War, Aggression and Self-Defence, 3rd Edition

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Introduction to the Third Edition......Page 13
From the introduction to the First Edition......Page 14
Table of cases......Page 16
Table of treaties......Page 18
Table of security Council resolutions......Page 24
Table of General Assembly resolutions......Page 26
Abbreviations......Page 27
Part I The legal nature of war......Page 31
(a) The numerous meanings of war......Page 33
(b) An analysis of Oppenheim’s definition of war......Page 34
(c) A proposed definition of war......Page 44
B. Status mixtus......Page 45
(a) Peacetime status mixtus......Page 46
(b) Wartime status mixtus......Page 47
(a) The territories of the parties to the conflict......Page 49
(b) The high seas and the exclusive economic zone......Page 51
(a) The basic principles......Page 53
(b) Some concrete rules......Page 54
(a) War in the technical sense......Page 59
(b) War in the material sense......Page 62
(a) Treaties of peace......Page 63
(b) Armistice agreements......Page 69
(c) Other modes of terminating war......Page 74
(a) Different types of suspension of hostilities......Page 77
(b) The nature of cease-fire......Page 81
(c) Denunciation and breach of cease-fire......Page 83
Part II The illegality of war......Page 87
(a) The Roman origins......Page 89
(b) Christian theology......Page 90
(c) The ‘fathers’ of international law......Page 91
(a) Kelsen’s theory......Page 93
(b) ‘Wars of national liberation’......Page 94
(c) ‘Humanitarian intervention’......Page 96
C. The extra-legality of war......Page 99
D. The legality of war......Page 101
(a) Special arrangements......Page 103
(b) The Hague Conventions......Page 104
(c) The Covenant of the League of Nations......Page 105
A. The Kellogg–Briand Pact......Page 108
(a) The prohibition of the use of inter-State force......Page 110
(b) Attempts to limit the scope of the prohibition......Page 113
(a) The general prohibition of the use of inter-State force......Page 116
(b) The relationship between customary and conventional law......Page 120
D. Treaties other than the Pact and the Charter......Page 121
(a) The significance of jus cogens......Page 123
(b) How can jus cogens be modified?......Page 126
(a) Application of general rules of State responsibility......Page 128
(b) State responsibility for international crimes......Page 132
A. War of aggression as a crime aginst peace......Page 136
B. The definition of aggression......Page 144
(a) The scope of the crimes......Page 150
(b) Mens rea......Page 154
(c) Inadmissible defence pleas......Page 158
(d) The penal proceedings......Page 163
6 Controversial consequences of the change in the legal status of war......Page 165
A. War in the technical sense......Page 166
B. Inconclusive ‘police action’......Page 167
(a) Self-defence......Page 170
(b) Collective security......Page 176
D. Impartial neutrality......Page 177
E. Territorial changes......Page 181
Part III Exceptions to the prohibition of the use of inter-State force......Page 187
(a) The meaning of self-defence......Page 189
(b) Self-defence as a right......Page 191
(c) Self-defence as an ‘inherent’ right......Page 193
(a) Armed attack and preventive war......Page 195
(b) The scope of an armed attack......Page 199
C. Conditions precedent to the exercise of self-defence......Page 213
(a) The two phases rule......Page 215
(b) The options before the Security Council......Page 217
(c) Failure to report to the Security Council......Page 219
(a) Measures short of war......Page 222
(b) War......Page 237
(a) Extra-territorial law enforcement......Page 243
(b) The practice of States......Page 248
(c) Webster’s formula......Page 249
A. The meaning of collective self-defence......Page 252
B. Collective self-defence treaties......Page 256
(a) Mutual assistance treaties......Page 257
(b) Military alliances......Page 260
(c) Treaties of guarantee......Page 263
(a) The primacy of the UN Charter......Page 266
(b) The requirement of an armed attack......Page 267
(c) Other conditions for the exercise of collective self-defence......Page 269
D. The modality of collective self-defence......Page 270
E. The Gulf War and collective self-defence......Page 272
A. The meaning of collective security......Page 276
(a) The duties incumbent on UN Member States......Page 283
(b) The responsibility of the Security Council......Page 285
(a) The ‘Cold War’ era......Page 286
(b) The Gulf War......Page 288
(c) The years since the outbreak of the Gulf War......Page 291
(a) Article 42 and the absence of special agreements......Page 293
(b) Peacekeeping forces......Page 296
(c) Enforcement action beyond the purview of Article 42......Page 298
(a) The General Assembly......Page 303
(b) The International Court of Justice......Page 306
Conclusion......Page 313
Index of persons......Page 315
Index of subjects......Page 322