Visualizing Human Biology (3rd edition)

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents in Brief......Page 20
Contents......Page 22
1 What Is Life?......Page 36
1.1 Living Organisms Display Nine Specific Characteristics......Page 38
1.2 Human Biology Is Structured and Logical......Page 40
1.3 Scientists Approach Questions Using the Scientific Method......Page 46
1.4 Scientific Findings Often Lead to Ethical Dilemmas......Page 50
2 Where Do We Come from and Where Do We Fit?......Page 56
2.1 What Are the Origins of Modern Humans?......Page 58
2.2 What Does the human Body have in Common with the World around It?......Page 65
2.3 We reflect Our Environment: We Have a Habitat and a niche......Page 69
3 Everyday Chemistry of Life......Page 76
3.1 Life Has a Unique Chemistry......Page 78
3.2 Water is Life’s Essential Chemical......Page 85
3.3 There Are Four Main Categories of Organic Chemicals......Page 88
4 Cells: Organization and Communication......Page 102
4.1 The Cell Is Highly Organized and Dynamic......Page 104
4.2 The Cell Membrane Isolates the Cell......Page 107
4.3 The Components of a Cell Are Called Organelles......Page 112
4.4 Cell Communication Is Important to Cellular Success......Page 121
5 Tissues......Page 128
5.1 Cells Are the Building Blocks of Tissues......Page 130
5.2 Organization Increases with Organs, Organ Systems, and the Organism......Page 141
5.3 Scientists Use a road Map to the human Body......Page 145
6 The Skeleto-Muscular System......Page 152
6.1 The Skeleto-Muscular System Is Multifunctional and Dynamic......Page 154
6.2 Bone Is Strong and Light Tissue......Page 156
6.3 The Skeleton holds It All Together......Page 161
6.4 Skeletal Muscles Exercise Power......Page 171
6.5Whole-Muscle Contractions require Energy......Page 178
7 The Nervous System......Page 188
7.1 The Nervous System Is Categorized by Structure and Function......Page 190
7.2 Neurons Work Through Action Potentials......Page 194
7.3 The Brain and Spinal Cord Are Central to the Nervous System......Page 201
7.4 The Peripheral Nervous System Extends the Central Nervous System......Page 214
8 The Special Senses......Page 222
8.1 The Special Senses Tell Us About Our Environment......Page 224
8.2 Vision Is Our Most Acute Sense......Page 230
8.3 The Special Senses Are Our Connection to the Outside World......Page 237
9 Immunity and theLymphatic System......Page 244
9.1 How Do We Adapt to Stress?......Page 246
9.2 Skin and Mucous Membranes Are the First Line of Defense......Page 250
9.3 We Have a Second Line of Innate Defense......Page 255
9.4 The Lymphatic System and Specific Immunity Are Our Third Line of Defense......Page 258
9.5 Immunity Can Be Acquired Actively or Passively......Page 270
10 Infectious Disease and Epidemiology......Page 278
10.1 The Study of Epidemics Is Global in Scope......Page 280
10.2 Bacteria Are Single-Celled Wonders that Can Cause Disease......Page 285
10.3 Viruses Can reproduce and Kill, but They Are not Alive......Page 292
10.4 AIDS and HIV Attack the Immune System......Page 299
10.5 Other Pathogens Carry Other Dangers......Page 304
11 Cancer......Page 312
11.1 Cancer Cells Develop in Distinct Ways......Page 314
11.2 Cancer Has Many Causes and Effects......Page 319
11.3 Cancer Can Be Diagnosed and Treated Effectively......Page 330
12 The Cardiovascular System......Page 342
12.1 The Heart Ensures Continual, 24/7 Nutrient Delivery......Page 344
12.2 Blood Transport Involves Miles of Sophisticated Plumbing......Page 352
12.3 Different Circulatory Pathways Have Specific Purposes......Page 355
12.4 Cardiovascular Disorders Have life-Threatening Consequences......Page 356
12.5 Blood Consists of Plasma and Formed Elements......Page 361
13 The Respiratory System: Movement of Air......Page 378
13.1 The Respiratory System Provides Us with Essential Gas Exchange......Page 380
13.2 Air Must Be Moved in and out of the Respiratory System......Page 390
13.3 External Respiration Brings Supplies for Internal Respiration......Page 394
13.4 Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Requires hemoglobin and Plasma......Page 396
13.5Respiratory health Is Critical to Survival......Page 399
14 Nutrition: You Are What You Eat......Page 410
14.1 Nutrients Are Life Sustaining......Page 412
14.2 Nutrients Are Metabolized......Page 424
14.3 Health Can Be Hurt by Nutritional Disorders......Page 428
15 The Digestive System......Page 436
15.1 Digestion Begins in the Oral Cavity......Page 438
15.2 The Stomach Puts Food to the Acid Test......Page 444
15.3 The Intestines and Accessory Organs Finish the Job......Page 447
15.4 Digestion Is Both Mechanical and Chemical......Page 456
16 The Urinary System......Page 464
16.1 The Kidneys Are the Core of the Urinary System......Page 466
16.2 Urine Is Made, Transported, and Stored......Page 470
16.3 The Urinary System Maintains the Body’s Fluid and Solute Balance......Page 476
16.4 Life-Threatening Diseases Affect the Urinary System......Page 480
UNIT 5 Populating the Environment......Page 488
17 The Endocrine System and Development......Page 0
17.1 Hormones Are Chemical Messengers......Page 490
17.2 The Endocrine Glands Secrete Directly into the Bloodstream......Page 495
17.3 Development Takes Us from Infancy to Adulthood......Page 508
18 The Reproductive Systems: Maintaining the Species......Page 518
18.1 Survival of the Species Depends on Gamete Formation......Page 520
18.2 The Male Reproductive System Produces, Stores, and Delivers Sperm......Page 522
18.3 The Female Reproductive System Produces and Nourishes Eggs......Page 532
18.4 There Are Many Birth Control Choices......Page 542
18.5 Sexual Contact Carries a Danger: Sexually Transmitted Diseases......Page 549
19 Pregnancy: Development from Conception to Newborn......Page 556
19.1 Days 1 Through 14 Include Fertilization and Implantation......Page 558
19.2 The Embryonic Stage Is Marked by Differentiation and Morphogenesis......Page 565
19.3 Fetal Development Is a Stage of rapid Organ Growth......Page 571
19.4 Labor Initiates the End of Pregnancy......Page 577
20 Inheritance, Genetics, and Molecular Biology......Page 588
20.1 Traits Are Inherited in Specific Patterns......Page 590
20.2 Modern Genetics Uncovers a Molecular Picture......Page 596
20.3 The Central Dogma: Genes Direct the Formation of Proteins......Page 600
20.4 Genetic Theory Is Put to Practical Use......Page 603
20.5 Biotechnology Has Far-reaching Effects......Page 609
21 Populations Evolve in Ecosystems......Page 626
21.1 The Theory of Evolution Is the Foundation of Biology......Page 628
21.2 Natural Selection Has Far-Reaching Effects on Populations......Page 633
21.3 Ecosystems Sustain Life......Page 636
21.4 Population Growth Is Regulated by the Environment......Page 651
21.5 Humans Have a Tremendous Impact on the Environment......Page 653
Appendix A......Page 664
Appendix B......Page 665
Appendix C......Page 667
Glossary......Page 669
Credits......Page 686
Index......Page 693