Visual Perception and Action in Sport

Book Cover......Page 1
Half-Title......Page 2
Title......Page 3
Copyright......Page 4
Contents......Page 5
Prologue......Page 9
Acknowledgements......Page 13
Forewords......Page 15
INTRODUCTION......Page 20
THE ROLE OF VISUAL PERCEPTION IN MOVEMENT BEHAVIOUR......Page 22
Visual perception: elaboration and definition......Page 23
PHILOSOPHICAL AND THEORETICAL UNDERPINNINGS OF THE INFORMATION PROCESSING APPROACH......Page 24
The representational mind......Page 25
The construction of perception......Page 27
Marr’s (1982) computational approach to visual perception......Page 28
Neural networks and visual perception......Page 29
REPRESENTATIONAL ACCOUNTS OF MOVEMENT ORGANISATION......Page 30
INFORMATION PROCESSING RESEARCH ON PERCEPTION AND ACTION IN SPORT......Page 32
Keep your eye on the ball?......Page 34
How long do you need to watch a ball to catch it? The work of Whiting and colleagues......Page 36
The operational timing hypothesis......Page 38
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 41
INTRODUCTION......Page 44
Fixed capacity theories......Page 46
Flexible capacity models......Page 50
Multiple resource theories......Page 52
Networks of attention......Page 55
Visual networks......Page 56
Neumann’s ‘functional’ view of attention......Page 57
Some characteristics of automaticity......Page 60
Assessing automaticity in sport: the dual-task paradigm......Page 62
Automaticity in sport: a theoretical backdrop......Page 67
FROM THEORY TO PRACTICE: DEVELOPING AUTOMATICITY AND SELECTIVE ATTENTION IN SPORT......Page 70
SUMMARY AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR RESEARCH EXAMINING ATTENTION IN SPORT......Page 73
INTRODUCTION......Page 78
THE VISUAL SYSTEM AND SPORTS PERFORMANCE......Page 79
The eye......Page 83
The visual retina......Page 85
Eye movements......Page 88
Sense data to information......Page 90
Seeing-to-perceiving......Page 91
Perception-in-action......Page 94
VISUAL HARDWARE AND THE FUNCTIONAL DEMANDS OF SPORT......Page 100
Static visual acuity (SVA)......Page 101
Dynamic visual acuity (DVA)......Page 102
Contrast sensitivity function......Page 106
Stereodepth/stereomotion......Page 107
Peripheral vision (field of view)......Page 108
SUMMARY AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS......Page 111
INTRODUCTION......Page 114
Recall paradigm......Page 115
Recognition paradigm......Page 117
SIGNAL DETECTION: SPEED OF DETECTING AND LOCATING OBJECTS OF RELEVANCE IN THE VISUAL FIELD......Page 120
ADVANCE CUE UTILISATION......Page 122
Temporal occlusion......Page 123
Event occlusion......Page 127
Reaction time paradigms......Page 128
High-speed film analysis......Page 131
Visual occlusion techniques......Page 133
SITUATIONAL PROBABILITIES AND ANTICIPATION IN SPORT......Page 135
TACTICAL DECISION-MAKING......Page 139
The knowledge-based paradigm......Page 141
Verbal protocol analysis......Page 143
Anderson’s ACT* theory......Page 148
Parallel distributed processing: a neural network model......Page 153
SUMMARY AND FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS......Page 156
INTRODUCTION......Page 162
The two-visual system and visual search strategy......Page 163
Saccadic eye movements......Page 164
Pursuit tracking eye movements......Page 165
Vestibular-ocular reflex......Page 166
ASL Series 4000 eye movement measurement systems......Page 167
Problems with eye movement registration systems......Page 168
VISUAL SEARCH STRATEGY AND SELECTIVE INFORMATION PICK-UP......Page 170
A COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE ON VISUAL SEARCH STRATEGY IN SPORT......Page 172
Visual search research using static slides......Page 174
Research using dynamic film presentations......Page 176
Field-based research findings......Page 183
Criticisms of previous research work......Page 187
Some conflicting evidence with regard to fixation location......Page 190
Film occlusion techniques......Page 193
Retrospective studies......Page 194
Concurrent verbalisation protocols......Page 196
Point light displays......Page 198
TRAINING VISUAL SEARCH STRATEGIES IN SPORT......Page 199
SUMMARY AND FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS......Page 200
INTRODUCTION......Page 208
Why minds are not like computers......Page 209
GIBSON’S ECOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY......Page 211
Perception, action and the problem of intentionality......Page 212
Optic variables......Page 214
Affordances for perception and action......Page 215
PERCEPTION-ACTION COUPLING......Page 217
Perception-action coupling in sport contexts......Page 218
Satisfying spatio-temporal constraints in sport......Page 222
Timing and ‘ordinary people’......Page 223
PROBLEMS WITH TRADITIONAL ACCOUNTS OF PERCEIVING TIME-TO-CONTACT (Tc)......Page 225
ECOLOGICAL ACCOUNTS OF PERCEIVING TIME-TO-CONTACT......Page 226
Mathematical modelling of tau......Page 227
Global Tau......Page 229
Global Tau and the tau margin: an example from sport......Page 231
Local Tau 1......Page 232
Local Tau 2......Page 233
Running to jump: the approach phase of long jumping......Page 234
Is visual regulation an ‘expert’ strategy?......Page 237
Manipulation of the optic array in one-handed catching......Page 241
Vision of the ball modulates kinematics of interceptive actions: Lacquiniti and Maioli (1989b)......Page 242
Altering-Tau, Altering-Action: Savelsbergh, Whiting and Bootsma (1991)......Page 244
Manipulating access to optical information during looming: Savelsbergh, Whiting, Pijpers and van santvoord (1993)......Page 245
THE ‘WHERE’ AND ‘WHEN’ OF ACTION: MODELLING OPTIC VARIABLES FOR THE PROVISION OF TIME AND SPACE......Page 247
The constant-velocity strategy......Page 248
Relative distance information......Page 250
Predictive spatial information in the optical flow field......Page 251
Direction of motion information......Page 252
Predicting the direction of ball flight in interceptive actions......Page 253
SOME CRITICISMS OF THE EVIDENCE FOR THE ROLE OF TAU IN CONTROLLING ACTION......Page 257
Problems with the mathematical modelling......Page 258
Problems with laboratory-based methodologies......Page 259
Is tau used alone? Size arrival effects......Page 262
SUMMARY AND IMPLICATIONS......Page 264
INTRODUCTION......Page 268
Complexity in biological systems......Page 270
Complex systetms as dynamical systems......Page 271
SENSITIVE DEPENDENCE ON EXISTING CONDITIONS......Page 272
STABILITY IN COMPLEX SYSTEMS......Page 273
HUMAN MOVEMENT SYSTEMS AS COMPLEX, DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS......Page 274
PATTERN FORMATION IN DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS: ATTRACTORS......Page 275
Attractors in a dynamical landscape......Page 277
Attractors in a perceptuo-motor landscape: an example from sport......Page 280
‘ORDER FOR FREE’: CONSTRAINTS AND SELF-ORGANISATION IN DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS......Page 284
Constraints on system behaviour......Page 285
Coordinative structures......Page 286
The language of dynamics: ‘control parameters’ and ‘order parameters’......Page 288
Self-organisation under constraint in movement systems......Page 292
‘Non-specific’ and ‘specific’ constraints on system dynamics......Page 293
EMERGENCE IN MOVEMENT SYSTEMS......Page 296
Order-order transitions in locomotion......Page 297
Task-specific devices as tuneable movement solutions......Page 298
How task-specific devices enhance performance flexibility: the case of ball catching......Page 299
Adapting task-specific devices to informational constraints......Page 300
SUMMARY AND IMPLICATIONS......Page 303
Traditional and ecological models of the development of skill in perception-action systems......Page 310
Skill acquisition in sport: the practical dimension......Page 311
DON’T BE AFRAID OF THE DARK: THE SPECIFICITY OF LEARNING HYPOTHESIS......Page 312
Is vision always necessary for movement control in sport?......Page 313
HOW SPECIFIC IS THE SPECIFICITY OF LEARNING HYPOTHESIS?......Page 316
The screen paradigm......Page 317
Things that go bump in the night: the dark paradigm......Page 319
Evidence from occlusion studies......Page 322
Does skill level mediate the relationship between specificity of information during acquisition and performance?......Page 323
VISION DURING MOTOR CONTROL: A NECESSITY OR AN ADVANTAGE?......Page 325
THE STUDIES OF ELLIOTT AND COLLEAGUES ON THE TRANSFER OF INFORMATION PROCESSING STRATEGIES......Page 329
CONSTRAINTS AND THE EMERGENCE OF MOVEMENT COORDINATION......Page 332
Newell’s (1986) theory of constraints......Page 333
The primacy of dynamics in a constraints-led perspective......Page 337
The emergence of coordination......Page 338
Constraints and the acquisition of coordination: the learner as a novelist......Page 340
The emergence of control......Page 342
The optimisation of skilled behaviour......Page 344
Subsystem development as a rate-limiter on skill acquisition: the example of postural control and catching......Page 345
Self-organisation in movement systems: the example of constraints and the emergence of eye movement behaviour......Page 348
Manipulating task constraints: directing search in the perceptuo-motor landscape......Page 352
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 354
INTRODUCTION......Page 358
THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING......Page 360
Movement-into-action......Page 361
Motivation: curiosity, identification, competence......Page 362
Mediational interpretations: blueprints, images and schemata......Page 363
Transactional interpretations: affordances, kinematic-specification-of-dynamics, invariant pick-up......Page 366
RESEARCH......Page 370
Developmental variables......Page 371
Motivation......Page 373
Kinematic demonstrations......Page 377
Narration......Page 378
Viewing angle and distance......Page 380
Speed of model’s action......Page 383
Task type......Page 385
Motoric rehearsal......Page 386
Enactive mediation......Page 387
Imaginal rehearsal......Page 388
Temporal spacing and exposure to model......Page 389
Knowledge of performance and results......Page 390
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 391
Epilogue......Page 394
Notes......Page 398
Bibliography......Page 404
Index......Page 452