War Epidemics: An Historical Geography of Infectious Diseases in Military Conflict and Civil Strife, 1850-2000 (Oxford Geographical and Environmental Studies)

Contents......Page 14
List of Figures and Plates......Page 18
List of Tables......Page 28
Acknowledgements......Page 34
Prologue......Page 36
PART I: War and Disease......Page 38
1.1 Introduction......Page 40
1.2 Wars......Page 45
1.3 War Epidemics......Page 62
1.4 Epidemiological Data Sources......Page 81
1.5 Organization of the Book......Page 90
2. Epidemics in Early Wars......Page 101
2.1 Introduction......Page 102
2.2 Antiquity (1500 BC–AD 500)......Page 103
2.3 The Middle Ages (AD 500–1500)......Page 110
2.4 The Old World, I: European Theatres (AD 1500–1850)......Page 120
2.5 The Old World, II: European Engagements in Africa and Asia (AD 1700–1850)......Page 147
2.6 War Epidemics in the New World (AD 1500–1850)......Page 148
2.7 Conclusion......Page 156
PART II: Temporal Trends......Page 158
3.1 Introduction......Page 160
3.2 Twentieth-Century Trends in Mortality: Australia and England and Wales......Page 161
3.3 Twentieth-Century Trends in Mortality: International Patterns......Page 167
3.4 The Causes of Epidemic Disease Decline......Page 180
3.5 The Changing Disease Environment......Page 192
3.6 Controlling Epidemic Spread......Page 204
3.7 Conclusion......Page 211
4.1 Introduction......Page 212
4.2 Mortality and Morbidity, 1850–1914......Page 213
4.3 Measles in the American Civil War......Page 221
4.4 World War I, 1914–1918......Page 233
4.5 Patterns since 1918......Page 255
4.6 HIV in the US Army, 1985–1989......Page 258
4.7 Conclusion......Page 265
5. Mortality and Morbidity in Modern Wars, III: Displaced Populations......Page 268
5.1 Introduction......Page 269
5.2 Background......Page 270
5.3 Global Patterns of Displacement, 1950–1999......Page 275
5.4 Epidemiological Consequences of Displacement......Page 283
5.5 Wartime Evacuation in the United Kingdom, 1939–1945......Page 290
5.6 Palestinian Refugees......Page 314
5.7 Ethnic Conflict, Displacement, and Disease in Central Africa......Page 326
5.8 Conclusion......Page 333
PART III: A Regional Pattern of War Epidemics......Page 338
Introduction to Part III......Page 340
6. Tracking Epidemics......Page 344
6.1 Introduction......Page 345
6.2 Cholera and the Philippine–American War, 1902–1904......Page 346
6.3 Map Sequences......Page 350
6.4 Epidemics in Space......Page 353
6.5 Epidemics in Time and Space......Page 358
6.6 Complex Epidemic Spaces......Page 361
6.7 Time Series and Epidemic Models......Page 366
6.8 Conclusion......Page 376
7.1 Introduction......Page 386
7.2 Recruiting Fields in the American Civil War (1861–1865)......Page 388
7.3 Mobilization and Typhoid Fever in the Spanish–American War (1898)......Page 407
7.4 US Mobilization and the World Wars......Page 433
7.5 Conclusion......Page 450
8.1 Introduction......Page 452
8.2 Crimean War: Cholera in the Field Camps of the British Army, 1854–1855......Page 454
8.3 Prisoner of War Camps: Smallpox Transmission in the Franco-Prussian War, 1870–1871......Page 489
8.4 Camp Epidemics in the World Wars......Page 506
8.5 Conclusions......Page 512
9.1 Introduction......Page 517
9.2 Emerging and Re-emerging Diseases......Page 518
9.3 Scrub Typhus (Tsutsugamushi Disease) in the Burma–India Theatre, 1942–1945......Page 526
9.4 UN Forces, Emergent Viruses, and the Korean War......Page 535
9.5 Re-emergent Diseases and the Vietnam War......Page 548
9.6 Conclusion......Page 561
10.1 Introduction......Page 564
10.2 Historical Patterns: French Troops in Algeria–Tunisia, 1875–1929......Page 567
10.3 Sexually Transmitted Diseases in World War II......Page 574
10.4 Civil War and the Spread of HIV/AIDS in Central Africa......Page 586
10.5 Conclusion......Page 599
11.1 Introduction......Page 603
11.2 Old World Diseases and South Pacific Wars, 1850–1900......Page 607
11.3 World War I, Demobilization, and the Spread of Influenza in Australasia......Page 616
11.4 The United States and the Pacific War, 1942–1945......Page 630
11.5 Conclusion......Page 647
12. Further Regional Studies......Page 649
12.2 Africa: Population Reconcentration and Disease in the South African War......Page 650
12.3 Americas: Peace, War and the Epidemiological Integration of Cuba, 1888–1902......Page 662
12.4 Asia: Prisoners of War, Forced Labour, and Disease in the Far East, 1942–1944......Page 676
12.5 Europe: Civilian Epidemics and the World Wars......Page 682
12.6 Conclusion to Part III......Page 720
PART IV: Prospects......Page 724
13. War and Disease: Recent Trends and Future Threats......Page 726
13.2 Late-Twentieth and Early Twenty-First-Century Conflicts......Page 727
13.3 War, Disease Eradication, and Control......Page 739
13.4 Biological Warfare and Bioterrorism......Page 743
13.5 Further Issues......Page 751
13.6 Conclusion: The Future Disease Burden of Conflict......Page 765
Epilogue......Page 770
References......Page 771
A......Page 812
B......Page 814
C......Page 815
D......Page 818
E......Page 819
F......Page 820
G......Page 821
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I......Page 823
K......Page 824
L......Page 825
M......Page 826
N......Page 828
P......Page 829
R......Page 831
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U......Page 838
V......Page 839
W......Page 840
Y......Page 841
Z......Page 842