Waste Treatment in the Biotechnology, Agricultural and Food Industries : Volume 2

Preface
Contents
Contributors
About the Editors
Chapter 1: Application of Secondary Flotation-Filtration and Coagulant Recycle for Improvement of a Pulp Mill Primary Waste Treatment Facility
	1.1 Introduction
		1.1.1 General Introduction
		1.1.2 Pulp Mill and Existing Wastewater Treatment Facilities
	1.2 Improved Wastewater Treatment System
		1.2.1 Two-Stage Wastewater Treatment System
		1.2.2 Alternative One
		1.2.3 Alternative Two
	1.3 Total Sludge Recycle System
		1.3.1 General Concepts
		1.3.2 Two-Stage Sludge Recycle System
			1.3.2.1 First-Stage WWT-Settled Sludge Recycle
			1.3.2.2 Second-Stage WWT-Floated Sludge Recycle
		1.3.3 Sludge Recovery Experiments Using Actual Pulp Mill Sludge
			1.3.3.1 First Stage WWT-Settled Sludge Recovery with Caustic Soda
			1.3.3.2 Second-Stage WWT-Floated Sludge Recovery with Caustic Soda
			1.3.3.3 Second-Stage WWT-Floated Sludge Recovery with Sulfuric Acid
		1.3.4 Supplemental Experiments Using Lenox Sludge
		1.3.5 Summary
		1.3.6 Economics
	Glossary [17–21]
	References
Chapter 2: Management of Various Sources of Hazardous Waste
	2.1 Definition of Hazardous Waste
		2.1.1 Generation of Hazardous Waste
		2.1.2 Sources of Hazardous Waste
		2.1.3 Illegal Hazardous Waste Disposal
	2.2 Identification and Classification of Hazardous Waste
		2.2.1 Identification Based on Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
			2.2.1.1 Determination of “Solid Waste”
			2.2.1.2 Waste Excluded from Solid Waste or Hazardous Waste Regulation
			2.2.1.3 Hazardous Waste List
			2.2.1.4 Characteristics of Hazardous Waste
		2.2.2 Identification Based on the Environmental Quality Act (EQA)
	2.3 Waste Management Hierarchy
		2.3.1 Prevention and Reduction
		2.3.2 Reuse and Recycling
		2.3.3 Treatment and Recovery
		2.3.4 Disposal
	2.4 Waste Management in Other Countries
		2.4.1 Hazardous Waste Management in Malaysia
		2.4.2 Industrial Waste Management in Singapore
		2.4.3 Hazardous Waste Management in China
		2.4.4 Hazardous Waste Management in Japan
		2.4.5 Hazardous Waste Management in Romania
	2.5 Conclusions
	Glossary
	References
Chapter 3: Microbial Enzymes for Wastewater Treatment
	3.1 Wastewater Treatment
		3.1.1 Types of Wastewater Pollutants
			3.1.1.1 Domestic Pollutants
			3.1.1.2 Industrial Pollutants
				3.1.1.2.1 Heavy Metals
				3.1.1.2.2 Oil and Plastics
				3.1.1.2.3 Dyes
				3.1.1.2.4 Micropollutants
				3.1.1.2.5 Pharmaceutical Industries
				3.1.1.2.6 Textile Industries
				3.1.1.2.7 Paper and Pulp Industries
				3.1.1.2.8 Food Industries
			3.1.1.3 Agricultural Pollutants
			3.1.1.4 Stormwater
	3.2 Treatment of Wastewater and Applied Methods
		3.2.1 Physical Methods
		3.2.2 Chemical Methods
		3.2.3 Biological Methods
	3.3 Microbial Enzymes
		3.3.1 Laccases
		3.3.2 Peroxidases
			3.3.2.1 Horseradish Peroxidases
			3.3.2.2 Manganese Peroxidases
			3.3.2.3 Lignin Peroxidases
			3.3.2.4 Versatile Peroxidases
			3.3.2.5 Chloroperoxidases
		3.3.3 Lipases
		3.3.4 Cutinases
		3.3.5 Cellulases
		3.3.6 Proteases
		3.3.7 Poly(ethylene Terephthalate) Hydrolases
		3.3.8 MHETases
		3.3.9 Amylases
	3.4 Wastewater-Treatment Methods, Including Enzymes
		3.4.1 Free Enzyme Systems
		3.4.2 Immobilized Enzyme Systems
		3.4.3 Systems Connected to Enzyme Mediators
	3.5 Enzyme Selection
	3.6 Importance of Enzymes in Wastewater Treatment
	3.7 Challenges in Wastewater Treatment
	3.8 Future Work
	3.9 Conclusion
	Glossary
	References
Chapter 4: A Multi-criteria Approach to Appropriate Treatment Technology Selection for Water Reclamation
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Sewage Treatment Technologies
		4.2.1 Activated Sludge Process (ASP)
			4.2.1.1 Advantages
			4.2.1.2 Disadvantages
		4.2.2 Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR)
			4.2.2.1 Advantages
			4.2.2.2 Disadvantages
		4.2.3 Anaerobic–Anoxic–Oxic (A2O) Process
			4.2.3.1 Advantages
			4.2.3.2 Disadvantages
		4.2.4 Cyclic Activated Sludge Technology (C. Tech)
			4.2.4.1 Advantages
			4.2.4.2 Disadvantages
		4.2.5 Biological Filtration and Oxygenated Reactor (BIOFOR)
			4.2.5.1 Advantages
			4.2.5.2 Disadvantages
		4.2.6 High-Rate Activated Sludge BIOFOR-F Technology
			4.2.6.1 Advantages
			4.2.6.2 Disadvantages
		4.2.7 Soil Biotechnology (SBT)
			4.2.7.1 Advantages
			4.2.7.2 Disadvantages
		4.2.8 Constructed Wetlands (CW)
			4.2.8.1 Advantages
			4.2.8.2 Disadvantages
		4.2.9 Waste Stabilization Pond (WSP)
			4.2.9.1 Advantages
			4.2.9.2 Disadvantages
		4.2.10 Duckweed Pond System (DPS)
			4.2.10.1 Advantages
			4.2.10.2 Disadvantages
		4.2.11 Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR)
			4.2.11.1 Advantages
			4.2.11.2 Disadvantages
		4.2.12 Membrane Bioreactor (MBR)
			4.2.12.1 Advantages
			4.2.12.2 Disadvantages
		4.2.13 Trickling Filter
			4.2.13.1 Advantages
			4.2.13.2 Disadvantages
		4.2.14 Submerged Aerated Fixed Film (SAFF)
			4.2.14.1 Advantages
			4.2.14.2 Disadvantages
		4.2.15 Up-Flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor (UASB) + Extended Aeration (EA)
			4.2.15.1 Advantages
			4.2.15.2 Disadvantages
		4.2.16 Oxidation Ditch
			4.2.16.1 Advantages
			4.2.16.2 Disadvantages
		4.2.17 Anaerobic Lagoon Followed by Stabilization Pond (SP)
			4.2.17.1 Advantages
			4.2.17.2 Disadvantages
		4.2.18 Modified Ludzack-Ettinger Process (MLE)
			4.2.18.1 Advantages
			4.2.18.2 Disadvantages
		4.2.19 Bardenpho Process
			4.2.19.1 Advantages
			4.2.19.2 Disadvantages
		4.2.20 Step-Feed BNR Process
			4.2.20.1 Advantages
			4.2.20.2 Disadvantages
		4.2.21 Wuhrmann Process
			4.2.21.1 Advantages
			4.2.21.2 Disadvantages
		4.2.22 Coagulation + Flocculation + Rapid Sand Filters
			4.2.22.1 Advantages
			4.2.22.2 Disadvantages
		4.2.23 Microfiltration/Ultrafiltration and Reverse Osmosis (MF/UF + RO)
			4.2.23.1 Advantages
			4.2.23.2 Disadvantages
	4.3 Reuse Purpose and Quality Criteria
	4.4 Effluent Quality Prediction
	4.5 FUll COnsistency Method (FUCOM)
	4.6 Weighted Sum Method (WSM)
	4.7 Selection of Appropriate WWTT Combinations
	4.8 Case Study: Kanpur City
		4.8.1 Estimation of Potential Reclaimed Water Demand in Kanpur City
		4.8.2 Decision Criteria Weightage Calculation Using FUCOM
		4.8.3 Selection of Appropriate WWTTs for Kanpur City
	4.9 Case Study: Varanasi City
		4.9.1 Estimation of Potential Reclaimed Water Demand in Kanpur City
		4.9.2 Decision Criteria Weightage Calculation Using FUCOM
		4.9.3 Selection of Appropriate WWTTs for Varanasi City
	4.10 Sensitivity Analysis
	4.11 Conclusion
	Glossary
	References
Chapter 5: Chemicals Used in Agriculture: Hazards and Associated Toxicity Issues
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Risk and Hazardous of Agrichemicals
	5.3 Various Classes of Chemicals Used in Agriculture
		5.3.1 Herbicides
			5.3.1.1 On the Basis of Chemical Composition
			5.3.1.2 On the Basis of the Mechanism
		5.3.2 Pesticides
			5.3.2.1 On the Basis of Chemical Composition
			5.3.2.2 On the Basis of Targeting Agents
	5.4 Various Toxicity Issues Associated with Agrichemicals
		5.4.1 Acute Toxicity
		5.4.2 Chronic Toxicity
		5.4.3 Toxicity Related to Carcinogenesis
		5.4.4 Embryonic Toxicity
		5.4.5 Mutagenesis
		5.4.6 Organ Toxicity
		5.4.7 Reproductive Toxicity
		5.4.8 Teratogenic Effects
	5.5 Conclusions
	Glossary
	References
Chapter 6: Biochar for Adsorptive Removal of Pharmaceuticals from Environmental Water
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Biochar Production and Properties
		6.2.1 Biochar Feedstock
		6.2.2 Biochar Production Methods
		6.2.3 Biochar Properties
			6.2.3.1 Physical Properties
			6.2.3.2 Chemical Properties
		6.2.4 Factors Affecting Biochar Properties
	6.3 Pharmaceutical Adsorption onto Biochar
		6.3.1 Removal of Sodium Diclofenac
		6.3.2 Removal of Ibuprofen
		6.3.3 Removal of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Pharmaceutical
		6.3.4 Removal of Sulfamethoxazole
		6.3.5 Removal of Tetracycline
	6.4 Regeneration Performance
	6.5 Adsorption Mechanism
	6.6 Conclusions
	Glossary
	References
Chapter 7: Treatment of Palm Oil Mill Effluent
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Oil Palm and Palm Oil Production
	7.3 Crude Palm Oil (CPO) Production Process and Waste
		7.3.1 CPO Production Process
		7.3.2 FFB Reception and Transfer
		7.3.3 FFB Sterilization
		7.3.4 Threshing, Digesting, and Screw-Pressing
		7.3.5 Depericarping
		7.3.6 Clarification of CPO
		7.3.7 Kernel Separation and Drying
		7.3.8 Waste
	7.4 Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME)
		7.4.1 Introduction
		7.4.2 Characteristics of POME
	7.5 Conventional POME Treatment Technologies
		7.5.1 Ponding System
			7.5.1.1 Facultative Pond
			7.5.1.2 Anaerobic Ponding System
			7.5.1.3 Open and Closed Digester Tank
		7.5.2 Phytoremediation
		7.5.3 Bioremediation
	7.6 Advanced POME Treatment Technologies
		7.6.1 Advanced Oxidation Process
		7.6.2 Coagulation Flocculation
		7.6.3 Microwave Irradiation (MI)
		7.6.4 Biological Treatment of POME
		7.6.5 Membrane Filtration Technology
		7.6.6 Ultrasonication
		7.6.7 Adsorption
	7.7 The Advantages and Disadvantages of Treatment Methods of POME
	7.8 Current Trends and Future Perspectives
	7.9 Conclusions
	Glossary
	References
Chapter 8: Treatment and Management of Hazardous Solid Waste Stream by Incineration
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Hazardous Waste
		8.2.1 Hazardous Waste Stream
		8.2.2 Hazardous Waste Composition
		8.2.3 Hazardous Waste Characterization
	8.3 Waste-Incineration Directive
	8.4 Incineration Systems
		8.4.1 Waste Delivery, Bunker, and Feeding System
		8.4.2 Mass Burn Incineration
		8.4.3 Furnace
		8.4.4 Heat Recovery
		8.4.5 Emissions Control
			8.4.5.1 Dust or Particulate Matter
			8.4.5.2 Heavy Metals
			8.4.5.3 Acidic and Corrosive Gases
			8.4.5.4 Products of Incomplete Combustion: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Dioxins, and Furans
		8.4.6 Energy Recovery via District Heating, Electricity Generation, and Combined Heat and Power
		8.4.7 Other Types of Incineration
			8.4.7.1 Fluidized Bed Incinerators
			8.4.7.2 Starved Air Incinerators
			8.4.7.3 Rotary Kiln Incinerators
			8.4.7.4 Liquid and Gaseous Waste Incinerators
	8.5 Incineration Fly Ash
		8.5.1 Treatment of Incineration Fly Ash
		8.5.2 Application of Incineration Fly Ash
	8.6 Co-incineration
		8.6.1 Co-incineration in Cement Kiln
		8.6.2 Co-incineration of Municipal Solid Waste and Sewage Sludge
		8.6.3 Co-incineration of Other Wastes
	8.7 Case Study of Waste Incineration
		8.7.1 China
		8.7.2 South Korea
		8.7.3 Europe
		8.7.4 Malaysia
		8.7.5 India
		8.7.6 Iran
		8.7.7 Other Countries
	8.8 Challenges and Future Perspectives
	8.9 Conclusion
	Glossary
	References
Chapter 9: Technologies for Removal of Hazardous Volatile Organic Compounds from Industrial Effluents and/or Potable Water Sources
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Sources of VOCs
		9.2.1 VOCs in the Indoor Environment
		9.2.2 VOCs in the Outdoor Environment
			9.2.2.1 Traffic and the Area with a Lot of Cars
			9.2.2.2 Factories and Other Industrial Buildings
			9.2.2.3 Recycling
		9.2.3 VOCs in Nature
			9.2.3.1 Cattle Farms
			9.2.3.2 Plants
			9.2.3.3 Burning
	9.3 Common VOC Removal Technologies
		9.3.1 Thermal Oxidation
		9.3.2 Catalytic Oxidation
		9.3.3 Adsorption
		9.3.4 Biotreatment of VOC
			9.3.4.1 Biofiltration Mechanism
	9.4 Conclusion
	Glossary
	References
Chapter 10: Various Technologies in Healthcare Waste Management and Disposal
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Generation and Types of Healthcare Waste
		10.2.1 Healthcare Waste Generation
		10.2.2 Types of Healthcare Waste
			10.2.2.1 Infectious Waste
			10.2.2.2 Chemical Waste
			10.2.2.3 Sharp Waste
			10.2.2.4 Pharmaceutical Waste
	10.3 Risk of Healthcare Waste
		10.3.1 Contamination of Healthcare Waste
		10.3.2 Impact of Healthcare Waste
			10.3.2.1 Health Risk
			10.3.2.2 Environmental Risk
	10.4 Treatment and Disposal of Healthcare Waste
		10.4.1 Landfill
		10.4.2 Incineration
		10.4.3 Pyrolysis
		10.4.4 Steam Sterilization
		10.4.5 Microwave Sterilization
		10.4.6 Chemical Disinfection Technology
		10.4.7 Plasma Technology
		10.4.8 Torrefaction
	10.5 Co-disposal of Healthcare Waste
		10.5.1 Co-disposal of Healthcare Waste and Municipal Solid Waste
		10.5.2 Co-disposal of Healthcare Waste and Hazardous Waste
		10.5.3 Co-disposal of Healthcare Waste in Cement Kiln
	10.6 Case Study of Healthcare Waste in Different Countries
		10.6.1 China
		10.6.2 Southeast Asia
		10.6.3 The United States
		10.6.4 South Korea
		10.6.5 Japan
		10.6.6 The United Kingdom
	10.7 Challenges and Future Prospects
	10.8 Conclusion
	Glossary
	References
List of Figures
List of Tables
Index