Vietnamese

VIETNAMESE......Page 1
Editorial page
......Page 2
Title page
......Page 3
Copyright page
......Page 4
Table of contents
......Page 5
PREFACE......Page 9
1.1 Vietnamese as a National Language......Page 11
1.3 Genetic Relationship......Page 12
1.4 Class-related Dialects?......Page 14
1.6 History of the Language......Page 15
1.7 Writing Systems......Page 16
1.8 Diversity......Page 19
1.10 Syllabic Structure......Page 21
1.11 At the word level, we have to look at morphemes......Page 25
2.0 An Isolating Language......Page 27
2.1 Syllabic Structure......Page 28
2.3 Below the syllable......Page 38
2.4 Syllable boundaries......Page 40
2.5 Stress (do nhn) and intonation (ngu-diêu)......Page 41
2.6 Earlier records and recent reforms......Page 43
3.1 Monosyllables and Polysyllables......Page 45
3.3 Sino-Vietnamese (Han-Viet)......Page 46
3.4 Morphemes.......Page 48
3.5 The simple word......Page 50
3.6 Morphological processes......Page 51
3.7 Reduplications (lap lay, lay).......Page 54
4.0 Affixation and Compounding......Page 69
4.1 Prefixes......Page 70
4.2 Suffixes......Page 73
4.3 Compounding......Page 76
4.4 More on Sino-Vietnamese......Page 86
4.5. Other foreign borrowings.......Page 88
4.6. Nominalization.......Page 89
4.8. Concluding remarks about the unit called tieng.......Page 91
5.0 Parts of Speech.......Page 93
5.1. Nouns (danh-tir)......Page 98
5.2. Locatives (phuong-vi-tîr).......Page 108
5.3. Numerals (so-tir)......Page 111
6.0 Predicatives......Page 117
6.1 Verbs (dông-tö)......Page 118
6.2 Stative verbs = Adjectives (tính-tu)......Page 129
6.3 Substitutes (dai-tix)......Page 133
7.0 Function words.......Page 149
7.1 Adverbs (phó-tu)......Page 150
7.2 Connectives (quan-hê-tu)......Page 172
7.3 Particles(tieu-tu tinh-thái)......Page 175
7.5 Multiple class membership.......Page 178
8.0 Phrase structure......Page 181
8.1 The noun phrase (danh-ngu)......Page 182
9.0 The verb phrase (dong-ngu)......Page 195
9.1 Preverbs.......Page 196
9.2 The relative positions of preverbs.......Page 198
9.3 Postverbs.......Page 199
9.4 The complement may be placed either before or after the head verb.......Page 207
9.5 Finally there is a unique construction in which as many as three actions are recounted in chronological order:......Page 208
9.6 The positions of postverb determiners......Page 209
9.7 The adjectival phrase (tính-ngu)......Page 210
9.8 Coordination......Page 215
10.1 The simple sentence......Page 219
10.2 The subject-less sentence.......Page 220
10.3 The sentence without a predicate.......Page 222
10.5 The kernel < S-P > sentence.......Page 223
10.6 Adjuncts to the kernel < S-P > sentence......Page 234
10.7 Sentence expansion......Page 240
11.1.2. The negative sentence.......Page 243
11.1.3. The interrogative sentence.......Page 247
11.1.4. The imperative sentence.......Page 252
11.1.5 The exclamatory sentence.......Page 253
11.2.1 Concatenation of simple sentences.......Page 254
11.2.3 Connectives of coordination.......Page 255
11.3.1 The embedded completive sentence......Page 261
11.3.2 The embedded determinative sentence......Page 263
APPENDIX 1. PARTSOF SPEECH......Page 266
1. FOLK VERSE ABOUT THE LOTUS......Page 267
2. EXCERPT FROM A NOVEL......Page 268
3. EXCERPT FROM A NEWSPAPER ADVERTISEMENT......Page 271
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 273
INDEX......Page 286