Visualizing Human Biology Lab Manual

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Preface......Page 7
Brief Contents......Page 10
Table of Contents......Page 11
INTRODUCTION......Page 17
SCIENTIFIC THEORIES......Page 18
CONTROLLED SCIENTIFIC EXPERIMENTS......Page 19
Exercise 1.1 Testing the Chemical Content of Different Water Samples......Page 20
Exercise 1.2 Comparing the Taste and Smell of Different Water Samples......Page 22
Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 1.3 Testing the Effectiveness of Hand Washing......Page 25
INTRODUCTION......Page 31
DISSECTING MICROSCOPES......Page 33
COMPOUND LIGHT MICROSCOPES......Page 34
DEPTH OF FIELD......Page 36
INVERSION OF MICROSCOPIC IMAGES......Page 37
Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 2.1 Observing Skin with Light Microscopy......Page 38
Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 2.2 Observing Hair with Light Microscopy......Page 42
Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 2.3 Observing Cheek Cells through a Compound Microscope......Page 45
Exercise 2.4 Observing Prepared Tissue Slides......Page 48
INTRODUCTION......Page 51
EPITHELIAL TISSUE......Page 52
Exercise 3.1 Identifying Epithelial Tissue on Microscope Slides......Page 54
MUSCLE TISSUE......Page 57
Exercise 3.2 Identifying Muscle Tissue on Microscope Slides......Page 58
NERVOUS TISSUE......Page 60
Exercise 3.3 Identifying Nervous Tissue on Microscope Slides......Page 61
Exercise 3.4 Identifying Connective Tissue on Microscope Slides......Page 62
INTRODUCTION......Page 71
TESTING FOR ORGANIC MOLECULES IN HOUSEHOLD ITEMS......Page 74
Exercise 4.1 Testing for Reducing Sugars with Benedict’s Reagant......Page 75
Exercise 4.2 Testing for Starch with Iodine Reagent......Page 77
Exercise 4.3 Testing for Proteins with Biuret Reagent......Page 78
Exercise 4.4 Testing for Lipids with the Sudan IV Test......Page 79
Exercise 4.5 Testing for DNA with the Dische Diphenylamine Test......Page 81
CONCLUSIONS......Page 83
INTRODUCTION......Page 87
Exercise 5.1 Gross Anatomy of the Digestive System......Page 88
CHEMICAL DIGESTION VERSUS MECHANICAL DIGESTION......Page 91
Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 5.2 Determining the Specificity of Lactase......Page 93
Exercise 5.3 Effects of pH on Trypsin Activity......Page 96
Exercise 5.4 Effects of Temperature on Amylase Activity......Page 99
Exercise 5.5 Effects of Bile on Lipase Activity......Page 101
Exercise 5.6 Disorders of the Digestive System......Page 104
BLOOD COMPOSITION......Page 109
Exercise 6.2 Blood Disorders......Page 111
THE HEART......Page 116
Exercise 6.3 Gross Anatomy of the Heart......Page 117
THE CARDIAC CYCLE......Page 119
Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 6.4 Listening to Your Heartbeat......Page 120
Exercise 6.5 Determining Pulse Rate......Page 123
BLOOD VESSELS......Page 124
THE SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT......Page 127
THE HEART AND PULMONARY CIRCUIT......Page 128
COMPOSITION OF BLOOD VESSELS......Page 129
Exercise 6.7 Identifying Arteries and Veins on a Microscope Slide......Page 130
BLOOD PRESSURE......Page 131
Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 6.8 Determining Your Blood Pressure......Page 133
TERMINOLOGY USED IN THIS EXERCISE......Page 135
INTRODUCTION......Page 141
Exercise 7.1 Gross Anatomy of the Respiratory System......Page 142
INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL RESPIRATION......Page 146
Exercise 7.2 Histology of the Respiratory System......Page 147
Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 7.3 Listening to Lung Sounds......Page 149
Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 7.4 Visualizing the Effects of Dissolved Carbon Dioxide on pH......Page 151
RESPIRATORY VOLUMES......Page 155
Exercise 7.5 Measuring Respiratory Volumes with Spirometry......Page 156
Exercise 7.6 Disorders of the Respiratory System......Page 157
INTRODUCTION......Page 165
Exercise 8.1 Gross Anatomy of the Urinary System......Page 167
URINE FORMATION......Page 171
Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 8.2 Filtering Blood through a Semipermeable Membrane......Page 172
Exercise 8.3 Histology of the Urinary System......Page 178
URINALYSIS......Page 180
Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 8.4A Performing Urinalysis on Your Own Urine Sample......Page 181
Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 8.4B Performing Urinalysis on Simulated Urine Sample......Page 183
Exercise 8.5 Urological Disorders......Page 185
INTRODUCTION......Page 191
Exercise 9.1 Gross Anatomy of the Reproductive System......Page 194
MALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS......Page 195
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS......Page 196
SPERMATOGENESIS AND OOGENESIS......Page 199
Exercise 9.2 Histology of the Reproductive System......Page 201
HISTOLOGY OF THE TESTIS......Page 202
HISTOLOGY OF THE PENIS......Page 203
HISTOLOGY OF THE OVARY......Page 204
HISTOLOGY OF THE FALLOPIAN TUBE......Page 205
SPERM ANATOMY......Page 206
Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 9.3 Observing Sperm Motility......Page 207
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES......Page 213
Exercise 9.4 Sexually Transmitted Diseases......Page 214
INTRODUCTION......Page 223
NEURONS AND MESSAGE CONDUCTION......Page 224
Exercise 10.1 Histology of Nervous Tissue......Page 226
Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 10.2 Nerve Conduction in the Human Body......Page 227
GROSS ANATOMY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM......Page 231
Exercise 10.3 Gross Anatomy of the Nervous System......Page 234
THE BRAIN AND SELECTED CRANIAL NERVES......Page 235
SPINAL NERVES......Page 236
PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS......Page 239
Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 10.4 Effects of Caffeine on the Human Body......Page 240
FUNCTIONAL CLASSES OF NEURONS......Page 245
Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 10.5 Testing Your Reflexes......Page 246
Exercise 10.6 Disorders of the Nervous System......Page 249
INTRODUCTION......Page 257
TASTE AND SMELL......Page 258
Exercise 11.1 Testing the Relationship between Taste and Smell......Page 259
SENSORY RECEPTORS IN THE SKIN......Page 261
Exercise 11.2 The Two-Point Discrimination Test......Page 262
HEARING......Page 265
Exercise 11.3 Ear Anatomy......Page 267
Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 11.4 Examining the Ears with an Otoscope......Page 269
Exercise 11.5 Sound Localization......Page 274
VISION......Page 277
Exercise 11.6 Eye Anatomy......Page 279
Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 11.7 Examining the Eyes with an Ophthalmoscope......Page 281
Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 11.8 Near-Point Accommodation Test......Page 284
INTRODUCTION......Page 289
TISSUE TYPES IN THE SKELETON......Page 290
Exercise 12.1 Histology of Skeletal Tissues......Page 292
COMPACT BONE......Page 293
SPONGY (CANCELLOUS) BONE TISSUE......Page 294
HYALINE CARTILAGE......Page 295
FIBROCARTILAGE......Page 297
Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 12.2 Testing the Effects of Chemicals on Bone Strength......Page 299
GROSS ANATOMY OF THE HUMAN SKELETON......Page 304
THE SKULL......Page 307
THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN......Page 308
THE RIBCAGE......Page 310
Exercise 12.3C: Identifying Bones in the Ribcage......Page 311
Exercise 12.4 Gross Anatomy of the Appendicular Skeleton......Page 314
THE PECTORAL GIRDLES AND UPPER LIMBS......Page 315
Exercise 12.4A: Identifying Bones in the Pectoral Girdles and Upper Limbs......Page 316
THE PELVIC GIRDLE AND LOWER LIMBS......Page 317
Exercise 12.4B: Identifying Bones in the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs......Page 318
BONE FRACTURES......Page 322
Exercise 12.5 Identifying Bone Fractures on X-Rays......Page 324
INTRODUCTION......Page 333
SKELETAL MUSCLE ORGANIZATION......Page 334
Exercise 13.1 Histology of Skeletal Muscles......Page 336
SKELETAL MUSCLE CONTRACTION......Page 339
Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 13.2 Observing Muscle Contraction......Page 340
GROSS ANATOMY OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM......Page 345
Exercise 13.3 Gross Anatomy of the Muscular System......Page 352
Exercise 13.4 Disorders of the Muscular System......Page 358
PAUL......Page 359
JESS......Page 360
MARY JANE......Page 361
INTRODUCTION......Page 367
Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 14.1 Extracting DNA from Cheek Cells......Page 369
Exercise 14.2 Examining Chromosomes on a Microscope Slide......Page 371
THE LANGUAGE OF GENETICS......Page 372
Exercise 14.3 Examining Traits with Simple Inheritance Patterns......Page 373
POLYGENIC INHERITANCE AND MULTIFACTORIAL INHERITANCE......Page 375
Exercise 14.4 Identifying Different Modes of Inheritance......Page 376
CODOMINANCE AND MULTIPLE ALLELE INHERITANCE......Page 377
Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 14.5 Blood Typing......Page 378
KARYOTYPE ANALYSIS......Page 383
Exercise 14.6 Two Sides of the Story: Living with a Chromosomal Abnormality and Diagnosing a Chromosomal Abnormality......Page 384
KARYOTYPE 1......Page 390
KARYOTYPE 2......Page 391
KARYOTYPE 3......Page 392
KARYOTYPE 4......Page 393
INTRODUCTION......Page 397
RESTRICTION ENZYMES......Page 398
GEL ELECTROPHORESIS......Page 400
Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 15.1 Pouring an Agarose Gel......Page 401
Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 15.2 Gel Electrophoresis......Page 402
Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 15.3 Staining an Agarose Gel......Page 406
Exercise 15.4 Analyzing DNA Fingerprints......Page 408
INTRODUCTION......Page 413
METASTASIS......Page 414
Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 16.1 Performing an Invasion Assay......Page 415
CANCER DIAGNOSIS AND CLASSIFICATION......Page 425
Exercise 16.2 Evaluating Tissue Biopsies......Page 427
GENETIC MUTATIONS......Page 430
Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 16.3 Identifying Mutagens with the Ames Test......Page 433
INTRODUCTION......Page 443
ASEPTIC TECHNIQUES......Page 444
Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 17.1 Detecting Microorganisms in the Environment......Page 446
DISTINGUISHING BACTERIAL CELLS FROM ANIMAL CELLS......Page 449
Exercise 17.2 Identifying Bacteria in a Blood Smear......Page 453
Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 17.3 Observing Bacteria in Dental Plaque......Page 454
CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA: THE GRAM STAIN, CELL SHAPE, AND CELL ARRANGEMENT......Page 457
Exercise 17.4 Classifying Bacteria Based on Shape, Arrangement, and Gram Stain Results......Page 459
Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 17.5 Observing Bacteria in Yogurt......Page 464
EPIDEMIOLOGY......Page 466
Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 17.6 Simulating the Transmission of an Infectious Disease......Page 467
ANTIBIOTICS AND ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE......Page 469
Exercise 17.7 Interpreting Results from the Kirby-Bauer Test......Page 471
INTRODUCTION......Page 475
Exercise 18.1 Comparing Hominid Skeletons......Page 478
EVOLUTION BY MEANS OF NATURAL SELECTION......Page 481
Exercise 18.2 Environmental Adaptations......Page 483
Visualizing the Lab Step by Step 18.3 Evolution of a Bacterial Population......Page 487
THE EVOLUTIONARY TREE OF LIFE......Page 491
KEY CONTRIBUTIONS FROM PALEONTOLOGY......Page 493
KEY CONTRIBUTIONS FROM MOLECULAR BIOLOGY......Page 494
KEY CONTRIBUTIONS FROM CELLULAR BIOLOGY......Page 495
KEY CONTRIBUTIONS FROM GEOLOGY......Page 496
KEY CONTRIBUTIONS FROM ANATOMY......Page 497
Exercise 18.4 Comparative Embryology......Page 498
Line Art and Text Credits......Page 503
Photo Credits......Page 507