Water and Energy: Leveraging Voluntary Programs to Save Both Water and Energy (2008)

Cover......Page 1
Table of Contents......Page 2
List of Exhibits......Page 4
Executive Summary......Page 7
1. Introduction......Page 18
2.1 Water Withdrawal, Consumption, and Return......Page 21
2.2 Overview of Water Use: Withdrawal and Consumption......Page 22
2.3 Trends in Water Use......Page 28
3.1 Water Supply Systems......Page 35
3.2 Wastewater Treatment......Page 53
3.3 Linkage Opportunities with Energy Efficiency Programs......Page 70
4.1 Water Uses at Power Plants......Page 71
4.2 The Rate of Water Consumption at Power Plants......Page 74
4.3 Dry Cooling......Page 79
4.4 The Water Impacts of Energy Efficiency......Page 82
5.1 Residential End Uses......Page 83
5.2 Opportunities to Improve Residential Water Use Efficiency......Page 89
5.3 Water Prices and Billing......Page 99
5.4 Linkage Opportunities with Energy Efficiency Programs......Page 101
6. Commercial and Institutional Water Consumption......Page 102
6.1 Commercial and Institutional End Uses......Page 103
6.2 Opportunities to Improve Commercial and Institutional End Use Efficiency......Page 106
7.1 Energy Efficiency Programs......Page 114
7.2 The Impact of Energy Efficiency on Water Use in Power Generation......Page 118
7.3 Water Efficiency Programs......Page 119
7.4 The Impact of Water Efficiency on Electricity Usage at Water Supply and Wastewater Treatment Facilities......Page 120
7.5 Opportunities for Water Supply and Wastewater Utilities to Improve Energy and Water Use Efficiency Together......Page 121
7.6 Opportunities for Residential Customers to Improve Energy and Water Efficiency Together......Page 124
7.7 Opportunities Among Commercial Customers to Improve Energy and Water Efficiency Together......Page 127
7.8 Potential Water and Energy Savings Resulting From Leveraging Energy and Water Efficiency Programs......Page 132
7.9 Conclusion......Page 144
8. References......Page 146