Wastewater Purification Aerobic Granulation in Sequencing Batch Reactors

Wastewater Purification: Aerobic Granulation in Sequencing Batch Reactors......Page 2
Contents......Page 4
Preface......Page 6
Contributors......Page 9
Table of Contents......Page 0
1.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 10
1.2.1.2 Formation of Compact Aggregates after Operation for One Week......Page 11
1.2.1.3 Formation of Granular Sludge after Operation for Two Weeks......Page 12
1.2.1.4 Appearance of Mature Granules after Operation for Three Weeks......Page 13
1.2.2.2 Sludge Settleability......Page 14
1.2.2.6 Storage Stability of Aerobic Granules......Page 16
1.4 AEROBIC GRANULATION AT DIFFERENT COD CONCENTRATIONS......Page 18
1.4.1 EFFECT OF COD CONCENTRATION ON THE PROPERTIES OF AEROBIC GRANULES......Page 19
1.5 AEROBIC GRANULATION AT DIFFERENT SUBSTRATE N/COD RATIOS......Page 24
1.5.1 EFFECT OF N/COD RATIO ON THE PROPERTIES OF AEROBIC GRANULES......Page 25
1.5.2 EFFECT OF N/COD RATIO ON POPULATION DISTRIBUTION......Page 27
REFERENCES......Page 29
2.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 33
2.2 AEROBIC GRANULATION AT DIFFERENT SHEAR FORCES......Page 34
2.4 EFFECT OF SHEAR FORCE ON GRANULE MORPHOLOGY......Page 36
2.5 EFFECT OF SHEAR FORCE ON BIOMASS SETTLEABILITY......Page 39
2.6 EFFECT OF SHEAR FORCE ON THE PRODUCTION OF CELL POLYSACCHARIDES......Page 40
2.7 EFFECT OF SHEAR FORCE ON CELL HYDROPHOBICITY......Page 41
2.8 CONCLUSIONS......Page 42
REFERENCES......Page 43
3.2 EFFECT OF CYCLE TIME ON AEROBIC GRANULATION......Page 45
3.3 EFFECT OF CYCLE TIME ON PROPERTIES OF AEROBIC GRANULES......Page 49
REFERENCES......Page 57
4.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 59
4.2 EFFECT OF SETTLING TIME ON THE FORMATION OF AEROBIC GRANULES......Page 60
4.3 EFFECT OF SETTLING TIME ON THE SETTLEABILITY OF SLUDGE......Page 62
4.4 EFFECT OF SETTLING TIME ON CELL SURFACE HYDROPHOBICITY......Page 63
4.5 EFFECT OF SETTLING TIME ON PRODUCTION OF EXTRACELLULAR POLYSACCHARIDES......Page 64
4.6 EFFECT OF SETTLING TIME ON MICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF AEROBIC GRANULES......Page 65
4.7 ACCUMULATION OF POLYVALENT CATIONS IN AEROBIC GRANULES......Page 66
4.8 EFFECT OF SHIFT OF SETTLING TIME ON AEROBIC GRANULATION......Page 68
4.10 RATIONALE BEHIND SETTLING TIME-INITIATED AEROBIC GRANULATION......Page 70
REFERENCES......Page 73
5.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 76
5.2 THE ROLE OF SBR VOLUME EXCHANGE RATIO IN AEROBIC GRANULATION......Page 77
5.3 EFFECT OF VOLUME EXCHANGE RATIO ON AEROBIC GRANULATION......Page 78
5.4 EFFECT OF VOLUME EXCHANGE RATIO ON SLUDGE SETTLEABILITY......Page 80
5.6 EFFECT OF VOLUME EXCHANGE RATIO ON CALCIUM ACCUMULATION IN AEROBIC GRANULES......Page 82
5.7 VOLUME EXCHANGE RATIO IS A SELECTION PRESSURE FOR AEROBIC GRANULATION......Page 83
5.8 EFFECT OF DISCHARGE TIME ON FORMATION OF AEROBIC GRANULES......Page 85
5.9 EFFECT OF DISCHARGE TIME ON SETTLEABILITY OF BIOPARTICLES......Page 86
5.11 EFFECT OF DISCHARGE TIME ON PRODUCTION OF EXTRACELLULAR POLYSACCHARIDES......Page 89
5.12 CONCLUSIONS......Page 90
REFERENCES......Page 91
6.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 92
6.3 EARLIER UNDERSTANDING OF AEROBIC GRANULATION......Page 93
6.4 BRIEF REVIEW OF PARAMETERS CONTRIBUTING TO AEROBIC GRANULATION......Page 94
6.4.2 HYDRODYNAMIC SHEAR FORCE......Page 95
6.4.5 DISSOLVED OXYGEN......Page 96
6.4.8 CYCLE TIME......Page 97
6.4.9 SETTLING TIME......Page 98
6.5 MAIN SELECTION PRESSURES OF AEROBIC GRANULATION......Page 99
6.6 A SELECTION PRESSURE THEORY FOR AEROBIC GRANULATION IN SBRS......Page 100
6.7 FAILURE OF AEROBIC GRANULATION IN CONTINUOUS MICROBIAL CULTURE......Page 104
6.8 UPSCALING AEROBIC GRANULAR SLUDGE SBRS......Page 107
6.9 PREDICTION OF SETTLING VELOCITY OF BIOPARTICLES......Page 109
REFERENCES......Page 114
7.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 118
7.2 A SIMPLE KINETIC MODEL FOR THE GROWTH OF AEROBIC GRANULES......Page 119
7.2.1 GROWTH OF AEROBIC GRANULES AT DIFFERENT ORGANIC LOADING RATES......Page 120
7.2.2 GROWTH OF AEROBIC GRANULES AT DIFFERENT SHEAR FORCES......Page 121
7.2.3 GROWTH OF AEROBIC GRANULES AT DIFFERENT SUBSTRATE N/COD RATIOS......Page 123
7.3.1 EFFECT OF SURFACE LOADING ON GROWTH RATE......Page 124
7.3.2 EFFECT OF SURFACE LOADING ON SUBSTRATE BIODEGRADATION RATE......Page 125
7.3.3 RELATIONSHIP OF SURFACE GROWTH RATE TO SUBSTRATE BIODEGRADATION RATE......Page 127
7.4 SUBSTRATE CONCENTRATION-ASSOCIATED KINETIC BEHAVIORS OF AEROBIC GRANULES......Page 130
7.5 A GENERAL MODEL FOR AEROBIC GRANULAR SLUDGE SBR......Page 131
7.5.2 DESCRIPTION OF OXYGEN TRANSFER......Page 132
7.5.3 DESCRIPTION OF DIFFUSION OF SUBSTANCE......Page 133
REFERENCES......Page 135
8.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 138
8.2 SIZE-DEPENDENT KINETIC BEHAVIORS OF AEROBIC GRANULES......Page 139
8.3 DESCRIPTION OF DIFFUSION RESISTANCE IN AEROBIC GRANULES......Page 140
8.4 SIMULATION OF MASS TRANSFER IN AEROBIC GRANULES......Page 142
8.4.1 MODEL DEVELOPMENT......Page 143
8.4.4 DIFFUSION PROFILES OF SUBSTRATE IN AEROBIC GRANULES AT DIFFERENT BULK SUBSTRATE CONCENTRATIONS......Page 146
8.4.5 DIFFUSION PROFILES OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN AEROBIC GRANULES AT DIFFERENT SUBSTRATE CONCENTRATIONS......Page 148
8.4.6 PREDICTION OF BULK SUBSTRATE CONCENTRATION IN AN AEROBIC GRANULES REACTOR......Page 150
8.5 CONCLUSIONS......Page 151
SYMBOLS......Page 152
REFERENCES......Page 153
9.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 155
9.2.1 WHAT IS HYDROPHOBICITY?......Page 156
9.2.2.4 Surface Properties of Phospholipids......Page 157
9.3 THE ROLE OF CELL SURFACE HYDROPHOBICITY IN AEROBIC GRANULATION......Page 158
9.4 FACTORS INFLUENCING CELL SURFACE HYDROPHOBICITY......Page 162
9.5 SELECTION PRESSURE-INDUCED CELL SURFACE HYDROPHOBICITY......Page 166
9.6 THERMODYNAMIC INTERPRETATION OF CELL SURFACE HYDROPHOBICITY......Page 167
9.7 ENHANCED AEROBIC GRANULATION BY HIGHLY HYDROPHOBIC MICROBIAL SEED......Page 176
REFERENCES......Page 182
10.2 MAIN COMPOSITION OF EPS IN AEROBIC GRANULES......Page 187
10.3 MAJOR FACTORS INFLUENCING EPS PRODUCTION IN AEROBIC GRANULES......Page 189
10.4 THE ROLE OF EPS IN AEROBIC GRANULATION......Page 191
10.5 EPS-ENHANCED STABILITY OF AEROBIC GRANULES......Page 193
REFERENCES......Page 197
11.2.1 HETEROGENEOUS STRUCTURE OF AEROBIC GRANULES......Page 201
11.2.2 POROSITY OF AEROBIC GRANULES......Page 202
11.2.3 SIZE-DEPENDENT INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF AEROBIC GRANULES......Page 203
11.2.4 STRUCTURE CHANGE OF AEROBIC GRANULES DURING STARVATION......Page 204
11.3 BIOMASS DISTRIBUTION IN AEROBIC GRANULES......Page 205
11.4 PS DISTRIBUTION IN AEROBIC GRANULES......Page 207
11.5 DISTRIBUTION OF CELL SURFACE HYDROPHOBICITY IN AEROBIC GRANULES......Page 211
11.6 DIFFUSION-RELATED STRUCTURE OF AEROBIC GRANULES......Page 212
REFERENCES......Page 213
12.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 215
12.2.1 BIODEGRADABILITY OF EPS EXTRACTED FROM FRESH AEROBIC GRANULES......Page 216
12.2.3 COMPARISON OF BIODEGRADABILITY OF ACETATE AND EXTRACTED EPS......Page 218
12.3 BIODEGRADATION OF AEROBIC GRANULE-ASSOCIATED EPS DURING STARVATION......Page 220
12.4 EPS BIODEGRADATION IN AN AEROBIC GRANULAR SLUDGE SBR......Page 222
12.5 ORIGIN OF BIODEGRADABLE AEROBIC GRANULES-ASSOCIATED EPS......Page 224
12.6 CONCLUSIONS......Page 226
REFERENCES......Page 227
13.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 229
13.2 EFFECT OF CALCIUM ON AEROBIC GRANULATION......Page 230
13.3 CALCIUM ACCUMULATION IN ACETATE-FED AEROBIC GRANULES......Page 231
13.4 CHEMICAL FORM OF CALCIUM IN ACETATE-FED AEROBIC GRANULES......Page 232
13.6 GRANULE SIZE-DEPENDENT CACO3 FORMATION IN ACETATE-FED AEROBIC GRANULES......Page 233
13.7 MECHANISM OF CALCIUM ACCUMULATION IN ACETATE-FED AEROBIC GRANULES......Page 235
13.7.1 IONIC EQUILIBRIUM OF CARBONATE ION......Page 236
13.7.2 DIFFUSION KINETICS IN AEROBIC GRANULES......Page 237
13.7.3 DISTRIBUTION OF PH AND CO3 ACETATE-FED AEROBIC GRANULES......Page 239
13.7.4 SIZE-ASSOCIATED FORMATION OF CACO3 IN ACETATE-FED AEROBIC GRANULES......Page 240
13.8 CONCLUSIONS......Page 241
REFERENCES......Page 242
14.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 244
14.2.1 OBSERVATION OF AEROBIC GRANULATION IN AN SBR......Page 245
14.2.2 PERIODIC STARVATION IN THE SBR......Page 246
14.2.3 EFFECT OF PERIODIC STARVATION ON CELL SURFACE HYDROPHOBICITY......Page 247
14.3 INFLUENCE OF SHORT STARVATION ON AEROBIC GRANULES......Page 250
14.3.1 INFLUENCE OF CARBON AND NUTRIENTS STARVATION ON CELL SURFACE PROPERTY......Page 251
14.3.3 INFLUENCE OF CARBON AND NUTRIENTS STARVATION ON MICROBIAL ACTIVITY AND PRODUCTION......Page 255
REFERENCES......Page 260
15.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 263
15.2.2 SUBSTRATE AVAILABILITY......Page 264
15.2.4 SOLIDS RETENTION TIME (SRT)......Page 265
15.2 OUTGROWTH OF FILAMENTOUS BACTERIA IN AEROBIC GRANULAR SLUDGE SBRS......Page 266
15.4.1 TYPE OF SUBSTRATE......Page 271
15.4.2 LONG SOLIDS RETENTION TIME IN AEROBIC GRANULAR SLUDGE SBRs......Page 272
15.4.3 SUBSTRATE CONCENTRATION AND CONCENTRATION GRADIENTS......Page 274
15.4.4 DISSOLVED OXYGEN DEFICIENCY IN AEROBIC GRANULES......Page 276
15.4.5 NUTRIENT DEFICIENCY IN AEROBIC GRANULES......Page 280
15.4.6 TEMPERATURE SHIFT IN AEROBIC GRANULAR SLUDGE SBRs......Page 281
15.4.7 FLOW PATTERNS IN AEROBIC GRANULAR SLUDGE SBRs......Page 282
15.4.8 LENGTH OF AEROBIC FEEDING......Page 283
15.5 PROPAGATION PATTERNS OF FILAMENTOUS GROWTH IN AEROBIC GRANULAR SLUDGE SBRS......Page 284
15.6 CONTROL STRATEGY FOR FILAMENTOUS GROWTH......Page 286
REFERENCES......Page 287
16.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 291
16.2 IMPROVED STABILITY OF AEROBIC GRANULES BY SELECTING SLOW-GROWING NITRIFYING BACTERIA......Page 292
16.3 IMPROVED STABILITY OF AEROBIC GRANULES BY SELECTING SLOW-GROWING P- OR GLYCOGEN-ACCUMULATING ORGANISMS......Page 298
16.5 CONCLUSIONS......Page 300
REFERENCES......Page 302
17.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 304
17.2.1 COMPARISON OF PILOT- AND LABORATORY-SCALE SBRs......Page 305
17.2.2.2 Settling Property......Page 308
17.3 STARTUP OF A PILOT-SCALE SBR USING STORED GRANULES AS SEED......Page 309
17.4 STARTUP OF A PILOT-SCALE SBR USING ACTIVATED SLUDGE AS SEED......Page 313
REFERENCES......Page 314