Virtual Inertia Synthesis and Control

Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
About the Authors
1 An Overview of Virtual Inertia and Its Control
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Overview on Virtual Inertia
	1.3 Literature Review on Virtual Inertia
	1.4 Summary
	References
2 Fundamental Concepts of Inertia Power Compensation and Frequency Control
	2.1 Fundamental Frequency Regulation
	2.2 Inertia Power Compensation
		2.2.1 Calculation of Inertia Constant
		2.2.2 Minimum Inertia Levels
	2.3 Primary and Secondary Control
	2.4 Structure of Frequency Response Model
	2.5 Frequency Regulation in a Single-Area Power System
	2.6 Frequency Regulation in Interconnected Power Systems
	2.7 Analysis of Steady-State Frequency Response
	2.8 Participation Factor for Frequency Control
	2.9 Physical Constraints for Frequency Control
		2.9.1 Governor Dead Band and Generation Rate
		2.9.2 Time Delay
	2.10 Generation Droop Characteristics
	2.11 Reserve Power
		2.11.1 Frequency Operating Standards
	2.12 Summary
	References
3 Virtual Inertia Synthesis for a Single-Area Power System
	3.1 Fundamental Virtual Inertia Synthesis and Control
	3.2 Droop Characteristics of Virtual Inertia Control
	3.3 Frequency Regulation for Virtual Inertia Synthesis
	3.4 Frequency Response Model for Virtual Inertia Control
	3.5 Frequency Analysis for Virtual Inertia Control
	3.6 State-Space Modeling of a Single Area Power System
	3.7 Simulation Results
		3.7.1 Effect of Virtual Inertia Control Droop
		3.7.2 Effect of Virtual Inertia Constant
		3.7.3 Effect of Virtual Damping
		3.7.4 Effect of Time Delay
	3.8 Summary
	References
4 Multiple-Virtual Inertia Synthesis for Interconnected Systems
	4.1 Introduction to Interconnected Systems
	4.2 Modeling of Multiple-Virtual Inertia Control
	4.3 State-Space Modeling of Interconnected Systems
	4.4 Multiple Virtual Inertia Control Droops
		4.4.1 Sensitivity Analysis for Multiple Inertia Control Units
	4.5 Simulation Results
		4.5.1 Efficacy of Multiple-Virtual Inertia Control
		4.5.2 Stability Analysis Under Continuous Disturbances
	4.6 Summary
	References
5 Application of PI/PID Control for Virtual Inertia Synthesis
	5.1 Introduction to PI/PID Control
	5.2 Fundamental Feedback Control
	5.3 Actions of PI/PID Control
		5.3.1 Proportional Action
		5.3.2 Integral Action
		5.3.3 Derivative Action
	5.4 Structures of PI/PID Control
		5.4.1 Modeling of PI Controller
		5.4.2 Modeling of PID Controller
	5.5 Tuning Rules for PI/PID Control
		5.5.1 Classical Tuning
		5.5.2 Modern Tuning
	5.6 Modeling of PI/PID-Based Virtual Inertia Control
	5.7 MATLAB-Based PI/PID Tuning Approach
		5.7.1 Optimal PI Control Gains
		5.7.2 Optimal PID Control Gains
	5.8 Simulation Results
	5.9 Summary
	References
6 Model Predictive Control for Virtual Inertia Synthesis
	6.1 Introduction to Model Predictive Control
	6.2 Fundamental MPC Strategy
	6.3 MPC Disturbances
	6.4 MPC Constraints
	6.5 MPC-Based Virtual Inertia Control
	6.6 MATLAB-Based MPC
	6.7 Simulation Results
		6.7.1 Efficacy of MPC-Based Virtual Inertia Control
		6.7.2 Robustness Against Inertia and Damping Reduction
		6.7.3 Robustness Against Time Delay
		6.7.4 Robustness Against High Penetration of Renewables
	6.8 Summary
	References
7 Fuzzy Logic Control for Virtual Inertia Synthesis
	7.1 Introduction to Fuzzy Logic Control
	7.2 Fundamental Fuzzy Logic
		7.2.1 Fuzzy Set
		7.2.2 Shapes of Fuzzy Set
		7.2.3 Fuzzy Rule Base
		7.2.4 Fuzzification
		7.2.5 Fuzzy Inference System
		7.2.6 Defuzzification
	7.3 Fuzzy-Based Virtual Inertia Synthesis
	7.4 MATLAB-Based Fuzzy Logic Control
	7.5 Simulation Results
		7.5.1 Effect of Low RESs Penetration
		7.5.2 Effect of High RESs Penetration
		7.5.3 Mismatch Parameters of Primary/Secondary Control
	7.6 Summary
	References
8 Synthesis of Robust Virtual Inertia Control
	8.1 Introduction to Robust Virtual Inertia Control
	8.2 H∞ Robust Control Theory
	8.3 Design of H∞ Robust Virtual Inertia Control
	8.4 Modeling of Uncertainty and Disturbance
		8.4.1 H∞ Controller Design
	8.5 Closed-Loop Nominal Stability and Performance
		8.5.1 Closed-Loop Robust Stability and Performance
	8.6 Order Reduction of H∞ Controller
	8.7 Simulation Results
		8.7.1 Effect of Abrupt Change
		8.7.2 High Penetration of RESs and Loads
	8.8 Summary
	References
9 Optimization of Virtual Inertia Control Considering System Frequency Protection Scheme
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Particle Swarm Optimization
	9.3 Underfrequency Load Shedding (UFLS)
	9.4 Design of Virtual Inertia Control Optimization Considering System Frequency Protection
	9.5 System Modeling
		9.5.1 Test System
		9.5.2 Virtual Inertia Control Model
	9.6 Simulation Results
		9.6.1 Default High Inertia Condition and the Result of Optimization
		9.6.2 Low Inertia Condition
		9.6.3 Impact on the Existing Underfrequency Load Shedding (UFLS) Scheme
	9.7 Summary
	References
10 Technical Challenges and Further Research in Virtual Inertia Control
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Main Technical Aspects of Virtual Inertia Control
		10.2.1 Improvement in Modeling, Aggregation, and Control of Virtual Inertia Control
		10.2.2 Optimization of Virtual Inertia Control
		10.2.3 System Inertia Estimation
	10.3 Supporting Aspects for the Integration of Virtual Inertia Control Systems
		10.3.1 Economic Valuation for Inertia Service
		10.3.2 Standard and Regulation
	10.4 Summary
	References
Appendix