Wastewater treatment

Cover......Page 1
Half Title......Page 2
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Preface......Page 6
Contributors......Page 8
Table of Contents......Page 10
1 Sources and Characteristics......Page 14
 1.1 Nature of Wastewater......Page 15
 1.2 Sources and Effects of Contaminants......Page 26
 1.3 Characterization of Industrial Wastewater......Page 37
 1.4 Wastewater Minimization......Page 47
 1.5 Developing a Treatment Strategy......Page 50
2 Monitoring and Analysis......Page 54
 2.1 Flow and Level Monitoring......Page 56
 2.2 pH, Oxidation-Reduction Probes and Ion-Selective Sensors......Page 80
 2.3 Oxygen Analyzers......Page 94
 2.4 Sludge, Colloidal Suspension, and Oil Monitors......Page 107
3 Sewers and Pumping Stations......Page 118
 3.1 Industrial Sewer Design......Page 119
 3.2 Manholes, Catch Basins, and Drain Hubs......Page 123
 3.3 Pumps and Pumping Stations......Page 129
4 Equalization and Primary Treatment......Page 136
 4.1 Equalization Basins......Page 138
 4.2 Screens and Communitors......Page 145
 4.3 Grit Removal......Page 156
 4.4 Grease Removal and Skimming......Page 159
 4.5 Sedimentation......Page 164
 4.6 Flotation and Foaming......Page 171
 4.7 Sludge Pumping and Transportation......Page 175
5 Conventional Biological Treatment......Page 180
 5.1 Septic and Imhoff Tanks......Page 181
 5.2 Conventional Sewage Treatment Plants......Page 183
6 Secondary Treatment......Page 192
 6.1 Wastewater Microbiology......Page 194
 6.2 Trickling Filters......Page 200
 6.3 Rotating Biological Contractors......Page 205
 6.4 Activated-Sludge Processes......Page 208
 6.5 Extended Aeration......Page 218
 6.6 Ponds and Lagoons......Page 219
 6.7 Anaerobic Treatment......Page 224
 6.8 Secondary Clarification......Page 231
 6.9 Disinfection......Page 234
7 Advanced or Tertiary Treatment......Page 244
 7.1 Treatment Plant Advances......Page 246
 7.2 Chemical Precipitation......Page 254
 7.3 Filtration......Page 259
 7.4 Coagulation and Emulsion Breaking......Page 269
8 Organics, Salts, Metals, and Nutrient Removal......Page 288
 8.1 Soluble Organics Removal......Page 290
 8.2 Inorganic Salt Removal by Ion Exchange......Page 299
 8.3 Demineralization......Page 306
 8.4 Nutrient (Nitrogen and Phosphorous) Removal......Page 315
9 Chemical Treatment......Page 330
 9.1 Neutralization Agents and Processes......Page 332
 9.2 pH Control Systems......Page 338
 9.3 Oxidation-Reduction Agents and Processes......Page 359
 9.4 ORP Control (Chrome and Cyanide Treatment......Page 365
 9.5 Oil Separation and Removal......Page 374
10 Sludge Stabilization and Dewatering......Page 378
 10.1 Stabilization: Aeroblic Digestion......Page 380
 10.2 Stabilization: Anaeroblic Digestion......Page 385
 10.3 Sludge Thickening......Page 390
 10.5 Dewatering: Centrifugation......Page 393
 10.6 Heat Treatment and Thermal Dryers......Page 412
11 Sludge Disposal......Page 418
 11.1 Sludge Incineration......Page 420
 11.2 Lagoons and Landfills......Page 430
 11.3 Spray Irrigation......Page 433
 11.4 Ocean Dumpinge......Page 440
 11.5 Air Drying......Page 443
 11.6 Composting......Page 446
Index......Page 454