War and the Law of Nations: A General History

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Dedication......Page 7
Contents......Page 9
Preface......Page 12
List of Abbreviations......Page 13
Introduction......Page 15
PART I War as law enforcement (to 1600)......Page 21
1 Ares and Athena......Page 27
Hallmarks of war......Page 28
Collective and public character......Page 29
Against a foreign state......Page 32
War as a rule-governed enterprise......Page 34
Marking off peace from war......Page 39
War as an instrument of justice......Page 43
Universal peace......Page 44
War in the name of justice......Page 48
2 Loving enemies and hating sin......Page 53
Islamic perspectives......Page 54
Battling the infidel......Page 55
Strife within the Muslim world......Page 58
Christian soldiers......Page 59
On turning the other cheek......Page 60
The mature just-war doctrine......Page 63
Just-war doctrine and natural law......Page 68
The just war as law enforcement......Page 71
Offence and defence......Page 73
The \'rights\' of war......Page 76
Making peace – the jus victoriae......Page 80
Outside the cloister......Page 82
Declaring war......Page 85
Conducting the hostilities......Page 87
Neutrality......Page 89
Reprisals......Page 90
PART II New forces stirring (1600–1815)......Page 97
3 War in due form......Page 109
Breaking new ground......Page 110
Perfect war......Page 116
Declaring war......Page 117
Conducting the hostilities......Page 125
Peace-making......Page 129
Imperfect war......Page 133
Ruptures less than total......Page 134
Reprisals......Page 136
Self-defence and defensive war......Page 140
4 Dissension in the ranks......Page 145
Challenges to orthodoxy......Page 146
The Hobbesian challenge......Page 147
The contractual or duelling school......Page 151
Grappling with issues......Page 154
War as a state or condition......Page 155
Declaring war......Page 156
Rights of war......Page 161
Competing attitudes towards neutrality......Page 165
Imperfect wars......Page 169
Peace-making......Page 170
PART III War as state policy (1815–1919)......Page 173
5 Collisions of naked interest......Page 181
The positivist synthesis......Page 183
Objective and subjective conceptions of war......Page 186
War as an institution of law......Page 191
Separating war from peace......Page 192
The rules of the game......Page 200
Neutrality......Page 205
Peace-making......Page 208
Positivism and aggression......Page 210
Destruction unlimited......Page 215
Civilians in the firing line......Page 218
Harsh peace-making......Page 224
6 Tame and half-hearted war: intervention, reprisal and necessity......Page 229
The art of intervention......Page 231
Political intervention......Page 233
Humanitarian intervention......Page 237
Reprisals......Page 239
Reprisal à la mode......Page 241
Reprisal and war......Page 244
Opposition to reprisals......Page 250
Emergency action......Page 253
Self-defence......Page 255
Rescuing nationals in peril......Page 257
Hot pursuit and punitive expeditions......Page 260
7 Civil strife......Page 264
From rebellion to belligerency......Page 265
Recognising belligerency......Page 272
Criteria for recognition of belligerency......Page 278
Means of recognising belligerency......Page 280
Recognising insurgency......Page 282
Means of recognising insurgency......Page 286
PART IV Just wars reborn (1919–)......Page 291
8 Regulating war......Page 299
Making a new world......Page 300
Peace-making in Paris......Page 301
The Covenant of the League of Nations......Page 304
The Pact of Paris......Page 307
The art of avoiding war......Page 310
Armed reprisal and war......Page 312
Self-defence and war......Page 317
Aggression and self-defence......Page 321
\'Non-belligerency\'......Page 325
9 Farewell to war?......Page 328
A neo-just-war order......Page 330
Banning the use of force......Page 331
The new just wars – UN enforcement action......Page 336
The new just wars – self-defence......Page 340
Two schools of thought......Page 349
The humanitarian revolution......Page 354
The objective picture of war......Page 360
Unanswered questions......Page 361
Self-defence and belligerents\' rights......Page 363
Neutrality......Page 365
10 New fields of battle......Page 371
From civil war to national liberation......Page 372
The art of foreign intervention......Page 373
The humanitarian revolution at home......Page 380
Recognition of belligerency – modern-style......Page 383
A privileged category of civil strife......Page 385
Striking terror......Page 390
Battling Western civilisation......Page 392
From crime-fighting to war......Page 396
Taking prisoners......Page 404
Conclusion......Page 409
Primary sources......Page 413
Secondary sources......Page 415
Documents and records......Page 434
Table of Cases......Page 436
Table of Treaties......Page 438
Index......Page 442