Violence and Colonial Order: Police, Workers and Protest in the European Colonial Empires, 1918-1940

Cover
......Page 1
Violence and Colonial Order......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Dedication......Page 7
Contents......Page 9
Maps......Page 11
Tables......Page 12
Acknowledgements......Page 13
Introduction: Police, labour and colonial violence......Page 15
Part I Ideas and practices......Page 29
Approaches to colonial policing: protest, law and regulation......Page 31
Colonial policing and labour rights......Page 34
The political economy approach......Page 39
The depression and colonial labour......Page 41
Depression and the colonies......Page 46
Thinking about colonial order and repression......Page 52
Conclusion......Page 55
2 ‘What did you do in the colonial police force, daddy?’ Policing inter-war dissent......Page 56
Policing, settlers and violence......Page 61
Police and policy: two West African cases......Page 67
Inside or outside the community?......Page 71
Conclusion......Page 75
3 ‘Paying the butcher’s bill?’: Policing British colonial protest after 1918......Page 78
A new repressive consensus after the First World War?......Page 79
Institutional learning? Force composition and past precedents......Page 83
Policing public space: ‘paying the butcher’s bill’......Page 89
New decade, same priorities? Protest policing in the 1930s......Page 92
Policing prisoners......Page 95
Conclusion......Page 99
Part II Colonial case studies: French, British and Belgian......Page 101
4 Gendarmes: Work and policing in  French North Africa after 1918......Page 103
Perspectives on colonial gendarmeries......Page 104
Shared characteristics? French North African gendarmeries after the First World War......Page 106
Shared working practices?......Page 112
Structural changes and relations with the police, 1925–33......Page 115
Force composition and changing threat assessments in the 1930s......Page 118
Conclusion......Page 122
Appendix......Page 124
5 Policing Tunisia: Mineworkers, fellahs and nationalist protest......Page 126
Meeting the challenge? Gendarmerie reorganization......Page 130
Policing protest in the depression years......Page 134
Policing versus Popular Front reform, 1936–7......Page 140
Repression resumed, 1937–9......Page 149
Conclusion......Page 152
6 Rubber, coolies and communists: Policing disorder in French Vietnam......Page 155
Policing priorities......Page 159
Post-war background to the Yen Bay revolt......Page 162
Policing and the rubber industry I: Michelin’s Phu-Riêng plantation, 1930......Page 165
Security force responses to Yen Bay and the Nghê.-Tĩnh soviet movement......Page 170
Government, business and colonial disorder......Page 175
Policing and the rubber industry II: Michelin’s Dâù-Tiêng plantation, 1932–3......Page 181
The Popular Front interlude......Page 185
Conclusion......Page 189
A political economy approach......Page 191
The importance of rubber production......Page 197
The end of the boom on the estates......Page 201
Labour regulation and order on the plantations......Page 205
Urban policing and extremist threats......Page 211
Epitaph: policing and the politics of labour protest in Malaya, 1937–40......Page 217
8 Caning the workers? Policing and violence in Jamaica’s sugar industry......Page 220
The political economy of Jamaica’s labour revolt......Page 222
Rethinking strategies of repression in Jamaica after the First World War......Page 224
Riot and reprisal in the Jamaican prison system......Page 228
Policing and plantation violence......Page 232
Labour rebellion and the police......Page 235
Interpreting and punishing disorder......Page 239
Whitehall reactions to the labour rebellion......Page 244
Conclusion......Page 246
9 Oil and order: Repressive violence in Trinidad’s oilfields......Page 249
The depression and unrest resumed......Page 254
The Governor besieged: the June 1937 oilfield strikes......Page 257
Strategy and self-interest: appeasement and oil protection......Page 262
Conclusion......Page 268
10 Profits, privatization and police: The birth of Sierra Leone’s diamond industry......Page 270
Sierra Leone: mineral policing......Page 272
Policing the diamond mines......Page 278
Conclusion......Page 289
11 Policing and politics in Nigeria: The political economy of indirect rule, 1929–39......Page 291
Governing Nigeria......Page 293
Policing and political economy......Page 297
Protest and policing: the Igbo disorders......Page 299
Economies and police reorganization......Page 307
Conclusion......Page 313
Police reorganization and disorder in Congo-Kasai......Page 315
Railway construction and forced labour......Page 323
Renewed violence after the Kwango revolt......Page 326
Depression-era reforms and the changing labour market......Page 330
The Union Minière du Haut Katanga, police and labour......Page 334
Epilogue: emerging from the depression......Page 337
Conclusion......Page 339
INTRODUCTION: POLICE, LABOUR AND COLONIAL VIOLENCE......Page 349
1 COLONIAL POLICING:  A DISCURSIVE FRAMEWORK......Page 352
2 ‘WHAT DID YOU DO IN THE COLONIAL POLICE FORCE, DADDY?’ POLICING INTER-WAR DISSENT......Page 364
3 ‘PAYING THE BUTCHER’S BILL?’: POLICING BRITISH COLONIAL PROTEST AFTER 1918......Page 375
4 GENDARMES: WORK AND POLICING IN FRENCH NORTH AFRICA AFTER 1918......Page 385
5 POLICING TUNISIA: MINEWORKERS, FELLAHS AND NATIONALIST PROTEST......Page 394
6 RUBBER, COOLIES AND COMMUNISTS: POLICING DISORDER IN FRENCH VIETNAM......Page 404
7 STUCK TOGETHER? RUBBER PRODUCTION, LABOUR REGULATION AND POLICING IN MALAYA......Page 416
8 CANING THE WORKERS? POLICING AND VIOLENCE IN JAMAICA’S SUGAR INDUSTRY......Page 424
9 OIL AND ORDER: REPRESSIVE VIOLENCE IN TRINIDAD’S OILFIELDS......Page 433
10 PROFITS, PRIVATIZATION AND POLICE: THE BIRTH OF SIERRA LEONE’S DIAMOND INDUSTRY......Page 442
11 POLICING AND POLITICS IN NIGERIA: THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF INDIRECT RULE, 1929–39......Page 450
12 DEPRESSION AND REVOLT: POLICING THE BELGIAN CONGO......Page 458
CONCLUSION......Page 471
Bibliography......Page 473
Index......Page 531