War, Aggression and Self-Defence, 4th Edition

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Introduction to the fourth edition......Page 13
From the introduction to the first edition......Page 14
Table of cases......Page 16
Table of treaties......Page 18
Table of Security Council and General Assembly resolutions......Page 22
Abbreviations......Page 24
Part I The legal nature of war......Page 29
(a) The numerous meanings of war......Page 31
(b) An analysis of Oppenheim\'s definition of war......Page 33
B. Status mixtus......Page 43
(a) Peacetime status mixtus......Page 44
(b) Wartime status mixtus......Page 46
C. The region of war......Page 47
(a) The territories of the parties to the conflict......Page 48
(b) The high seas and the exclusive economic zone......Page 50
(a) The basic principles......Page 52
(b) Some concrete rules......Page 53
(a) War in the technical sense......Page 58
(b) War in the material sense......Page 61
(a) Treaties of peace......Page 62
(b) Armistice agreements......Page 70
(c) Other modes of terminating war......Page 75
(a) Different types of suspension of hostilities......Page 78
(b) The nature of cease-fire......Page 82
(c) Denunciation and breach of cease-fire......Page 84
Part II The illegality of war......Page 89
(a) The Roman origins......Page 91
(b) Christian theology......Page 92
(c) The \'fathers\' of international law......Page 93
(a) Kelsen\'s theory......Page 95
(b) \'Wars of national liberation\'......Page 96
(c) \'Humanitarian intervention\'......Page 98
C. The extra-legality of war......Page 101
D. The legality of war......Page 103
(a) Special arrangements......Page 105
(b) The Hague Conventions......Page 107
(c) The Covenant of the League of Nations......Page 108
A. The Kellogg–Briand Pact......Page 111
(a) The prohibition of the use of inter-State force......Page 113
(b) Attempts to limit the scope of the prohibition......Page 116
(a) The general prohibition of the use of inter-State force......Page 119
(b) The relationship between customary and treaty law......Page 123
D. Treaties other than the Pact and the Charter......Page 125
(a) The significance of jus cogens......Page 127
(b) How can jus cogens be modified?......Page 130
(a) Application of general rules of State responsibility......Page 132
(b) State responsibility for international crimes......Page 136
(a) Ad hoc consent......Page 140
(b) Consent by treaty......Page 143
A. War of aggression as a crime against peace......Page 145
B. The definition of aggression......Page 153
(a) The scope of the crimes......Page 159
(b) Mens rea......Page 164
(c) Inadmissible defence pleas......Page 168
(d) The penal proceedings......Page 172
(e) Immunities from jurisdiction......Page 174
6 Controversial consequences of the change in the legal status of war......Page 179
A. War in the technical sense......Page 180
B. Inconclusive \'police action\'......Page 181
(a) Self-defence......Page 184
(b) Collective security......Page 190
D. Impartial neutrality......Page 191
E. Territorial changes......Page 196
Part III Exceptions to the prohibition of the use of inter-State force......Page 201
(a) The meaning of self-defence......Page 203
(b) Self-defence as a right......Page 206
(c) Self-defence as an \'inherent\' right......Page 207
(a) Armed attack and preventive war......Page 210
(aa) An armed attack by a State......Page 215
(bb) An armed attack by non-State actors......Page 232
C. Conditions precedent to the exercise of self-defence......Page 236
(a) The two phases rule......Page 239
(b) The options before the Security Council......Page 241
(c) Failure to report to the Security Council......Page 244
(a) Measures \'short of war\'......Page 247
(b) War......Page 263
(a) Extra-territorial law enforcement......Page 272
(b) The practice of States......Page 275
(c) Webster\'s formula......Page 277
A. The meaning of collective self-defence......Page 280
B. Collective self-defence treaties......Page 284
(a) Mutual assistance treaties......Page 285
(b) Military alliances......Page 288
(c) Treaties of guarantee......Page 291
(a) The primacy of the Charter of the United Nations......Page 295
(b) The requirement of an armed attack......Page 296
(c) Other conditions for the exercise of collective self-defence......Page 298
D. The modality of collective self-defence......Page 299
E. The Gulf War and collective self-defence......Page 301
(b) The Covenant of the League of Nations......Page 306
(c) The Charter of the United Nations......Page 307
(d) The discretion of the Security Council......Page 311
(a) The duties incumbent on UN Member States......Page 317
(b) The responsibility of the Security Council......Page 318
(a) The \'Cold War\' era......Page 320
(b) The Gulf War......Page 322
(c) The post-\'Cold War\' era (other than the Gulf War)......Page 328
(a) Article 42 and the absence of special agreements......Page 332
(b) Peacekeeping forces......Page 335
(c) Enforcement action beyond the purview of Article 42......Page 338
(a) The General Assembly......Page 343
(b) The International Court of Justice......Page 346
Conclusion......Page 354
Index of persons......Page 357
Index of subjects......Page 364