity Laws
		17.5 Specific Speed
		17.6 Homologous Pumps
		17.7 Multiple Pumps
		17.8 Cavitation
			17.8.1 Net Positive Suction Head
			17.8.2 Permissible Suction Lift
		17.9 Operation and Maintenance
	Chapter 18 Water Distribution Operation
		18.1 Head Losses in Water Main
			18.1.1 Flow Capacity
			18.1.2 Pipe Roughness, Coefficient C
		18.2 Free Flow Velocity and Discharge, Q
		18.3 Hydrant Testing
		18.4 Water Quality
			18.4.1 Monitoring
			18.4.2 Secondary Disinfection
			18.4.3 Flushing and Cleaning of Water Mains
			18.4.4 Repairs and Breaks
			18.4.5 Field Disinfection
Section IV Wastewater Collection
	Chapter 19 Wastewater Collection System
		19.1 Sewer Mains
			19.1.1 Combined Sewers
			19.1.2 Storm Sewers
		19.2 Infiltration & Inflow
		19.3 Wastewater Flows
		19.4 Sewer Mains
			19.4.1 Pipe Size
			19.4.2 Sewer Grade
			19.4.3 Pipe Flow Velocity and Capacity
			19.4.4 Gravity Sewer Mains
			19.4.5 Force Mains
		19.5 Operation and Maintenance
			19.5.1 Detecting and Repairing an Obstruction
			19.5.2 Crown Corrosion
			19.5.3 Repairing Broken Sections
			19.5.4 Building Services
			19.5.5 Force Main Maintenance
		19.6 Inspection
			19.6.1 Smoke Test
			19.6.2 Dye Test
			19.6.3 Closed Circuit Television
		19.7 Inverted Siphon
			19.7.1 Design of Inverted Siphon
		19.8 Manholes
			19.8.1 Ordinary Manhole
			19.8.2 Constructional Details
			19.8.3 Drop Manholes and Dead-End Manholes
			19.8.4 Manhole Safety
			19.8.5 Sewer Ventilation
			19.7.4 Manhole Inspection and Maintenance
		19.9 Sampling and Flow Measurement
			19.9.1 Flow Measurement in Sewers
			19.9.2 Sample Collection
		19.10 Wastewater Pumping
			19.10.1 Wet Well Lift Stations
			19.10.2 Dry Well Lift Stations
		19.11 Wastewater Flow Pumps
			19.11.1 Wet Wells
			19.11.2 Screens
			19.11.3 Electrical and Controls
		19.12 Lift Station Maintenance
			19.12.1 Screening Baskets and Bar Screens
			19.12.2 Wet Well Floor Maintenance
			19.12.3 Sump Pump Operation and Maintenance
		19.13 Pump Operating Sequence
			19.13.1 Level Setting
			19.13.2 Pumping Rate in Lift Stations
	Chapter 20 Design of Sewers
		20.1 Open Channel Flow
			20.1.1 Flow Classification
			20.1.2 Hydraulic Slope
		20.2 Manning’s Flow Equation
			20.2.1 Hydraulic Radius
			20.2.2 Uniform Flow Problems
			20.2.3 Circular Pipes Flowing Full
		20.3 Efficient Conveyance Section
		20.4 Maximum and Minimum Flow Velocities
			20.4.1 Minimum Flow Velocity
			20.4.2 Maximum Velocity or Non-Scouring Velocity
		20.5 Partial Full Pipes
		20.6 Storm Drainage
		20.7 Rational Method
			20.7.1 Runoff Coefficient
			20.7.2 Time of Concentration
			20.7.3 Rainfall Intensity
			20.7.4 Areal Weighing of Runoff Coefficients
			20.7.5 Limitations of Rational Method
			20.7.6 Urban Catchments
	Chapter 21 Construction of Sewers
		21.1 Materials for Sewers
			21.1.1 Vitrified Clay Pipe (VCP)
			21.1.2 Plastic Pipe
			21.1.3 Fiberglass Polymer Pipe (FRPP)
			21.1.4 Concrete Pipe (CP)
			21.1.5 Asbestos Cement Pipe (ACP)
			21.1.6 Brick Masonry
			21.1.7 Cast‐Iron Pipe
			21.1.8 Steel Pipe
			21.1.9 Cast‐in‐Place Reinforced Concrete
		21.2 Layout and Installation
			21.2.1 Setting Out
			21.2.2 Alignment and Gradient
			21.2.3 Excavation of Trenches
			21.2.4 Bedding
			21.2.5 Laying
			21.2.6 Lasers
			21.2.7 Jointing
		21.3 Testing
			21.3.1 Water Test
			21.3.2 Air Testing
			21.3.3 Ball Test
			21.3.4 Mirror Test
			21.3.5 Smoke Test
			21.3.6 Back Filling
		21.4 Structural Requirements
		21.5 Loading Conditions
		21.6 Dead Loads
		21.7 Field Supporting Strength
			21.7.1 Load-Carrying Capacity
			21.7.2 Load Factor
Section V Wastewater Treatment
	Chapter 22 Natural Purification
		22.1 BOD Reaction
		22.2 Natural Process
			22.2.1 Zone of Degradation
			22.2.2 Zone of Active Decomposition
			22.2.3 Zone of Recovery
			22.2.4 Clear Water Zone
		22.3 Oxygen Sag Curve
		22.4 Dilution into Sea
		22.5 Disposal by Land Treatment
		22.6 Comparison of Disposal Methods
	Chapter 23 Characteristics of Wastewater
		23.1 Treatment Facility
		23.2 Domestic Wastewater
		23.3 Physical Characteristics
		23.4 Chemical Characteristics
			23.4.1 Solids
			23.4.2 Dissolved Gases
			23.4.3 Alkalinity and pH
			23.4.4 Biochemical Oxygen Demand
			23.4.5 Chemical Oxygen Demand
			23.4.6 Nutrients
			23.4.7 Toxins
		23.5 Biological Characteristics
		23.6 Percentage Removal
		23.7 Industrial Wastewater
			23.7.1 Equivalent Population
			23.7.2 Composite Concentration
		23.8 Infiltration and Inflow
		23.9 Municipal Wastewater
			23.9.1 Hydraulic and Organic Loading
			23.9.2 Main Points
		23.10 Evaluation of Wastewater
			23.10.1 Automatic Compositing
			23.10.2 Manual Compositing
			23.10.3 Sample Locations
	Chapter 24 Primary Treatment
		24.1 Preliminary Treatment
			24.1.1 Screens
			24.1.2 Coarse Screens
			24.1.3 Fine Screens
			24.1.4 Mechanically Cleaned Screens
			24.1.5 Volume of Screenings
			24.1.6 Disposal of Screenings
			24.1.7 Flow through Screens
		24.2 Comminution of Sewage
		24.3 Flow Measurement
			24.3.1 Parshall Flume
			24.3.2 Palmer-Bowlus Flume
			24.3.3 Weirs
		24.4 Grit-Removal Units
			24.4.1 Settling Velocity
			24.4.2 Grit Channels
			24.4.3 Aerated Grit Chamber
			24.4.4 Detritus Tank
			24.4.5 Cyclone Separators
			24.4.6 Grit Disposal
		24.5 Pre-aeration
		24.6 Process Calculations
		24.7 Primary Clarification
		24.8 Circular Clarifier
		24.9 Rectangular Clarifiers
		24.10 Scum Removal
		24.11 Factors Affecting Settling
			24.11.1 Temperature
			24.11.2 Short-Circuiting
			24.11.3 Settling Characteristics of Solids
			24.11.4 Detention Time
			24.11.5 Surface Settling or Overflow Rate
			24.11.6 Weir Loading
		24.12 Secondary Clarifier
		24.13 Sludge Handling
	Chapter 25 Activated Sludge Process
		25.1 Biological Treatment
			25.1.1 Suspended Growth Systems
			25.1.2 Fixed Growth Systems
		25.2 Principles of the Activated Sludge Process
			25.2.1 Transfer
			25.2.2 Conversion
			25.2.3 Flocculation
		25.3 Components of ASP
			25.3.1 Aeration Tanks
			25.3.2 Final Settling Tanks
			25.3.3 Sludge Recirculation and Wasting
		25.4 Factors Affecting ASP
		25.5 Process Loading Parameters
			25.5.1 Aeration Period
			25.5.2 Volumetric BOD Loading
			25.5.3 Food to Microorganism (F/M) Ratio
			25.5.4 Sludge Age
			25.5.5 Substrate Utilization Rate
		25.6 Final Clarification
			25.6.1 Hydraulic Loading
			25.6.2 Solids Loading
			25.6.3 Sludge Settlement
			25.6.4 Return Rate and SVI
			25.6.5 Return Ratio and Sludge Thickness
			25.6.6 State Point Analysis
		25.7 Variations of ASP
			25.7.1 Conventional Aeration
			25.7.2 Contact Stabilization
			25.7.3 Extended Aeration
			25.7.4 Oxidation Ditch
			25.7.5 High-Rate Aeration
			25.7.6 High Purity Oxygen System
		25.8 Oxygen Transfer
			25.8.1 Mass Transfer Equation
			25.8.2 Specific Uptake Rate (SUR)
			25.8.3 Oxygen Transfer Efficiency
		25.9 Operating Problems
			25.9.1 Aeration Tank Appearance
			25.9.2 Secondary Clarifier Appearance
	Chapter 26 Stabilization Ponds
		26.1 Facultative Ponds
		26.2 Loading Parameters
			26.2.1 BOD Removal
			26.2.2 Winter Storage
		26.3 Algae
		26.4 Berms
		26.5 Daily Monitoring
			26.5.1 Visual Monitoring
			26.5.2 Water Color
			26.5.3 Water Level
		26.6 Operational Problems
			26.6.1 Scum Control
			26.6.2 Odor Control
		26.7 Lagoon Maintenance
			26.7.1 Lagoon Weeds
			26.7.2 Berm Erosion
			26.7.3 Mosquitos
			26.7.4 Daphnia
	Chapter 27 Attached Growth Systems
		27.1 Trickling Filters
		27.2 Main Components of the Trickling Filter
			27.2.1 Filter Media
			27.2.2 Underdrains
			27.2.3 Wastewater Distribution
			27.2.4 Loading on Filters
			27.2.5 Recirculation
			27.2.6 Staging
		27.3 BOD Removal Efficiency
		27.4 Operating Problems
			27.4.1 Ponding
			27.4.2 Fly Nuisance
			27.4.3 Odor Nuisance
		27.5 Secondary Clarification
		27.6 Rotating Biological Contactors
			27.6.1 Staging
			27.6.2 Operation
		27.7 Process Control Parameters
			27.7.1 Soluble BOD
			27.7.2 Organic Loading
		27.8 Operation of RBC System
	Chapter 28 Anaerobic Systems
		28.1 Septic Tanks
		28.2 Design Considerations
			28.2.1 Capacity
			28.2.2 Free Board
			28.2.3 Inlet and Outlet
			28.2.4 Detention time
			28.2.5 Shape of the Tank
			28.2.6 Disposal of the Tank Effluent
		28.3 Soil Absorption System
			28.3.1 Percolation Test
			28.3.2 Absorption Field
		28.4 Soak Pit
		28.5 Biological Filters
		28.6 Upflow Filters
		28.7 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket
			28.7.1 Zones and Components
			28.7.2 Design Approach
	Chapter 29 Bio-Solids
		29.1 Primary Sludge
		29.2 Secondary Sludge
		29.3 Processing of Sludges
		29.4 Sludge Thickening
			29.4.1 Gravity Thickener
			29.4.2 Concentration Factor
			29.4.3 Floatation Thickener
			29.4.4 Gravity Belt Thickener
			29.4.5 Centrifuge Thickening
		29.5 Mass Volume Relationship
		29.6 Sludge Stabilization
		29.7 Sludge Digestion
			29.7.1 Anaerobic Sludge Digestion
			29.7.2 Aerobic Sludge Digestion
			29.7.3 Anaerobic Digester Capacity
			29.7.4 Two-Stage Digestion
			29.7.5 Volatile Solids Reduction in Digestion
			29.7.6 Gas Composition
			29.7.7 Digester Solid Mass Balance
		29.8 Dewatering of Sludges
			29.8.1 Sludge Drying Beds
			29.8.2 Mechanical Methods of Dewatering Sludge
			29.8.3 Sludge Conditioning
		29.9 Disposal of Sludge
			29.9.1 Incineration
			29.9.2 Sanitary Land Fill
			29.9.3 Disposal in Water or Sea
			29.9.4 Sludge Composting
	Chapter 30 Advanced Wastewater Treatment
		30.1 Suspended Solids Removal
			30.1.1 Microscreening
			30.1.2 Ultrafiltration
			30.1.3 Granular Media Filtration
		30.2 Control of Nutrients
		30.3 Phosphorus Removal
			30.3.1 Biological Phosphorous Removal
			30.3.2 Chemical Phosphorus Removal
			30.3.3 Biological–Chemical Phosphate Removal
		30.4 Nitrogen Removal
			30.4.1 Biological Nitrification–Denitrification
			30.4.2 Three-Stage Nitrification–Denitrification
		30.5 Treatment Methods for the Removal of Toxins
			30.5.1 Carbon Adsorption
			30.5.2 Chemical Oxidation
		30.6 Wastewater Disinfection
		30.7 Improved Treatment Technologies
			30.7.1 Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR)
			30.7.2 Membrane Bioreactor Process (MRP)
			30.7.3 Ballasted Floc Reactor (BFR)
			30.7.4 Biological Aerated Filters (BAFs)
			30.7.5 Integrated Fixed-Film Activated Sludge (IFAS)
		30.8 Water Recycle and Reuse
			30.8.1 Water Conservation
			30.8.2 Reuse of Processed Wastewater
		30.9 Water Quality and Reuse
			30.9.1 Urban Landscape
			30.9.2 Reclaimed Wastewater
		30.10 Industrial Wastewater Treatment
		30.11 Industrial Wastewater Discharges
		30.12 Industrial Wastewater Treatment
			30.12.1 Removal of Chromium
			30.12.2 Removal of Phenol
			30.12.3 Removal of Mercury
		30.13 Common Effluent Treatment Plants
Appendices
Index