Waste and Biodiesel: Feedstocks and Precursors for Catalysts

Front Matter
Front Matter
Copyright
Foreword
Preface
Contributors
CONTENTS
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1 Biodiesel and an overview of waste utilization at the various production stages
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Biodiesel production process
	1.3 Integration of waste into biodiesel production process
	1.4 Waste material as feedstock
		1.4.1 Waste oil
		1.4.2 Waste animal fats
		1.4.3 Agricultural waste
		1.4.4 Wastewater as biodiesel feedstock
		1.4.5 Waste coffee ground residue
	1.5 Feedstocks generated using waste material
		1.5.1 Microalgae cultivation using wastewater
		1.5.2 Oleaginous fungi grown using wastewater
	1.6 Challenges and future prospects
	References
Chapter 2 Prospects of biodiesel production from waste animal fats
	2.1 Introduction
		2.1.1 Biodiesel as a renewable source of energy
		2.1.2 Feedstock for biodiesel production
		2.1.3 Biodiesel production from waste material sources
		2.1.4 Waste animal fats and the environment
	2.2 Biodiesel production from waste animal fats
		2.2.1 Stages involved in the process
		2.2.2 Methods for producing biodiesel from waste animal fat
		2.2.3 Downstream processing/product purification in biodiesel production from waste animal fats
		2.2.4 Biodiesel from waste animal fat versus the standard biodiesel
	2.3 Transesterification of waste animal fat to biodiesel
		2.3.1 Criteria for transesterification of waste animal fats to biodiesel and methods of analysis
		2.3.2 Homogeneously catalyzed versus heterogeneously catalyzed methods
	2.4 Technoeconomic feasibility of biodiesel production from waste animal fats
	2.5 Challenges/recent studies for large-scale production of biodiesel from waste animal fats via transesterification
	Conclusions and outlook
	References
Chapter 3 Efficacy of municipal waste derived lipids in production of biodiesel
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Overview of lipids/biodiesel production from municipal solid waste reported in literature
	3.3 Types of municipal solid waste available for biodiesel production
		3.3.1 Food waste
		3.3.2 Plastic waste
		3.3.3 Oil waste
		3.3.4 Waste animal fats
	3.4 Waste-to-energy conversion techniques
		3.4.1 Transesterification \(alcoholysis\)
		3.4.2 Pyrolysis
	Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 4 Wastewater grown microalgae feedstock for biodiesel production
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Assimilation mechanism of nutrients by microalgae
	4.3 Feasibility and potential of wastewater based microalgal cultivation
		4.3.1 Domestic wastewater based microalgal cultivation
		4.3.2 Industrial wastewater based microalgal cultivation
		4.3.3 Agriculture wastewater based microalgal cultivation
	4.4 Challenges for biodiesel production
		4.4.1 Low biomass productivity
		4.4.2 Pathogenic contamination
		4.4.3 Harvesting of wastewater grown microalgae
		4.4.4 Pretreatment of wastewater grown microalgae biomass
	4.5 Biorefinery approach for biodiesel production from wastewater grown microalgae
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 5 Biodiesel from oleaginous fungi, bacteria, and yeast produced using waste substrates
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Oleaginous microorganisms
		5.2.1 Fungi
		5.2.2 Bacteria
		5.2.3 Yeast
	5.3 Technologies involved in biodiesel
	5.4 Challenges and perspectives
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 6 CaO derived from waste shell materials as catalysts in synthesis of biodiesel
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 CaO derived from plant residues
	6.3 CaO derived from animal waste
	6.4 CaO derived from mineral waste
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 7 Fish and animal waste as catalysts for biodiesel synthesis
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Sources of fish and animal waste-based catalyst
	7.3 Preparation of fish and animal waste-based catalyst
		7.3.1 Calcination
		7.3.2 Wet impregnation method
		7.3.3 Pyrolysis
	7.4 Transesterification kinetics of waste-derived heterogeneous catalysts
	7.5 Current status of fish and animal waste-based catalyst
	7.6 Remarks on process feasibility and greenness
	7.7 Scaling-up: opportunities and limitations
	Conclusions
	References
Chapter 8 Inorganic wastes as heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production
	8.1 Introduction
		8.1.1 Global biodiesel production
		8.1.2 Properties, advantages, and feedstock of biodiesel
		8.1.3 Production generations
		8.1.4 Biodiesel chemistry and catalysis
	8.2 Inorganic wastes
		8.2.1 Lithium ion battery waste
		8.2.2 Bauxite processing wastes \(red mud\)
		8.2.3 Calcium-rich wastes
		8.2.4 Different slags
		8.2.5 Waste metals
		8.2.6 Different ashes
		8.2.7 Water treatment unit wastes
		8.2.8 Waste clay
	Conclusions and future perspectives
	References
Chapter 9 Whole cell enzyme catalyst production using waste substrate for application in production of biodiesel
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Transesterification - conventional and emergent strategies
	9.3 Whole-cell biocatalysts - advantages and limitations
	9.4 Organisms as whole-cell biocatalyst
		9.4.1 Fungal whole-cell biocatalyst
		9.4.2 Yeast as whole-cell biocatalyst
		9.4.3 Bacteria as whole-cell biocatalyst
	9.5 Industrial waste as potential feedstock/nutrient medium for whole-cell enzyme catalysts production
		9.5.1 Strategies for isolation and culture
		9.5.2 Oleaginous microorganisms with lipase production serving dual purpose
	9.6 Other potential sources for whole-cell biocatalyst production
	9.7 Stabilization and optimization of whole-cell biocatalyst for biodiesel production
	9.8 Genetic and metabolic engineering of whole-cell biocatalyst for biodiesel production
	Concluding remarks and future prospects
	References
Chapter 10 Process integration for the biodiesel production from biomitigation of flue gases
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Flue gas mitigation by microbial species
		10.2.1 Composition of flue gas
		10.2.2 Flue gas mitigation
		10.2.3 Factors affecting mitigation of flue gas
		10.2.4 Extraction and processing of microbial biomass
	10.3 Process intensification study for biodiesel production
		10.3.1 Optimization of the culture conditions
		10.3.2 High lipid productivity from the biomass
		10.3.3 Transesterification reaction for biodiesel production
		10.3.4 Reactor studies for biodiesel scale-up production
	Conclusion and future prospects
	References
Chapter 11 Bio-waste as an alternative feedstock for biodiesel production: Current status and legal environmental impacts
	11.1 Introduction
		11.1.1 Chemistry of biodiesel production from vegetable oils and animal fats
	Reference
Index