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دانلود کتاب Veterinary Medicine

دانلود کتاب دامپزشکی

Veterinary Medicine

مشخصات کتاب

Veterinary Medicine

ویرایش: 11th Edition 
نویسندگان: , ,   
سری:  
ISBN (شابک) : 9780702052460, 9780702070570 
ناشر:  Saunders Ltd.  
سال نشر: 2016 
تعداد صفحات: 2339 
زبان:  English  
فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود) 
حجم فایل: 135 مگابایت 

قیمت کتاب (تومان) : 37,000



کلمات کلیدی مربوط به کتاب دامپزشکی: صفحه اصلی، کتاب و مجلات، علوم دامپزشکی و دامپزشکی، دامپزشکی - حیوانات بزرگ، دامپزشکی



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توضیحاتی در مورد کتاب دامپزشکی

بیماری های مبتلا به حیوانات بزرگ را درمان کنید! دامپزشکی، ویرایش یازدهم اطلاعات به روزی در مورد بیماری های اسب، گاو، گوسفند، بز و خوک ارائه می دهد. پوشش جامع شامل اصول معاینه بالینی و تشخیص به همراه توصیه های درمانی خاص است. برای استفاده آسان تر، این نسخه به دو جلد تقسیم شده است و به یک رویکرد منطقی و مبتنی بر تشریحی به بیماری تغییر ساختار داده است. از متخصصان دامپزشکی معروف بین المللی پیتر کنستبل، کنت هینچ کلیف، استنلی دان و والتر گرنبرگ، این کتاب مرجع قطعی و یک مرحله ای برای مراقبت از حیوانات مزرعه و اسب است. پوشش جامع شامل اطلاعات ضروری برای هر دامپزشک حیوانات بزرگ است، به ویژه کسانی که با اسب، گاو، گوسفند، بز یا خوک کار می کنند. پوشش بیماری‌ها به بیماری‌های بزرگ دام‌های بزرگ همه کشورها، از جمله حیوانات خارجی و بیماری‌های نوظهور می‌پردازد. فرمت کاربرپسند جذب سریع اطلاعات کلیدی را آسان تر می کند. بخش‌های بررسی/خلاصه سریع، یافتن اطلاعات مهم در مورد بیماری‌های پیچیده را آسان می‌کند. جدید! فرمت راحت و با دسترسی آسان توسط سیستم های ارگان سازماندهی شده است و محتوا را به دو جلد فشرده با پوشش معتبر یکسان تقسیم می کند. نزدیک به 200 عکس رنگی جدید و طراحی خط در این نسخه گنجانده شده است. طراحی جدید تمام رنگی ناوبری را بهبود می بخشد، عناوین موضوعی را روشن می کند و شامل کادرها، جداول و نمودارهای بیشتری برای ارجاع سریعتر می شود. فصل بیماری های جدید که عمدتاً بر سیستم تولید مثل تأثیر می گذارند اضافه شده است. فصل به روز شده و گسترش یافته در مورد دارودرمانی مداخلات درمانی را فهرست می کند و جعبه های درمانی و اصول استفاده از آنتی بیوتیک را ارائه می دهد. بخش های گسترده در مورد سلامت گله شامل امنیت زیستی و کنترل عفونت، و جعبه های ارزشمند Strength of Evidence است. بخش های جدید یا به طور گسترده اصلاح شده شامل موضوعاتی مانند اپیدمی های ویروسی Schmallenberg و Bluetongue در نشخوارکنندگان در اروپا، بیماری Wesselbron در گاو، هیپوکالمی در گاو بالغ، فیبروز ریوی چند ندولار اسب، عفونت ویروس Hendra، سندرم تولیدمثلی و تنفسی خوک، ویروس گشتاور تنو، و بسیاری از اختلالات مادرزادی و ارثی که اخیراً در حیوانات بزرگ شناسایی شده است. مطالب اضافی در مورد لنگش در گاو و بیماری های دهانه رحم ارائه شده است.


توضیحاتی درمورد کتاب به خارجی

Treat the diseases affecting large animals! Veterinary Medicine, 11th Edition provides up-to-date information on the diseases of horses, cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs. Comprehensive coverage includes the principles of clinical examination and making a diagnosis, along with specific therapy recommendations. For easier use, this edition has been divided into two volumes and restructured into a logical, anatomically based approach to disease. From internationally known veterinary experts Peter Constable, Kenneth Hinchcliff, Stanley Done, and Walter Gr�nberg, this book is the definitive, one-stop reference for farm animal and equine care. Comprehensive coverage includes information essential to any large-animal veterinarian, especially those working with horses, cattle, sheep, goats, or pigs. Coverage of diseases addresses major large-animal diseases of all countries, including foreign animal and emerging diseases. User-friendly format makes it easier to quickly absorb key information. Quick review/synopsis sections make important information on complex diseases easy to find. NEW! Convenient, easy-access format is organized by organ systems, and divides the content into two compact volumes with the same authoritative coverage. Nearly 200 new color photographs and line drawings are included in this edition. NEW full-color design improves navigation, clarifies subject headings, and includes more boxes, tables, and charts for faster reference. New Diseases Primarily Affecting the Reproductive System chapter is added. Updated and expanded chapter on pharmacotherapy lists therapeutic interventions and offers treatment boxes and principles of antibiotic use. Expanded sections on herd health include biosecurity and infection control, and valuable Strength of Evidence boxes. NEW or extensively revised sections include topics such as the Schmallenberg and Bluetongue viral epidemics of ruminants in Europe, Wesselbron disease in cattle, hypokalemia in adult cattle, equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis, Hendra virus infection, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome, torque teno virus, and numerous recently identified congenital and inherited disorders of large animals. Additional content is provided on lameness in cattle and the diseases of cervids.



فهرست مطالب

Volume 1
	Front Cover
	Veterinary Medicine
	Copyright Page
	Dr. Otto M. Radostits, August 31, 1934-December 15, 2006, Senior Author, Fifth to Seventh Editions; Lead Author, Eighth to Tenth Editions
	Dedictaion_Clive Gay
	1920–2013
	Contributors
	Preface to the Eleventh Edition
	Introduction
		Veterinary Medicine in the Anthropocene
		Contemporary Livestock Production
		Veterinary Clinical Epidemiology
		Veterinary Scientific Literature and How to Use It
			Quality of Evidence
			From Evidence to Recommendation
		Food- and Fiber-Producing Animals
		Industrialized Animal Agriculture
		Companion-Animal Practice
		Equine Practice
		Contrasting Objectives
		The Objectives of Food-Producing-Animal Practice
			Efficiency of Livestock Production
			Animal Welfare
			Zoonoses and Food Safety
		Principles of Food-Producing Animal Practice
			Regular Farm Visits
			Clinical Examination and Diagnosis
			Examination of the Herd
			Collection and Analysis of Animal Health Data
			Public Health and Food Safety
			Economics of Veterinary Practice
			Veterinary Education
			Optimal Utilization of the Food-Producing-Animal Practitioner
		Further Reading
		References
	Table Of Contents
	List of Tables
	List of Illustrations
	1 Clinical Examination and Making a Diagnosis
		Introduction
		Making a Diagnosis
			Diagnostic Methods
				Method 1: the Syndrome or Pattern Recognition
				Method 2: Hypothetico-Deductive Reasoning
				Method 3: the Arborization or Algorithm Method
				Method 4: the Key Abnormality Method
					Determination of the Abnormality of Function Present
					Determination of the System or Body as a Whole or Organ Affected
					Determination of the Location of the Lesion Within the System or Organ Affected
					Determination of the Type of Lesion
					Determination of the Specific Cause of the Lesion
				Method 5: the Database Method
		Clinical Examination of the Individual Animal
			History Taking
				History-Taking Method
				Animal Data
				Disease History
					Present Disease
					Morbidity, Case Fatality, and Population Mortality Rates
					Prior Treatment
					Prophylactic and Control Measures
					Previous Exposure
					Transit
					Culling Rate
					Previous Disease
				Management History
					Nutrition
						Livestock at Pasture
						Hand-Fed/Stall-Fed Animals
					Reproductive Management and Performance
						Breeding History
						Reproductive History
					Climate
					General Management
			Examination of the Environment
				Outdoor Environment
					Topography and Soil Type
					Stocking Rate (Population Density)
					Feed and Water Supplies
						Pasture and Feed
						Water
					Waste Disposal
				Indoor Environment
					Hygiene
					Ventilation
					Flooring
					Floor Plan
					Lighting
			Examination of the Animal
				General Inspection (Distant Examination)
					Behavior and General Appearance
						Behavior
						Excitation States
					Voice
					Eating
					Defecation
					Urination
					Posture
					Gait
					Body Condition
					Body Conformation
					Skin
				Inspection of Body Regions (Particular Distant Examination)
					Head
					Neck
					Thorax
						Respiratory Rate
						Respiratory Rhythm
							Prolongation of Phases
						Respiratory Depth
						Type of Respiration
						Thorax Symmetry
						Respiratory Noises or Stridors
					Abdomen
					External Genitalia
					Mammary Glands
					Limbs
				Close Physical Examination
					Palpation
					Percussion
					Ballottement
					Auscultation
					Percussion and Simultaneous Auscultation of the Abdomen
					Succussion
					Other Techniques
				Sequence Used in the Close Physical Examination
					Vital Signs
						Temperature
						Pulse
							Rate
							Rhythm
							Amplitude
						State of Hydration
				Examination of Body Regions
					Thorax
						Cardiac Area
						Lung Area
					Abdomen
						Auscultation
							Auscultation of the Rumen of Cattle and Sheep
							Intestinal Sounds of the Horse
						Palpation and Percussion Through the Abdominal Wall
							Percussion and Simultaneous Auscultation
							Tactile Percussion of the Abdomen
							Abdominal Pain
						Nasogastric Intubation
					Head and Neck
						Eyes
							Examination of the Conjunctiva
							Corneal Abnormalities
							Size of the Eyeball
							Abnormal Eyeball Movements
							Examination of the Deep Structures
							Vision Tests
						Nostrils
						Mouth
							Teeth
							Tongue
							Pharynx
						Submaxillary Region
						Neck
						Rectal Examination
							Feces and Defecation
								Color of the Feces.
								Fecal Odor.
								Composition.
								Frequency of Defecation.
							Other Observations
						Paracentesis of the Abdomen
					Urinary System
					Reproductive Tract
					Mammary Gland
					Musculoskeletal System and Feet
					Nervous System
					Skin Including Ears, Hooves, and Horns
				Diagnostic Imaging
			Further Reading
			References
		Interpretation of Laboratory Data
			Why Collect Laboratory Data?
			Properties of Diagnostic Tests
				Utility
				Reference Range (Interval)
					Problems With Reference Ranges
				Sensitivity and Specificity
					Likelihood Ratio
				Positive and Negative Predictive Value
			Further Reading
			References
		Computer-Assisted Diagnosis
			Reference
		Prognosis and Therapeutic Decision Making
			Systematic Reviews
			Decision Analysis
			Further Reading
			References
	2 Examination of the Population
		Approach to Examining the Population
		Examination Steps
			Step 1: Defining the Abnormality
			Step 2: Defining the Pattern of Occurrence and Risk Factors
				Temporal Pattern
				Spatial Examination
			Step 3: Defining the Etiologic Group
			Step 4: Defining the Specific Etiology
		Techniques in Examination of the Herd or Flock
			Clinical Examination
			Sampling and Laboratory Testing
				Numerical Assessment of Performance
				Intervention Strategies and Response Trials
		Role of the Integrated Animal Health and Production Management Program
		Further Reading
		References
	3 Biosecurity and Infection Control
		Definitions and Concepts
		Development of a Biosecurity Plan
			Initial Planning
		Practices to Aid in Maintaining Biosecurity
			Testing and/or Isolation of Newly Introduced Animals
			Controlling Contact by Visitors to the Operation
			Controlling Contact by Wildlife, Neighboring Livestock, and Pets
			Separating Groups of Animals Based on Risk
			Cleaning and Disinfection
			Disease Monitoring and Record Keeping
			Communication, Training, and Assessment
		Further Reading
		References
	4 General Systemic States
		Hypothermia, Hyperthermia, and Fever
			Body Temperature
				Heat Production
				Heat Loss
				Balance Between Heat Loss and Gain
				Breed Differences
			Hypothermia
				Etiology
					Excessive Loss of Heat
					Insufficient Heat Production
					Combination of Excessive Heat Loss and Insufficient Heat Production
				Epidemiology
					Neonatal Hypothermia
					Thermoregulation in Neonatal Farm Animals
						Response to Cold Stress
							Cold-Induced Thermogenesis
							Control of Heat Loss
								Tissue Insulation.
									External Insulation.
							Thermoregulating Mechanisms
							Heat Production
								Cold Thermogenesis
									Shivering Thermogenesis.
									Nonshivering Thermogenesis.
									Summit Metabolism.
									Birth Weight and Summit Metabolism.
								Factors Affecting Cold Thermogenesis
									Malnutrition of the Dam During Late Gestation.
								Postnatal Changes in Cold Thermogenesis
						Risk Factors for Neonatal Hypothermia
							Calves
							Lambs
							Piglets
							Foals
						Postshearing Hypothermia in Sheep
						Cold Environments and Animal Production
					Pathogenesis
					Clinical Findings
						Neonatal Hypothermia
						Shorn Sheep Hypothermia
						Hypothermia Secondary to Other Diseases
					Clinical Pathology
						Necropsy Findings
					Treatment
						Hypothermic Newborn Lambs
						Hypothermic Newborn Calves
						Hypothermic Newborn Foals
						Hypothermic Newborn Piglets
					Control
						Lambs and Calves
						Piglets
						Sick Foals
			Further Reading
			Reference
		Cold Injury (Frostbite and Chilblains)
			Etiology and Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Control
		Hyperthermia (Heat Stroke or Heat Exhaustion)
			Etiology
				High Environmental Temperature
				Other Causes of Hyperthermia
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
				Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Fever (Pyrexia)
			Etiology
				Septic Fevers
				Aseptic Fevers
			Pathogenesis
				Endogenous Pyrogens
				Effect of Pyrogens on the Hypothalamus
				Febrile Response
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
				Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
				Antimicrobial Agents
				Antipyretics
			Further Reading
		Acute Phase Response
			Further Reading
			References
		Sepsis, Septicemia, and Viremia
			Etiology: All Species
				Neonatal Septicemias
					Calves
					Piglets
					Foals
					Lambs
					Cattle
					Sheep (Young Lambs)
					Pigs
					Horses, Donkeys, and Mules
				Secondary Septicemias
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
				Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
			Clinical Findings
				Neonatal Septicemia
				Clinical Sepsis Score
			Clinical Pathology
				Blood Culture
				Hemogram
				Immunoglobulin Status
				Biomarkers
				Serology
				Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Further Reading
			References
		Toxemia, Endotoxemia, and Septic Shock
			Etiology
				Antigenic Toxins
					Exotoxins
					Enterotoxins
					Endotoxins
				Metabolic Toxins
			Pathogenesis
				Biochemical Mediators
				Cardiopulmonary Function
					Activation of the Renin–Angiotensin–Aldosterone System and Dysfunction of the Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis
					Leukocytes and Platelets
				Hemostatic System
				Thermoregulation
				Gastrointestinal Function
				Carbohydrate Metabolism
				Protein Metabolism
				Mineral Metabolism
				Reproduction and Lactogenesis
				Combined Effects on Body Systems
				Endotoxin Tolerance
				Hypersensitivity
				Other Infectious Toxins
			Clinical Findings
				Acute Toxemia
				Endotoxemia
				Chronic Toxemia
				Localized Infection
			Clinical Pathology
				Hematology
				Serum Biochemistry
				Endotoxin
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
				Removal of Foci of Infection
				Antimicrobial Agents
				Aggressive Fluid Therapy
				Hypertonic Solutions
				Glucose and Insulin Administration
				Inotropic Agents, Vasopressors, and Local Anesthetics
				Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs
				Glucocorticoids
				Polymyxin B
				Hyperimmune Serum and Plasma Transfusion
				Pentoxifylline and Ethyl Pyruvate
				Anticoagulants
			Control of Endotoxemia
			Further Reading
			References
		Toxemia in the Recently Calved Cow
			Puerperal Metritis in Cattle
				Etiology
				Epidemiology
				Pathogenesis
				Clinical Findings
				Clinical Pathology
					Hematology
					Vaginal/Uterine Fluid
					Other Samples and Tests
				Necropsy Findings
					Fat Cow Syndrome
					Acute Diffuse Peritonitis
					Peracute and Acute Mastitis
				Treatment
					Conservative Therapy
					Antimicrobial Agents
					Intrauterine Medication
					Ancillary Treatment and Control
				Identification of Affected Cows
			Further Reading
			References
		Hypovolemic, Hemorrhagic, Maldistributive, and Obstructive Shock
			Etiology
				Hypovolemic Shock
				Hemorrhagic Shock
					Cattle, Sheep, and Goats
					Horses
					Pigs
				Maldistributive Shock
				Obstructive Shock
			Pathogenesis
				Hypovolemic Shock
				Hemorrhagic Shock
				Maldistributive Shock
				Obstructive Shock
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
				Monitoring in Shock
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
				Identification of Cause
				Hypovolemic and Maldistributive Shock
					Isotonic Crystalloid Solutions
					Hypertonic Saline Solution
					Colloids
				Hemorrhagic Shock
				Obstructive Shock
				Ancillary Treatment
					Corticosteroids
					Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors
					Antibiotic Therapy
					Vasoconstrictors and Vasodilators
					Immunotherapy
			Further Reading
			References
		Localized Infections
			Etiology
				Bacterial Causes of Localized Infection
			Portal of Entry
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
				Hemogram
				Sample of Lesion for Culture and Staining
				Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
				Drainage of Abscesses
				Antimicrobial Agents
			References
		Pain
			The Problem of Pain
			Advances in Attitude Toward Pain
			Etiology
				Cutaneous or Superficial Pain
				Visceral Pain
				Musculoskeletal (Somatic) Pain
			Pathogenesis
				Central Hypersensitivity and Preemptive Analgesia
			Clinical Findings
				Physiologic Responses
				Behavioral Responses
				Elicitation of Pain by the Veterinarian
				Periodicity and Duration of Pain
			Treatment
				Analgesia
					Analgesic Agents
					Local Anesthetic Agents
					Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs
						Flunixin Meglumine
						Ketoprofen
						Phenylbutazone
						Meloxicam
						Salicylates
						Carprofen
						Diclofenac
					α2-Agonists
						Xylazine
					Narcotic Analgesics
					N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonists
					Vanilloids
					γ-Aminobutyric Acid Analogs
					Balanced (Multimodal) Analgesia
					Administration Routes
				Supportive Therapy
			Further Reading
			References
		Stress
			Causes of Stress
			Pathogenesis
				Stress and Road Transportation
				Other Possible Sources of Stress
			Clinical Pathology
			Stress Syndromes
				Stress-Related Psychosomatic Disease
				Stress and Susceptibility to Infection
				Stress and Animal Welfare
				Stress and Metabolic Disease
				Stress and Its Effect on Economic Performance
			Management of Stress
			Further Reading
			References
		Disturbances of Appetite, Food Intake, and Nutritional Status
			Thirst
			Polyphagia
			Anophagia or Aphagia
			Further Reading
			Reference
		Pica or Allotriophagia
			Cannibalism
			Infantophagia
			Significance of Pica
		Starvation
		Inanition (Malnutrition)
			Further Reading
			References
		Weight Loss or Failure to Gain Weight (Ill-Thrift)
			Nutritional Causes
			Excessive Loss of Protein and Carbohydrates
			Faulty Digestion, Absorption, or Metabolism
		Shortfalls in Performance
			Further Reading
			References
		Unthriftiness in Weaner Sheep (Weaner Ill-Thrift)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Clinical and Necropsy Findings
			Further Reading
			References
		Porcine Failure to Thrive
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Signs
			Pathology
			Treatment
			Control
			References
		Physical Exercise and Associated Disorders
			Further Reading
		Exercise-Associated Diseases
			Exhaustion
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Signs
			Treatment
			Prevention
			References
		Poor Racing Performance and Exercise Intolerance in Horses
			Approach to the Horse With Exercise Intolerance
				History
				Clinical Examination
				Laboratory Testing
				Exercise Stress Testing
			Causes of Exercise Intolerance or Poor Performance
				Musculoskeletal System
				Cardiovascular System
				Respiratory System
					Upper Airways (See Obstructive Diseases of the Equine Larynx)
					Lower Airways
				Hematologic and Biochemical Abnormalities
					Anemia
					Hypoproteinemia
					Electrolyte Abnormalities
				Nervous System Disease
				Miscellaneous
			Treatment
			Further Reading
			References
		Sudden or Unexpected Death
			Sudden or Unexpected Death in Single Animals
				Spontaneous Internal Hemorrhage
				Rupture of Internal Carotid Artery Aneurysm
				Peracute Endogenous Toxemia
				Transportation Stress
				Trauma
				Gastrointestinal Conditions
				Iatrogenic Deaths
			Sudden Death in Horses
			Sudden or Unexpected Death in a Group of Animals
				Lightning Strike or Electrocution
				Nutritional Deficiency and Poisoning
				Access to Potent Poisons
				Diseases Associated With Infectious Agents
				Neonatal and Young Animals
				Anaphylaxis
			Procedure for Investigation of Sudden Death
			Further Reading
			References
		Cyanobacteria (Blue-Green Algae) Toxicosis
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Risk Factors
			Pathogenesis
				Microcystins
				Anatoxins
					Anatoxin-a
					Homoanatoxin-a
					Anatoxin-a(s)
				Various Freshwater Toxins
			Clinical Findings
				Microcystins
				Anatoxins
			Clinical Pathology
				Microcystins
				Anatoxins
			Necropsy Findings
				Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
				Prevent the Ingestion of Toxins
				Prevent the Addition of Nutrients to Water
			Further Reading
			References
		Plants Causing Sudden Death Without Cardiomyopathy
		Diseases Associated With Physical Agents
			Lightning Strike and Electrocution
				Etiology
				Epidemiology
				Pathogenesis
				Clinical Findings
				Clinical Pathology
				Necropsy Findings
				Diagnosis
				Treatment
				Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Stray Voltage
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
				Behavioral Changes
				Effects on Production and Disease
			Further Reading
			References
		Environmental Pollutants and Noise
			Pollution From Outside the Farm
			Pollution From Farms
			Noise
			References
		Wind Farms and Electric and Magnetic Fields
			Further Reading
		Radiation Injury
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Incidence and Case Fatality
				Risk Factors
					Animal
					Nature of Radiation
				Zoonotic Implications
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
				Acute Syndrome
				Subacute Syndrome
				Chronic Exposure
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Control
			References
		Volcanic Eruptions
			Blast and Gas Damage
				Ash Hazards
					Toxic Chemicals
					Physical Properties
					Long-Term Effects
			References
		Bushfire (Grass fire) Injury (Thermal Burns)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Forest Fires
				Grass Fires
				Barn Fires
			Clinical Findings
				Burn Injury
			Treatment
				Decision Criteria
				Skin Burns
				Smoke Inhalation
			Further Reading
		Diagnosis of Inherited Disease
			Diagnosis
			Control of Inherited Disease
			Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals
			References
	5 Disturbances of Free Water, Electrolytes, Acid-Base Balance, and Oncotic Pressure
		Dehydration
			Etiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Water Intoxication
				Etiology
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Findings
				Clinical Pathology
					Postmortem Findings
				Treatment
				Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Electrolyte Imbalances
			Hyponatremia
			Hypernatremia
			Hypochloremia
			Hypokalemia
			Hyperkalemia
			Hypocalcemia
			Hypophospatemia
			Hypomagnesemia
			Further Reading
			References
		Acid-Base Imbalance
			Acidemia
				Etiology
				Pathogenesis
				Clinical Findings
			Alkalemia
				Etiology and Pathogenesis
				Clinical Findings
			Oncotic Pressure and Edema
				Etiology
					Decreased Plasma Oncotic Pressure
					Increased Hydrostatic Pressure
					Increased Capillary Permeability
					Obstruction to Lymphatic Flow
				Pathogenesis
				Clinical Findings
				Clinical Pathology
				Necropsy Findings
				Treatment
			Further Reading
			References
		Naturally Occurring Combined Abnormalities of Free Water, Electrolyte, Acid-Base Balance, and Oncotic Pressure
			Nature of the Disease and History
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
				Packed Cell Volume and Total Serum Protein or Plasma Protein
				Total CO2
				Blood Gas and pH Analysis
				Blood or Plasma l-Lactate Concentration
				Serum Electrolytes
				Urea and Creatinine
				Blood or Plasma Glucose
				Anion Gap
				Strong Ion Gap
				Osmolal Gap
				Arterial, Jugular, or Central Venous Blood Pressure
				Total Body Water
			Further Reading
			References
		Principles of Fluid and Electrolyte Therapy
			Calculation of Electrolyte Requirements
			Types of Intravenous Fluid
				Crystalloid Solutions
					Isotonic, Hypertonic, and Hypotonic Crystalloid Solutions
					Hypotonic Crystalloid Solutions
					Isotonic Crystalloid Solutions
					Hypertonic Crystalloid Solutions
				Colloid Solutions
			Practical Administration of Electrolyte Solutions
			Quantity of Fluids Required and Routes of Administration
				Parenteral Fluid Therapy
					Rate of Administration
				Intravenous Catheters and Complications
					Auricular Vein of Cattle and Calves
					Cecal Catheters in Horses
					Thrombophlebitis
			Oral Fluid Therapy
				Oral Fluid Therapy in Calves and Adult Cattle
				Oral Fluid Therapy in Horses
				Fluid and Electrolyte Therapy in Newborn Piglets and Lambs
			Parenteral Nutrition
			Further Reading
			References
	6 Practical Antimicrobial Therapeutics
		Principles of Antimicrobial Therapy
			Identification of the Infection by Clinical Examination
			Taking Samples for Diagnosis
			Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests
				Rationale
				Susceptibility Test Methods
					Tube Susceptibility Tests
					Disk Susceptibility Tests
					Microtiter Techniques
				Other Considerations
				Flaws and Limitations of Culture Susceptibility Testing
			Further Reading
		Antibiotic Resistance
			Further Reading
		Ways to Minimize or Avoid the Development of Antimicrobial Resistance
			Avoiding Antimicrobial Resistance (Three Ds Approach)
			Antibiotic Metaphylaxis to Control Respiratory Disease
			Further Reading
		Practical Usage of Antimicrobial Drugs
			Antibiotic Dosage: the Recommended Dose
			Routes of Administration
				Intravenous Injection
				Intramuscular Injection
				Intraperitoneal Injection
				Subcutaneous Injection
				Oral Administration
					Contamination of Feedstuffs
					Water Medication of Pigs
					Water Medication in Cattle
					Dietary Medication
						Ionophores
				Other Routes
			Further Reading
		Drug Distribution
			Absorption
			Distribution
			Pharmacokinetic Principles for Antimicrobial Usage
			Duration of Treatment
			Drug Combinations
			Further Reading
		Additional Factors Determining Selection of Agents
			Cost
			Ease of Administration
			Toxicity
			Bactericidal or Bacteriostatic Antimicrobials
				Postantibiotic Effect
				Concentration-Dependent Killing
				Time-Dependent Killing
			Drug Deterioration
			Unfavorable Response to Therapy
			Drug Withdrawal Requirements and Residue Avoidance
				Label Dose and Extralabel Use
				Extralabel Use
				Withdrawal Periods
				Residue Testing
				Testing for Compliance
				Causes of Residue Violations in Milk
				Causes of Residue Violations in Beef Cattle
				Causes of Residue Violations in Swine
				Type of Therapy
				Approved Drugs
			Classification of Antimicrobial Agents: Mechanisms of Action and Major Side Effects
				Aminoglycosides and Aminocyclitols
					Mechanism of Action
					Toxicity
				β-Lactam Antibiotics: Penicillins, Cephalosporins, and β-Lactamase Inhibitors
					Mechanism of Action
					Toxicity and Clinical Considerations
						Toxicity
				Chloramphenicol
					Mechanism of Action
					Toxicity
				Chloramphenicol Analogs
					Toxicity
				Fluoroquinolones
					Mechanism of Action
					Toxicity
				Lincosamides
					Mechanism of Action
					Toxicity
				Macrolides
					Mechanism of Action
					Toxicity
				Sulfonamides
					Mechanism of Action
					Toxicity and Clinical Considerations
						Precautions and Contraindications
				Tetracyclines
					Mechanism of Action
					Toxicity
				Miscellaneous Antibiotics
					Bacitracin
					Carbadox
					Dapsone
					Metronidazole
					Nitrofurans (e.g., Nitrofurantoin, Nitrofurazone, Furazolidone)
					Novobiocin
					Polymyxins
					Rifampin
					Vancomycin
					Virginiamycin
			Further Reading
	7 Diseases of the Alimentary Tract
		Principles of Alimentary Tract Dysfunction
			Motor Function
				Normal Gastrointestinal Motility
				Hypermotility and Hypomotility
				Distension
				Abdominal Pain
				Dehydration and Shock
			Secretory Function
			Digestive Function
			Absorptive Function
		Manifestations of Alimentary Tract Dysfunction
			Abnormalities of Prehension, Mastication, and Swallowing
				Causes of Dysphagia and Inability to Swallow
			Drooling of Saliva and Excessive Salivation
				Local Causes of Drooling
				Systemic Causes of Excessive Salivation
			Vomiting and Regurgitation
				Vomiting
					Projectile Vomiting
					True Vomiting
				Regurgitation
			Diarrhea, Constipation, and Scant Feces
				Diarrhea
					Malabsorption Syndromes
				Constipation
				Scant Feces
			Ileus (Adynamic and Dynamic Ileus)
			Alimentary Tract Hemorrhage
			Abdominal Pain
				Horses
				Cattle
				Common Causes of Alimentary Tract Pain
					Horses
					Cattle
			Tenesmus
				Cattle
				Horses
				Pigs
			Shock and Dehydration
			Abdominal Distension
			Abnormal Nutrition
		Special Examination
			Nasogastric Intubation
				Rumen of Cattle
				Decompression of Distended Rumen
				Decompression of the Horse’s Stomach
			Medical Imaging
				Radiography
				Abdominal Ultrasonography
					Horse
					Cattle
			Endoscopy
				Laparoscopy
			Exploratory Laparotomy (Celiotomy)
			Tests of Digestion and Absorption
				Glucose Absorption Test
				Starch Digestion Test
				Lactose Digestion Test
				Xylose Absorption Test
				Sucrose Absorption Test
				Radioactive Isotopes
			Abdominocentesis for Peritoneal Fluid
				Equine and Bovine Peritoneal Fluid
					Specific Properties of Peritoneal Fluid (Normal and Abnormal)
						Color
						Cellular and Other Properties
						Cells
					Abdominocentesis in Horses
						Risks
					Abdominocentesis in Cattle
			Intestinal and Liver Biopsy
		Principles of Treatment in Alimentary Tract Disease
			Relief of Abdominal Pain
			Relief of Distension
			Replacement of Fluids and Electrolytes
			Correction of Abnormal Motility
				Increased Motility
				Decreased Motility
					Metoclopramide
					Cisapride
					Xylazine and Naloxone
					Bethanechol and Neostigmine
			Relief of Tenesmus
			Reconstitution of Rumen Flora and Correction of Acidity OR Alkalinity
			Further Reading
			References
		Diseases of the Buccal Cavity and Associated Organs
			Diseases of the Muzzle
			Stomatitis
				Etiology
					Physical Agents
					Chemical Agents
					Infectious Agents
						Cattle
						Sheep
						Horses
						Pigs
					Bullous Stomatitis
				Pathogenesis
				Clinical Findings
				Clinical Pathology
				Necropsy Findings
				Treatment
			References
		Diseases of the Teeth
			Etiology
				Congenital Defects
				Dental Fluorosis
				Enamel Erosion
				Premature Wear and Loss of Teeth in Sheep (Periodontal Disease)
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Treatment and Control
			References
		Diseases of the Parotid Salivary Glands
			Etiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			References
		Diseases of the Pharynx and Esophagus
			Pharyngitis
				Etiology
					Physical Causes
					Infectious Causes
						Cattle
						Horses
						Pigs
				Pathogenesis
				Clinical Findings
				Clinical Pathology
				Necropsy Findings
				Treatment
			References
		Pharyngeal Obstruction
			Etiology
				Foreign Bodies
				Tissue Swellings
					Cattle
					Horses
					Pigs
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
		Pharyngeal Paralysis
			Etiology
				Peripheral Nerve Injury
				Secondary to Specific Diseases
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Reference
		Esophagitis
			Etiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
		Esophageal Rupture
			Etiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			References
		Esophageal Obstruction
			Etiology
				Intraluminal Obstructions
				Extraluminal Obstructions
				Esophageal Paralysis
				Megaesophagus
				Esophageal Strictures
				Other Causes of Obstruction
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
				Acute Obstruction or Choke
					Cattle
					Horse
				Chronic Obstruction
				Complications Following Esophageal Obstruction
			Clinical Pathology
			Treatment
				Conservative Approach
				Sedation
				Pass a Stomach Tube and Allow Object to Move Into Stomach
				Removal by Endoscope
				Manual Removal Through Oral Cavity in Cattle
				General Anesthesia in the Horse
				Esophageal Lavage in the Horse
				Surgical Removal of Foreign Bodies
				Repeated Siphonage in Chronic Cases
				Cervical Esophagostomy Alimentation
				Antimicrobial Administration
			References
		Diseases of the Nonruminant Stomach and Intestines
			Gastritis
				Etiology
					Cattle and Sheep
						Physical Agents
						Chemical Agents
						Infectious Agents
						Metazoan Agents
					Pigs
						Physical Agents
						Chemical Agents
						Infectious Agents
						Metazoan Agents
					Horses
				Pathogenesis
				Clinical Findings
					Acute Gastritis
					Chronic Gastritis
				Clinical Pathology
				Necropsy Findings
				Treatment
			Enteritis (Including Malabsorption, Enteropathy, and Diarrhea)
				Etiology and Epidemiology
				Pathogenesis
					Normal Intestinal Absorption
					Mechanisms of Diarrhea
						Osmotic Diarrhea
						Exudative Diarrhea
						Secretory Diarrhea
						Abnormal Intestinal Motility
					Location of Lesion
					Dehydration, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Imbalance
					Chronic Enteritis
					Replacement of Villous Epithelial Cells
					Role of Neutrophils in Intestinal Mucosal Injury
					Intestinal Motility in Enteritis
					Concurrent Gastritis
					Effects of Enteritis on Pharmacodynamics of Drugs
				Clinical Findings
					Systemic Effects
					Intestinal Sounds in Enteritis
					Chronic Enteritis
				Clinical Pathology
					Fecal Examination
					Intestinal Tissue Samples
					Hematology and Serum Biochemistry
					Digestion/Absorption Tests
				Necropsy Findings
				Treatment
					Removal of Causative Agent
					Antimicrobials
					Mass Medication of Feed and Water Supplies
					Alteration of the Diet
					Fluids and Electrolytes
					Intestinal Protectants and Adsorbents
					Antidiarrheal Drugs
						Antimotility Drugs
						Antisecretory Drugs
				Control
			Intestinal Hypermotility
			Dietary Diarrhea
				Etiology
					Milk Replacers
					Overfeeding of Milk
					Change of Diet
				Pathogenesis
					Digestion of Milk
					Milk Replacers and Diarrhea
				Clinical Findings
					Nursing Beef Calves
					Hand-Fed Dairy Calves
					Milk-Replacer Diarrhea
				Clinical Pathology
				Necropsy Findings
				Treatment
					Alter Diet of Hand-Fed Calves
					Monitor Beef Calves With Dietary Diarrhea
			Reference
		Abdominal FAT Necrosis (Lipomatosis)
			References
		Diseases of the Peritoneum
			Peritonitis
				Etiology
					Cattle
					Horses
					Pigs
					Sheep
					Goats
					All Species
				Pathogenesis
					Toxemia and Septicemia
					Shock and Hemorrhage
					Abdominal Pain
					Paralytic Ileus
					Accumulation of Fluid Exudate
					Adhesions
				Clinical Findings
					Acute and Subacute Peritonitis
						Inappetence and Anorexia
						Toxemia and Fever
						Feces
						Alimentary Tract Stasis
						Abdominal Pain Evidenced by Posture and Movement
						Abdominal Pain as Evidenced by Deep Palpation
						Rectal Examination
					Peracute Diffuse Peritonitis
					Chronic Peritonitis
						Cattle
						Horses
					Diagnostic Medical Imaging
				Clinical Pathology
					Hematology
					Abdominocentesis and Peritoneal Fluid
						Septic Peritonitis in the Horse
						Peritonitis in Cattle
				Necropsy Findings
				Diagnosis
				Prognosis
					Case–Fatality Rate in Horses
				Treatment
					Antimicrobials
					Fluid and Electrolytes
					Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs
					Lavage
					Prevention of Adhesions
			References
		Abdominal Diseases of the Horse Including Colic and Diarrhea
			General Principles
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Risk Factors
					Horse Characteristics
						Age
						Sex
						Breed
					Diet and Feeding Practices
					Management
						Watering
						Housing
						Exercise
					Season and Weather
					Medical History
					Parasite Control
				Importance
			Pathogenesis
				Pain
				Gastrointestinal Dysfunction
				Ischemia of the Intestinal Wall
				Endotoxemia
				Shock
				Coagulation and Fibrinolysis
				Overview of the Pathogenesis of Common Colics
					Simple Obstructive
					Obstructive and Strangulating
					Infarctive
					Inflammatory
			Clinical Findings
				Visual Examination
					Behavior
					Posture
					Abdomen Size
					Vomiting
					Defecation and Feces
				Physical Examination
					Heart and Respiratory Rates
					Mucous Membranes and Extremities
					Auscultation and Percussion
					Rectal Examination
						Normal Anatomy
						Abnormal Findings
					Nasogastric Intubation
				Ancillary Diagnostic Techniques
					Ultrasonography
					Radiology
					Arterial Blood Pressure
				Course of the Disease
			Clinical Pathology
				Hematology and Serum Biochemistry
				Acid-Base Status
					Abdominocentesis
			Protocol for Evaluating a Colic Patient
				Behavior
				Clinical and Clinicopathologic Observations
				When to Refer the Patient
					Surgery
					Prognosis
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
				Medical Treatment
					Analgesia
						Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs
						α-2 Agonists
						Opiates
						Other Agents
					Prophylaxis and Treatment of Endotoxemia
					Fluid and Electrolyte Therapy
					Intestinal Lubricants and Fecal Softeners
					Other Treatments
				Trocarization
				Management of Field Colic
				Surgery
				Prevention
			Further Reading
			References
		Colic in the Pregnant and Postparturient Mare
			Further Reading
			References
		Colic in Foals
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Pathophysiology
			Clinical Findings
				Ancillary Diagnostic Tests
					Diagnostic Imaging
					Endoscopy
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
				Surgical Treatment
			Prevention
			Further Reading
			References
		Gastric Dilation in the Horse
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			References
		Gastric Impaction IN Horses
			Further Reading
			References
		Gastric (Gastroduodenal) Ulcer in Foals
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Risk Factors
					Age and Sex
					Stress and Disease
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Diagnostic Confirmation
			Treatment
			Control
			References
		Gastric Ulcer in Adult Horses
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Lesions of the Squamous Versus Glandular Mucosa
				Risk Factors
					Animal Risk Factors
					Management and Environmental Risk Factors
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
				Acid Suppression
					Omeprazole
					Cimetidine
					Ranitidine and Famotidine
				Gastric Antacids
				Protectants and Other Treatments
				Management Changes
				Overview of Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Intestinal Obstruction IN Horses
		Small-Intestinal Obstruction in Horses
			Etiology
				Obstruction With Infarction
				Obstruction Without Infarction
				Functional Obstruction
			Epidemiology
				Intestinal Herniation Through the Epiploic Foramen
				Pedunculated Lipomas
				Inguinal Hernias
				Intussusception
				Foreign Body
				Impaction
				Mesenteric Rents
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
				Acute Disease: Infarctive Lesions
				Subacute Cases: Noninfarctive Lesions
				Intussusception of the Small Intestine
				Volvulus of the Small Intestine
				Strangulated Inguinal Hernia
				Strangulated Diaphragmatic Hernia
				Epiploic Foramen Entrapment
				Functional Obstruction
				Foreign Body
				Ileocecal Valve Impaction
				Idiopathic Muscular Hypertrophy (Terminal Ileal Hypertrophy)
				Caudal Abdominal Obstructions
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			References
		Duodenitis-Proximal Jejunitis (Anterior Enteritis, Proximal Enteritis)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Diagnostic Confirmation
			Treatment
			References
		Diseases of the Cecum
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Cecal Impaction
				Cecal Perforation or Rupture
				Cecocecal or Cecocolic Intussusceptions
				Cecal Torsion
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
				Cecal Distension and Impaction
				Perforation and Rupture
				Intussusception
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Further Reading
			References
		Displacement and/or Volvulus of the Large (Ascending) Colon
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
				Left Dorsal Displacement (Renosplenic Entrapment)
				Right Dorsal Displacement
				Volvulus
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
				Left Displacement
				Right Dorsal Displacement and Colon Volvulus
			References
		Impaction of the Large (Ascending) Colon of Horses
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			References
		Enteroliths and Fecaliths
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Control
			References
		Sand Colic
			Further Reading
			References
		Right Dorsal Colitis
			Further Reading
			References
		Small Colon Obstruction
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
				Nonstrangulating Lesions
				Strangulating Lesions
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
				Small-Colon Impaction
			Further Reading
			References
		Spasmodic Colic
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology and Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
		Intestinal Tympany in Horses
			Etiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			References
		Verminous Mesenteric Arteritis (Verminous Aneurysm and Thromboembolic Colic)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Further Reading
			References
		Retroperitoneal Abscess (Internal Abdominal Abscess, Chronic Peritonitis, and Omental Bursitis)
			Treatment
			Reference
		Rectal Tears
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Signs
			Clinical Pathology
			Prognosis
			Treatment
				Immediate Care
					Grade I and II Tears
					Grade III Tears
					Grade IV Tears
			Prevention
			References
		Acute Diarrhea of Suckling Foals
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Signs
			Clinical Pathology
			Diagnostic Confirmation
			Lesions
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Acute Diarrhea of Adult (Nonsuckling) Horses
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Risk Factors
					Stress
					Celiotomy
					Antibiotic Administration
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Signs
			Clinical Pathology
			Diagnostic Confirmation
			Necropsy
			Treatment
				Restoration of Hydration
				Electrolyte and Acid-Base Status
				Antimicrobial Therapy
				Prophylaxis and Treatment of Endotoxemia/Toxemia and Systemic Inflammatory Response
				Binding of Toxins
				Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Chronic Undifferentiated Diarrhea of Horses
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
				Specific Treatments
				Symptomatic and Supportive Treatments
			Control
			References
		Idiopathic Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Diseases of Horses
			References
		Granulomatous Enteritis of Horses
			Further Reading
			References
		Lymphocytic-Plasmacytic Enterocolitis
			Further Reading
		Idiopathic Focal Eosinophilic Enteritis
			References
		Equine Grass Sickness (Equine Dysautonomia, Grass Disease, and Mal Secco)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Risk Factors
					Animal Risk Factors
					Environmental Risk Factors
					Pasture and Soil Risk Factors
					Farm or Premise Risk Factors
					Transmission
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
				Acute Cases
				Subacute Cases
				Chronic Cases
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Postmortem Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Intestinal Hyperammonemia
			Further Reading
			References
		Abdominal Diseases of the Pig Including Diarrhea
			Acute Gastric Dilatation IN Pigs
			Acute Gastric Volvulus IN Sows
			Gastric Ulcers and Hyperkeratosis of Swine
				Etiology
				Epidemiology
					Occurrence
					Risk Factors
						Dietary Risk Factors
							Finely Ground Feed
						Environmental and Management Risk Factors
						Pathogen Risk Factors
							Gastric Bacteria
				Pathogenesis
				Clinical Findings
				Clinical Pathology
				Necropsy Findings
				Treatment
				Control
			References
		Noninfectious Intestinal Disease of Swine
			Intestinal Reflux
				Diagnosis
			Intestinal Obstruction IN Pigs
				Etiology
				Clinical Findings
			Impaction of the Large Intestine of Pigs
				Etiology
				Clinical Findings
			Intestinal Tympany IN Pigs
				Etiology
			Osseus Metaplasia
			Intestinal Hemorrhage Syndrome
				Etiology
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Signs
				Pathology
				Treatment
				Control
			Reference
		Diverticulitis and Ileitis of Pigs
		Rectal Prolapse
		Rectal Prolapse IN Pigs
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Findings
			Pathology
			Treatment
			Control
		Rectal Stricture
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Signs
			Pathology
			Treatment
		Bacterial and Viral Diseases of the Alimentary Tract
			Salmonellosis in Swine (Paratyphoid)
				Etiology
				Epidemiology
					Prevalence and Occurrence of Infection
						Belgium
						Canada
						Czechoslovakia
						Denmark
						Italy
						Japan
						The Netherlands
						Spain
						Sweden
						Switzerland
						Thailand
						United Kingdom
						United States
					Morbidity and Case–Fatality Rate
					Methods of Transmission and Sources of Infection
						Shedding and the Carrier State
					Risk Factors Predisposing to Clinical Disease
						Animal Risk Factors
							Genetic Resistance to Salmonellosis in Domestic Animals
							Salmonella Choleraesuis
							Subclinical Infections
							Immune Mechanisms
						Environmental and Management Risk Factors
							Farming Practice in General
							Housed Animals
							Contaminated Feedstuffs
							Introduction of the Infection to a Farm
						Pathogen Risk Factors
							Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella
					Zoonotic Implications From Pigs
						Salmonella Serovar Typhimurium DT104
					Economic Importance
				Pathogenesis
					Infection
					Septicemia, Bacteremia, and the Carrier State
					Enteritis
				Clinical Findings
					Porcine Salmonellosis
						Septicemia
						Acute Enteritis
						Chronic Enteritis
				Clinical Pathology
					Bacterial Culture and Detection
					Fecal Culture
					Multiple Fecal Cultures
					DNA Probes
					Serology
						Serum Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
					Indirect Tests
					Herd Diagnosis
					Detection of Clinically Normal Carrier Animals
					Determination of Prevalence of Infection in Population of Animals
				Necropsy Findings
					Septicemia
					Acute Enteritis
					Chronic Enteritis
				Diagnosis
					Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
				Treatment
					Primary Treatment: Antimicrobial Therapy
				Control
					Preventing Infection From Entering the Herd (Biosecurity)
					Increased Hygiene to Prevent Intraherd Spread
						Reducing Exposure to Pathogens
						Avoiding Increasing Susceptibility to Pathogens
						Monitoring Effectiveness of the Infectious Disease Control Program
					Feed Interventions to Aid the Pigs’ Defenses
						Physical Form of the Feed
						Organic Acids
						Feed Withdrawal
					Other Options
					Immunization
						Salmonella Vaccinology
					Monitoring
					Nationwide Surveillance and Control Programs
						Feedstuffs
						Breeder and Multiplier Herds
						Weaner Producers
						Slaughter Pigs
					Slurry
					At Abattoir
			References
		Intestinal Clostridiosis in the Pig
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Signs
			Pathology
			Differential Diagnosis
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Bacteriology
			Histology
			Treatment
			Control
			References
		Escherichia coli Infections in Weaned Pigs
			Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli
			Verotoxin-Producing Escherichia coli
			Attaching and Effacing Escherichia coli
			O157 in Pigs
			Edema Disease (Gut Edema, Escherichia Coli Enterotoxemia)
				Etiology
					Inheritance of Susceptibility to ED
				Epidemiology
				Pathogenesis
				Clinical Findings
				Clinical Pathology
				Necropsy Findings
					Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
				Treatment
				Control
			References
		Postweaning Diarrhea of Pigs (Coliform Gastroenteritis)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
				Antimicrobial Resistance and E. Coli
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Campylobacteriosis in Pigs
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Prevalence of Infection
				Risk Factors
					Transmission
					Pathogen Risk Factors
					Antimicrobial Resistance
					Zoonotic Implications
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Porcine Proliferative Enteropathy
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Prevalence of Infection
				Morbidity and Case Fatality
				Risk Factors
				Methods of Transmission
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Diagnosis
			Treatment and Control
				Antimicrobials
				Vaccines
			References
		Brachyspiral Colitis (Swine Dysentery, Porcine Spirochetal Colitis) and Nonspecific Colitis
		Swine Dysentery
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Risk Factors
					Animal Risk Factors
					Pathogen Factors
					Environmental and Management Risk Factors
				Methods of Transmission
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
				Immunity
			Clinical Pathology
				Detection and Culture of Organism
					Serologic Tests
			Necropsy Findings
			Diagnosis
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
				Antimicrobial Therapy
					Choice of Antimicrobials
				Failure to Respond to Therapy
				Cleaning and Disinfection
			Control
				Control of Infection/Limitation of Reinfection
					Mass Medication and Sanitation Program Without Depopulation
					Dietary Modification
					Depopulation and Repopulation
					Biosecurity
				Vaccines
			References
		Brachyspira Hampsonii
			References
		Nonspecific Colitis in Pigs
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Signs
			Pathology
			Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
			References
		Porcine Intestinal Spirochetosis (Spirochetal Colitis, Porcine Colitis, and Porcine Colonic Spirochetosis) and Nonspecific Colitis
			Introduction
			Etiology
				Occurrence
				Risk Factors
					Transmission
					Managemental and Environmental Factors
					Feed
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Pathology
			Immunology
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
				Vaccination
			References
		Yersiniosis in Pigs
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Signs
			Pathology
			Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
			Reference
		Viral Diarrhea in Neonatal Pigs
			Overview of Viral Diarrhea
			References
		Porcine Rotaviruses
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Signs
			Pathology
			Diagnosis
			Immunity
			Treatment
			Control
			References
		Porcine Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Virus
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Signs
			Pathology
			Diagnosis
			Differential Diagnosis
			Treatment and Control
			References
		Porcine Adenoviruses
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Signs
			Pathology
			Diagnosis
		Porcine Calciviruses
			References
		Porcine Sapoviruses
			References
		Porcine Norovirus
			References
		Porcine Astroviruses
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Signs
			Diagnosis
			Treatment and Control
			References
		Porcine Torovirus
			References
		Porcine Orbiviruses
		Porcine Picobirnaviruses
			Reference
		Porcine Kobuviruses
			References
		Porcine New Virus
			References
		Porcine Bocavirus
			References
		A New Neonatal Diarrhea Syndrome
			References
		Transmissible Gastroenteritis in Pigs
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence and Prevalence of Infection
				Morbidity and Case Fatality
				Risk Factors
					Animal Risk Factors
						Level of Herd Immunity.
						Herd Size.
					Environmental and Management Risk Factors
					Pathogen Risk Factors
					Porcine Respiratory Coronaviruses
				Methods of Transmission
				Immune Mechanisms
				Economic Losses
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
				Piglets
				Older Pigs
			Clinical Pathology
				Serum Biochemistry
				Detection of the Virus
				DNA Probe
				Serology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
				Control During and After an Outbreak
					Isolation of Sows Due to Farrow
					Discontinuation of Breeding Stock Sales and Purchases
					Partial Depopulation and Culling
					Planned Exposure to Virulent Virus
					Biosecurity and Acquisition of Replacement Breeding Stock
					All-in, All-out Management System
					Complete Depopulation and Repopulation or Establishment of New Herd
				TGEv Vaccines and Vaccination
					Vaccination of Pregnant Sows
					TGE Vaccines
					Vaccine Schedule
					Subunit TGEv Vaccine
				Immunity to PRCV
			References
		Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Occurrence
			Pathogenesis
			Immunity
			Clinical Signs
			Pathology
			Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Swine Vesicular Disease
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence and Prevalence of Infection
				Methods of Transmission
				Risk Factors
					Pathogen Factors
				Economic Importance
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment and Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Vesicular Exanthema of Swine
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Methods of Transmission
				Risk Factors
					Pathogen Risk Factors
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Control
		Salmonellosis in Ruminants and Horses
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Prevalence of Infection
					Cattle
					Sheep
					Horses
				Occurrence
					Cattle
					Sheep
					Horses
				Morbidity and Case Fatality
				Methods of Transmission
					Carrier State
				Risk Factors Predisposing to Clinical Disease
					Animal Risk Factors
						Genetic Resistance to Salmonellosis in Domestic Animals
						Dairy Cattle
						Beef Cattle Herds and Feedlots
						Sheep
						Horses
						Immune Mechanisms
					Environmental and Management Risk Factors
						Cattle
						Sheep
						Horses
						Contaminated Feedstuffs
					Pathogen Risk Factors
					Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella
				Zoonotic Implications
					Salmonella Typhimurium DT104
				Economic Importance
			Pathogenesis
				Infection
				Septicemia, Bacteremia, and the Carrier State
				Enteritis
				Abomasitis
				Abortion
				Terminal Dry Gangrene, Osteitis, and Polyarthritis
			Clinical Findings
				Septicemia
				Acute Enteritis
				Chronic Enteritis
				Bovine Salmonellosis
				Ovine and Caprine Salmonellosis
				Equine Salmonellosis
			Clinical Pathology
				Bacterial Culture
					Preenrichment Media
					Enrichment Media
					Selective Plating Media
				DNA Recognition and Immunologic Methods
				Serology
					Serum Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
				Laboratory Diagnosis in a Suspected Sick Animal
				Herd Diagnosis
				Detection of Clinically Normal Carrier Animals
				Determination of Prevalence of Infection in Population of Animals
			Necropsy Findings
				Septicemia
				Acute Enteritis
				Chronic Enteritis
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
				Primary Treatment: Antimicrobial Therapy
					Ruminants
					Horses
				Supportive Therapy
			Control
				Prevention of Introduction of Infection (Biosecurity)
				Limitation of Spread Within a Herd
				Principles of Infectious Disease Control for Prevention of Nosocomial Gastrointestinal and Respiratory Diseases in Large-Animal Hospitals
					Reducing Exposure to Pathogens
					Avoiding Increasing Susceptibility to Pathogens
					Monitoring Effectiveness of the Infectious Disease Control Program
				Recommended Steps in Developing an Effective Infectious Disease Control Program for a Large-Animal Hospital
				Animals Being Transported
				Immunization
					Salmonella Vaccinology
					Cattle
					Horses
					Sheep
			Further Reading
			References
		Acute Undifferentiated Diarrhea of Newborn Farm Animals (Particularly Calves and Piglets)
			Risk Factors
				Animal Risk Factors
					Colostrum
				Environmental and Management Risk Factors
					Calves
						Nutrition of the Dam in the Preparturient Period
						Calving Management: Dairy
						Calving Management: Beef
						Colostrum Management: Dairy
						Calf Housing and Feeding: Dairy
						Calf Housing and Feeding: Beef
						Disease Control and Management: Dairy
						Other Environmental and Management Factors
					Piglets
					Lambs
				Pathogen Risk Factors
					Calves
					Lambs and Goat Kids
					Piglets
					Foals
			Clinical Management of Epidemics
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Enterocolitis Associated With Clostridium Difficile
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
					Horses
					Pigs
				Pathogen Risk Factors
				Zoonotic Implications
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
				Horses
				Pigs
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
				Horses
				Pigs
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Proliferative Enteropathy in Horses
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Signs
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment and Control
			References
		Equine Neorickettsiosis (Equine Monocytic Ehrlichiosis, Equine Ehrlichial Colitis, and Potomac Horse Fever)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Animal Risk Factors
				Transmission
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Postmortem Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
			References
		Equine Coronavirus Infection
			References
		Viral Diarrhea in Calves, Lambs, Kids, Piglets, and Foals
			Etiology
				Rotaviruses
				Coronaviruses
				Toroviruses
				Parvovirus
				Other Viruses and Mixed Infections
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Methods of Transmission
				Immune Mechanisms
				Calves: Bovine Rotavirus
					Occurrence and Prevalence of Infection
					Concurrent Infections
				Risk Factors
					Animal Risk Factors
					Environmental Risk Factors
					Pathogen Risk Factors
					Morbidity and Case Fatality
					Method of Transmission
					Immune Mechanisms
				Bovine Coronavirus (Calf Diarrhea)
					Parvovirus
					Bovine Torovirus (Breda Virus)
					Bovine Norovirus
				Lambs and Kids
					Rotavirus
				Piglets
					Porcine Rotavirus
					Porcine Coronavirus
				Foals
					Equine Rotavirus
			Pathogenesis
				Rotavirus
				Coronavirus
				Porcine Coronavirus
				Calicivirus-Like (Norovirus) Agent
				Parvovirus
			Clinical Findings
				Calves
				Lambs
				Piglets
				Foals
			Clinical Pathology
				Detection of Virus
					Electron Microscopy
					Immunofluorescence
					Immunodiffusion and Electron Microscopy
					Reverse Passive Hemagglutination, ELISA, and Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis
				Serology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
				Management and Colostral Intake
				Vaccination
					Oral Vaccines to Newborn Calves
					Vaccination of Pregnant Dam (for Passive Immunization of the Neonate Through Colostral Immunoglobulin)
					Experimental Studies of Maternal Bovine Rotavirus Vaccines
					Bovine Coronavirus Vaccine
					Commercial Bovine Rotavirus–Coronavirus and E. Coli F5 (K99) Vaccines
					Stored Colostrum
					Systemic Colostral Antibody
					Porcine Rotavirus Vaccines
					Equine Rotavirus Vaccine
					Subunit Vaccines
			Further Reading
			References
		Vesicular Stomatitis (Sore Mouth, Indiana Fever)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
					Geographic Occurrence
				Host Occurrence
				Morbidity and Mortality
				Method of Transmission
				Risk Factors
					Host Risk Factors
					Environmental Risk Factors
					Pathogen Risk Factors
				Experimental Reproduction
				Economic Importance
				Zoonotic Implications
			Pathogenesis
				Immune Mechanisms
			Clinical Findings
				Cattle
				Horses
				Pigs
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Parasitic Diseases of the Alimentary Tract
			Cryptosporidiosis
				Etiology
				Epidemiology
					Occurrence and Prevalence
						Calves
						Sheep and Goats
						Pigs
						Foals
						Farmed Deer
					Source of Infection and Transmission
					Risk Factors
						Pathogen Risk Factors
						Concurrent Infections
					Zoonotic Implications
				Pathogenesis
				Clinical Findings
				Clinical Pathology
				Necropsy Findings
					Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
				Prevention and Control
					Treatment Options
					Supportive Treatment
					Management Strategies
			Further Reading
			References
		Coccidiosis
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence and Prevalence of Infection
				Calves
				Adult Cattle
				Sheep and Goats
				Pigs
				Morbidity and Case Fatality
				Methods of Transmission
				Risk Factors
					Animal Risk Factors
					Environmental and Management Risk Factors
					Multiinfections
				Immune Mechanisms
			Pathogenesis
				Life Cycle
			Clinical Findings
				Cattle and Sheep
				Coccidiosis With Nervous Signs
				Lambs
				Piglets
			Clinical Pathology
				Fecal Oocyst Counts
				Calves
				Lambs
				Piglets
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
				Calves and Lambs
				Piglets
			Control
				Management of Environment
				Lambs at Pasture
				Feedlot Cattle and Lambs
				Piglets
				Coccidiostats
				Antimicrobials
				Ionophores
				Vaccines
			Further Reading
			References
		Giardiasis
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Source of Infection
				Pathogen Risk Factors
				Animal and Management Risk Factors
				Experimental Studies
				Economic Importance
				Zoonotic Implications
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment and Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Ascariasis in Pigs, Horses, and Cattle
			Etiology
			Life Cycle
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Diagnostic Confirmation
			Treatment
				Pigs
				Horses
				Buffalo Calves
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Strongylosis (Cyathostominosis) in Horses
			Etiology
			Life Cycle
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Diagnostic Confirmation
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Oxyuris Equi (Pinworm)
			Further Reading
			References
		Strongyloides (Threadworm)
			References
		Trichuris (Whipworm)
			Chemotherapy
			References
		Parasitic Gastritis in Pigs
			Etiology
			Life Cycles
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Diagnostic Confirmation
			Treatment
			Control
			References
		Gasterophilus spp. Infestation (Botfly)
			Etiology
			Life Cycle and Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
				Treatment Recommendations
			Further Reading
			References
		Thorny-Headed Worm IN Pigs (Macracanthorhyncus hirudinaceus)
		Tapeworm Infestations
			Larval Tapeworm Infestation
			Further Reading
			Reference
		Adult Tapeworm Infestation
			Etiology
			Life Cycle
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Diagnostic Confirmation
			Treatment
		Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Toxins Affecting the Alimentary Tract
			Phosphorus Toxicosis
				Clinical Findings
				Necropsy Findings
				Diagnostic Confirmation
					Samples for Analysis
				Treatment
			References
		Arsenic Toxicosis
			Etiology
				Background Information
				Relative Toxicities
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
					Dips and Sprays
					Herbicides
					Insecticidal Sprays
					Leaded Gasoline
					Insect Baits
					Wood Preservatives
					Metal-Bearing Ore Deposits
					Pharmaceuticals and Growth Stimulants
				Animal Risk Factors
				Human Risk Factors
				Environmental Risk Factors
			Pathogenesis
				Mechanism of Action
				Tissue Susceptibility
				Time Lag
				Percutaneous Absorption
				Chronic Poisoning
				Nervous Tissue Lesions
			Clinical Findings
			Gastrointestinal Syndrome
				Peracute Cases
				Acute and Subacute Cases
				Chronic Cases
			Neurological Syndrome
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
					Toxicology:
					Histology:
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Molybdenum Toxicosis (Molybdenosis)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Risk Factors
					Animal Risk Factors
					Environmental Risk Factors
				Transmission
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
				Acute Intoxication
				Chronic Intoxication
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Control
			References
		Amitraz Toxicosis
			Etiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Treatment
			Further Reading
			References
		Propylene Glycol Toxicosis
			Further Reading
		Plant Materials Causing Physical Damage
			Colic in horses from ingestion of indigestible fiber is associated with
			Ruminal impaction in cattle is associated with ingestion of cuttings from
			Further Reading
			References
		Plant Toxins Affecting the Alimentary Tract
			Andromedotoxin
			Anthraquinone
			Colchicine
			Irritant Diterpenoids
			Irritant Oils
			Lycorine
			Podophyllin Poisoning
			Protoanemonin Poisoning
			Toxalbumins (Lectins)
			Further Reading
			References
		Plants (Unidentified Toxins) Affecting the Gastrointestinal Tract
			Diarrhea: Without Gastroenteritis as a Lesion
			Diarrhea: With Gastroenteritis as a Lesion, Often With Abdominal Pain and Incoordination, Sometimes With Dysentery and Vomiting
			Dysphagia
			Esophageal Ulceration
			Salivation With OR Without Stomatitis
			Vomiting
		Slaframine Toxicosis (Slobbers, Black Patch Disease)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Risk Factors
					Animal Risk Factors
					Environmental Risk Factors
					Farm or Premise Risk Factors
				Transmission
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
				Horses
					Ruminants
					Swine
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Cantharidin Toxicosis (Blister Beetle Poisoning, Canthariasis)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Risk Factors
				Transmission
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Neoplasms of the Alimentary Tract
			Mouth
			Pharynx and Esophagus
			Stomach and Rumen
			Intestines
			References
		Tumors of the Peritoneum
			Reference
		Congenital Defects of the Alimentary Tract
			Harelip and Cleft Palate
			Atresia of the Salivary Ducts
			Agnathia, Micrognathia, and Brachygnathia
			Persistence of the Right Aortic Arch
			Choanal Atresia
			Congenital Atresia of the Intestine and Anus
				Intestinal Atresias
				Atresia of the Terminal Colon
				Atresia of the Anus
				Multiple Organ Defects
			Further Reading
			References
		Inherited Defects of the Alimentary Tract
			Inherited Defects of the Mouth and Jaw
				Cleft Palate
				Jaw Deformity
				Smooth Tongue (Epitheliogenesis Imperfecta Linguae Bovis)
				Tongue Aplasia
				Rectal Prolapse
			Inherited Rectovaginal Constriction
			Inherited Atresia of Alimentary Tract Segments
			Lethal White Syndrome IN Foals and Lambs (Intestinal Aganglionosis)
			References
	8 Diseases of the Alimentary Tract–Ruminant
		Diseases of the Forestomach of Ruminants
			Anatomy and Physiology
				Reticulorumen Motility
					Primary Contraction Cycle
						Control of Primary Contractions
						Ruminal Atony
						Hypomotility
						Properties of Contractions
					Extrinsic Control of Primary Contractions
						Excitatory Inputs to the Gastric Center
						Inhibitory Inputs to the Gastric Center
							Fever
							Endotoxemia
							Pain
							Distension of Forestomach
							Ruminal Volatile Fatty Acids
							Abomasal Disease
							Effect of Depressant Drugs
							Acid-Base Imbalance and Blood Glucose
							Hormonal Control of Primary Contractions
					Intrinsic Control of Primary Contractions
					Treatment of Forestomach Hypomotility
					Secondary Cycle Contraction and Eructation
					Rumination
					Esophageal Groove Closure
			Ruminant Gastrointestinal Dysfunction
			Further Reading
		Special Examination of the Alimentary Tract and Abdomen of Cattle
			History
			Systemic State, Habitus, and Appetite
			Oral Cavity and Esophagus
			Inspection of the Abdomen
				Distension of the Abdomen
				Lavage of Distended Rumen
				Left Side of Abdomen and Rumen
					Inspection and Palpation
						Nature of Rumen Contents
					Auscultation of the Rumen and Left Flank
						Auscultation of Rumen
							Fluid-Tinkling or Fluid-Splashing Sounds
				Right Side of Abdomen
			Examination of Rumen Fluid
				Analysis of Rumen Fluid
			Palpation Per Rectum of the Abdomen
			Gross Examination of Feces
				Amount
				Absence of or Scant Feces
				Color
				Odor
				Consistency
				Degree of Digestion
				Other Substances in the Feces
					Mucus
					Fibrin
			Detection of Abdominal Pain
			Ultrasonography
			Radiography
			Endoscopy of the Rumen
			Computed Tomography
			Rumination Monitors
			Serum Biomarkers of Gastrointestinal Function
			Interpretation of Clinical Findings
			Exploratory Laparotomy
				Intussusception and Other Strangulation Obstructions of the Small Intestines
				“Atypical” Left-Side Displacement of the Abomasum
				Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis
			Laparoscopy
			Clinical Examination of the Digestive Tract and Abdomen of the Calf
				Abdominal Distension in Calves
			Further Reading
			References
		Diseases of the Rumen, Reticulum and Omasum
			Simple Indigestion
				Etiology
				Pathogenesis
				Clinical Findings
				Clinical Pathology
				Necropsy Findings
				Treatment
					Spontaneous Recovery
					Rumenatorics
					Parasympathomimetics
					Alkalinizing and Acidifying Agents
					Reconstitution of Ruminal Microflora (Rumen Transfaunation)
			Further Reading
			References
		Rumen Impaction Due to Indigestible Foreign Bodies
			References
		Indigestion in Calves Fed Milk Replacers (Ruminal Drinkers)
			References
		Acute Carbohydrate Engorgement of Ruminants (Ruminal Lactic Acidosis, Rumen Overload) and Subacute Ruminal Acidosis
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
					Previous Diet and Change of Ration
					Accidental Consumption of Excess Carbohydrates
					Feedlot Cattle
					Beef Breeding Herds
					Lamb Feedlots and Liquid-Fed Calves
					Dairy Cattle Herds
				Morbidity and Case–Fatality Rates
				Types and Toxic Amounts of Feeds
			Pathogenesis
				Changes in Rumen Microflora
				Volatile Fatty Acids and Lactic Acid in the Rumen
				Systemic Lactic Acidosis
				Chemical and Mycotic Rumenitis
				Hepatic Abscesses
				Laminitis
				Other Toxic Substances Produced
				Experimental Lactic Acidosis
				Subacute Ruminal Acidosis (Dairy Cattle)
			Clinical Findings
				Speed of Onset and Severity
				Individual Animals
				Ultrasonography
				Mycotic Rumenitis
				Complications
				Subacute Ruminal Acidosis in Dairy Cattle
			Clinical Pathology
				Ruminal Fluid pH
				Ruminal Protozoa
				Serum Biochemistry
				Fecal pH
				Urine pH
				Low Milk-Fat Percentage
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
				Triage
				Rumenotomy
				Intravenous Sodium Bicarbonate and Fluid Therapy
				Rumen Lavage
				Intraruminal Alkalinizing Agents
				Ruminal Transfaunation
				Ancillary Therapy
				Monitor Response to Therapy
			Control and Prevention
				Total Mixed Rations
				Small Incremental Increases in Concentrate
				Feedlot Starter Rations
				Dietary Buffers
				Ionophores
				Subacute Ruminal Acidosis in Dairy Cattle
					Limiting the Intake of Rapidly Fermentable Carbohydrates
					Providing Adequate Ruminal Buffering
					Allowing for Ruminal Adaptation to High-Grain Diets
					Feeding Management in Early Lactation
				Vaccination Against Lactic Acidosis
			Further Reading
			References
		Ruminal Parakeratosis
			Ruminal Tympany (Bloat)
				Etiology
					Primary Ruminal Tympany (Frothy Bloat)
						Pasture and Feedlot Bloat
						Frothy Rumen Contents
						Role of Saliva
					Secondary Ruminal Tympany (Free-Gas Bloat)
					Chronic Ruminal Tympany
				Epidemiology
					Occurrence
						Pasture Bloat
						Feedlot Bloat
					Morbidity and Case Fatality
						Pasture Bloat
						Feedlot Bloat
					Risk Factors That Influence the Occurrence of Primary Ruminal Tympany
						Dietary Risk Factors
							Bloating Forages
							Nonbloating Forages
							Crop Maturity
						Weather Risk Factors
							Feedlot Bloat
						Animal Risk Factors
					Economic Importance
				Pathogenesis
				Clinical Findings
					Primary Pasture or Feedlot Bloat
					Secondary Bloat
					Dyspnea and Tachycardia in Severe Bloat
				Clinical Pathology
				Necropsy Findings
				Treatment
					First-Aid Emergency Measures
						Emergency Rumenotomy
						Trocar and Cannula
						Promote Salivation
						Stomach Tube
					Feedlot Bloat
					Antifoaming Agents
					Return to Pasture or Feed
				Control
					Pasture Bloat
						Management Strategies to Reduce Rate of Rumen Fermentation
							Stage of Growth
							Choice of Forages
							Alternative Temperate Forages
						Grazing Management
							Grazing Patterns and Strip Grazing
							Swathing and Wilting
							Alfalfa Hay Bloat Prevention
						Antifoaming Agents
							Oils and Fats
							Individual Drenching
							Application of Oil to Pasture
							Addition to Feed and Water
							Application to Flanks
							Types of Oil
							Water-Soluble Feed Supplements
						Synthetic Nonionic Surfactants
							Polyoxythylene-Polyoxypropylene Block Polymer
							Polyoxypropylene-Polyoxyethylene Glycol Surfactant Polymer (Alfasure)
							Alcohol Ethoxylate Detergents
						Ionophores
							Controlled-Release Monensin Capsules
							Liquid Formulation of Monensin
					Feedlot Bloat
						Roughage in Ration
						Consistency of Grain
						Antifoaming Agents
						Dietary Salt
					Genetic Control of Pasture Bloat
					General Comments
			Further Reading
			Reference
		Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Risk Factors
				Economic Importance
			Pathogenesis
				Ingestion of Foreign Body
				Penetration of Reticulum
				Acute Local Peritonitis
				Generalized Peritonitis and Extension of Disease
			Clinical Findings
				Acute Local Peritonitis
				Chronic Local Peritonitis
				Rectal Examination
				Acute Diffuse (Generalized) Peritonitis
				Sudden Death
				Iatrogenic Reticulitis
			Clinical Pathology
				Hemogram
				Plasma Protein, Fibrinogen, Acute Phase Reactants, and Coagulation Profile
				Abdominocentesis and Peritoneal Fluid
			Radiography of Cranial Abdomen and Reticulum
			Ultrasonography of the Reticulum
				Ultrasonography for Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis
				Ultrasonography and Radiography of Cattle With Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis
			Metal Detection
			Laparoscopy
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
				Conservative Medical Therapy
					Antimicrobials
				Rumenotomy
				Drainage of Reticular Abscesses
				Choice of Treatment
			Prevention
				Reticular Magnets
			Further Reading
			References
		Vagus Indigestion
			Etiology
				Complications of Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis
					Vagal Nerve Injury and Dysfunction
					Reticular Adhesions
				Other Causes
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
				Anterior Functional Stenosis (Achalasia)
				Posterior Functional Stenosis (Achalasia)
				Metabolic Alkalosis and Abomasal Reflux
				Postsurgical Complication in Abomasal Volvulus
				Abomasal Impaction in Sheep
			Clinical Findings
				Ruminal Distension With Hypermotility
				Ruminal Distension With Atony
				Pyloric Obstruction and Abomasal Impaction
			Clinical Pathology
				Hemogram
				Peritoneal Fluid
				Serum Biochemistry
				Ruminal Chloride Concentrations
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
				Rumen Lavage
				Fluid and Electrolyte Therapy and Laxatives
				Rumenotomy
			Prevention
			Further Reading
			References
		Diaphragmatic Hernia
			Etiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Traumatic Reticulopericarditis
				Etiology
				Pathogenesis
				Clinical Findings
				Clinical Pathology
					Hemogram
					Pericardiocentesis
				Necropsy Findings
				Treatment
				Prevention
			Further Reading
			Reference
		Traumatic Reticulosplenitis and Reticulohepatitis
			Impaction of the Omasum
			References
		Diseases of the Abomasum
			Clinical Examination of the Abomasum
				Physical Examination
				Ultrasonography of the Abomasum
				Abomasocentesis
			Applied Anatomy and Pathophysiology of the Abomasum
			Abomasal Reflux
			Further Reading
			References
		Left-Side Displacement of the Abomasum
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
					Calves
					Lactational Incidence Rate
					Case Fatality
				Risk Factors
					Dietary Risk Factors
						Prepartum Nutrition and Management
						High-Level Grain Feeding
						Dietary Crude Fiber
					Animal Risk Factors
						Breed and Age of Cow
						Season of the Year
						Influence of Weather
						Milk Production
						Late Pregnancy
						Concurrent Diseases
						Preexisting Subclinical Ketosis and Hepatic Lipidosis
						Hypocalcemia
						Metabolic Predictors of Left-Side Displacement of Abomasum
						Genetic Predisposition
						Miscellaneous Animal Risk Factors
				Economic Importance and Effects on Production and Survivorship
			Pathogenesis
				Abomasal Luminal Gas Pressure, Volume, and Perfusion in Cows With Left Displaced Abomasum or Abomasal Volvulus
				Perforating Abomasal Ulceration
			Clinical Findings
				General Appearance and Ketosis
				Status of Reticulorumen and Spontaneous Abomasal Sounds
				Pings of the Left Displaced Abomasum
				Acute Left Displaced Abomasum
				Concurrent Perforating Abomasal Ulceration
				Other Clinical Features
					Ultrasound Examination
					Rectal Examination
					Secondary Ketosis and Hepatic Lipidosis
					Atrial Fibrillation
					Course of Left-Side Displacement of the Abomasum
					Unusual Cases of Left-Side Displacement
					Left-Side Displacement of the Abomasum in Calves
			Clinical Pathology
				Hemogram
				Serum Biochemistry
				Cowside Tests of Blood β-Hydroxybutyrate Concentration and Urinary Ketones
				Peritoneal Fluid Analysis
				Abomasocentesis
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
				Open Surgical Techniques
				Laparoscopic Techniques
				Closed Suture Techniques
				Prokinetic and Analgesic Administration
				Survivorship Following Surgery to Correct Left-Side Displacement of the Abomasum
				Treatment of Ketosis
				Rumen Transfaunation Following Surgery for Left-Side Displacement of the Abomasum
			Control
				Prepartum Nutrition and Management
				Crude Fiber Intake
				Monensin in Controlled-Release Capsule Prepartum
				Genetic Selection
			Further Reading
			References
		Right-Side Displacement of the Abomasum and Abomasal Volvulus
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence and Incidence
					Lactating Dairy Cows
					Beef Cattle
					Calves
					Mature Bulls and Pregnant Cows
				Risk Factors
			Pathogenesis
				Definition of Right Displaced Abomasum and Abomasal Volvulus
				Dilatation and Displacement Phase
				Volvulus Phase
				Postsurgical Complication in Right-Side Displacement of the Abomasum or Abomasal Volvulus
			Clinical Findings
				Right Displaced Abomasum and Abomasal Volvulus (Adult Cattle)
				Acute Abomasal Volvulus (Calves)
				Postsurgical Complication in Abomasal Volvulus
			Clinical Pathology
				Serum Biochemistry
				Urinalysis
				Hemogram
				Ultrasonography of Right Abdomen
				Peritoneal Fluid Analysis
				Abomasocentesis
			Prognostic Indicators
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
				Surgical Correction
				Prokinetic Administration
				Fluid and Electrolyte Therapy
				Oral Therapy
				Deflation of Distended Abomasum in Calves
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Abomasal Impaction in Cattle
			Etiology and Epidemiology
				Primary Abomasal Impaction
				Dietary Abomasal Impaction
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
				Surgery
			Control
				Primary Abomasal Impaction
				Dietary Abomasal Impaction
			References
		Abomasal Impaction in Sheep and Goats (Abomasal Emptying Defect)
			Reference
		Abomasal Phytobezoars and Trichobezoars
			Reference
		Abomasal Ulcers of Cattle
			Etiology
				Primary Ulceration
				Secondary Ulceration
			Epidemiology
				Primary Abomasal Ulcers
					Lactating Dairy Cows
					Mature Bulls and Feedlot Cattle
					Hand-Fed Calves
					Veal Calves
					Sucking Beef Calves
						Dietary Factors in Calves Fed Milk or Milk Replacer
				Secondary Abomasal Ulcers
			Pathogenesis
				Type 1: Nonperforating Ulcer
				Type 2: Ulcer Causing Severe Blood Loss
				Type 3: Perforating Ulcer With Acute, Local Peritonitis
				Type 4: Perforating Ulcer With Diffuse Peritonitis
			Clinical Findings
				Perforation of Ulcer
				Nursing Beef Calves
			Clinical Pathology
				Melena
				Hemogram
				Plasma Gastrin and Pepsinogen Concentration
				Microbiology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
				Blood Transfusions
				Coagulants
				Antacids
				Histamine Type-2 Receptor Antagonists
				Alkalinizing Agents
				Kaolin and Pectin
				Surgical Excision
			Prevention
			Further Reading
			References
		Omental Bursitis
			Reference
		Abomasal Bloat (Tympany) in Calves And Lambs
			Further Reading
			References
		Diseases of the Intestines of Ruminants
			Small and Large Intestinal Obstruction in Cattle
				Etiology and Epidemiology
					Intestinal Accidents
						Volvulus
						Intussusception
						Strangulation
						Compression Stenosis
						Cecal Dilatation
					Luminal Blockages
						External Pressure
						Ileal Impaction in Cows
						Fiber Balls or Phytobezoars
						Trichobezoars (Hairballs)
						“Rectal Paralysis”
						Duodenal Ileus
					Functional Obstructions
				Pathogenesis
					Physical Obstruction
					Volvulus and Intussusception
						Incarceration
					Duodenal Ileus
					Functional Obstruction
				Clinical Findings
					General Findings
					Abdomen
					Feces
						Palpation Per Rectum
						Duodenal Ileus
						Volvulus of the Spiral Colon (Mesenteric Root Volvulus)
						Lipomas and Fat Necrosis
				Clinical Pathology
					Serum Biochemistry
					Hemogram
				Necropsy Findings
				Treatment
					Surgical Correction
					Fluid Therapy
					Antimicrobials
					Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs
			Further Reading
			References
		Intestinal Obstruction in Sheep
			Terminal Ileitis of Lambs
			Cecal Dilatation and Cecocolic Volvulus in Cattle
				Etiology
				Epidemiology
				Pathogenesis
				Clinical Findings
					Ultrasonographic Examination of the Cecum
				Clinical Pathology
				Treatment
					Medical Therapy
					Surgical Correction
			Further Reading
			References
		Bacterial Diseases of the Ruminant Alimentary Tract
			Actinomycosis (Lumpy Jaw)
				Etiology
				Epidemiology
				Pathogenesis
				Clinical Findings
					Cattle
					Pigs
				Clinical Pathology
				Necropsy Findings
				Treatment and Control
			Reference
		Actinobacillosis (Wooden Tongue)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Source of Infection and Transmission
				Risk Factors
				Zoonotic Implications
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
				Cattle
				Sheep
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Control
			References
		Oral and Laryngeal Necrobacillosis
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Transmission
				Risk Factors
					Host Risk Factors
					Pathogen Risk Factors
					Environmental Risk Factors
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
			References
		Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli in Farm Animals and Zoonotic Implications
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence and Prevalence of Infection
					Cattle
					Prevalence of Infection in Cattle, Sheep, and Pigs at Slaughter
					Sheep and Goats
					Wildlife
					Pigs
				Risk Factors
					Animal Risk Factors
					Environmental and Management Risk Factors
						Housing and Management Practices
					Pathogen Risk Factors
						Virulence Attributes and Mechanisms
						Acid Resistance
						Antimicrobial Resistance
				Methods of Transmission
					Sources of Organism
						Ruminants as Reservoirs
						Other Species
						Wild Birds
						Flies
						Environmental Sources
						Water Supplies for Livestock
						Feed Supplies
						Manure
						Soil
						Animal-Holding Facilities
				Immune Mechanisms
				Zoonotic Implications
				Economic Importance
			Pathogenesis
				Experimental Reproduction
			Clinical Pathology
			Control
				Specific Strategies for Control of Escherichia coli O157:H7 at Preharvest Level
					Animal Management Strategies
						Water Systems and Runoff
						Environmental Control of STEC
						Diet Changes
					Direct Antipathogen Strategies
						Vaccination Against Escherichia coli O157:H7
					Competitive Enhancement Strategies
						Probiotics
						Sodium Chlorate Supplementation
				Control of Escherichia coli O157:H7 During Slaughtering and Postharvest Stage
					Meat Inspection Service and Surveillance
					Postharvest Decontamination Techniques
						Progress Made With Decontamination Processes
						Irradiation
				Consumer Education on Handling and Cooking Meat
				Visitors to Animal Farms
			Further Reading
			References
		Braxy (Bradsot)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
		Enteric Disease Associated With Clostridium Perfringens
			References
		Enterotoxemia Associated With Clostridium Perfringens Type A
			Enterocolitis in Horses
			Equine Intestinal Clostridiosis
			Enteritis in Piglets
			Hemorrhagic Enterotoxemia and Hemolytic Disease in Cattle, Sheep, and Goats
			Abomasal Ulcer
			Jejunal Hemorrhage Syndrome in Cattle
			Further Reading
			References
		Enterotoxemia Associated With Clostridium Perfringens Types B, C, and E
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Lamb Dysentery and Type C Enterotoxemia
					Occurrence
					Animal and Environmental Risk Factors
				Necrotic Enteritis of Pigs
					Occurrence
					Animal and Environmental Risk Factors
				Enterotoxemia in Foals
				Enterotoxemia in Calves
				Struck in Sheep
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
				Outbreaks
				Long-Term Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Jejunal Hemorrhage Syndrome (Hemorrhagic Bowel Syndrome, Hemorrhagic Jejunitis, or Jejunal Hematoma) in Cattle
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
				Hematology
				Serum Biochemistry
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Paratuberculosis (Johne’s Disease): Cattle
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
					Morbidity and Case Fatality
					Wildlife and Exotic Species
				Prevalence of Infection
				Methods of Transmission
				Risk Factors
					Animal Risk Factors
						Age of Animal
						Breed Incidence and Genetic Susceptibility
						Other Diseases and Stressors
						Herd Characteristics
					Environmental and Management Risk Factors
						Care of the Newborn Calf
						Calf Rearing
						Soil Characteristics and Manure Handling
					Pathogen Risk Factors
						Survival and Dormancy of Organism in the Environment
						Thermal Resistance of Organism
				Economic Importance
					Losses at National Dairy Industry Level
				Zoonotic Implications
			Pathogenesis
				Susceptibility to Infection
				Immune Response and Spectrum
			Clinical Findings
				Stages of Disease
					Stage One
						Silent Infection.
					Stage Two
						Subclinical Disease.
					Stage Three
						Clinical Disease.
					Stage Four
						Advanced Clinical Disease.
			Clinical Pathology
				Diagnosis of MAP Infection
					Culture or Detection of Organism
						Bacteriologic Culture.
						Pooled Fecal Samples and Culture.
						DNA Probes and Polymerase Chain Reaction.
						Culture of Milk and Blood.
						Tests on Tissue Samples.
					Serologic Tests
						Complement Fixation Test.
						Agar Gel Immunodiffusion.
						Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay.
						Immunity Tests.
				Summary of Diagnostic Testing
					Diagnostic Strategies for Different Situations
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Control
				Principles of Control
					Identification and Elimination of Infected Animals
					Prevention of Introduction of Infected Animals Into the Herd
			Prevention of Exposure of Susceptible Animals to the Infectious Agent
				Dairy Herds
					Hygiene
					Dairy Calf Health Management
				Beef Herds
				Vaccination of Cattle
				Control on a Countrywide Basis
					Johne’s Disease Control in the United States
				Education of the Producer
				Risk Assessment and Disease Management Plan
				Herd Testing and Herd Classification
					Johne’s Disease Control in the Netherlands
			Further Reading
			References
		Paratuberculosis (Johne’s Disease): Sheep, Goats, Cervids, and Camelids
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence, Morbidity, and Mortality
					Sheep and Goats
					Deer, Camelids, and Exotic Species
				Prevalence and Source of Infection
					Sheep
				Methods of Transmission
					Sheep
					Deer
				Risk Factors
					Sheep and Management
					Deer
					Environmental Risk Factors
						Soil Characteristics
					Pathogen Risk Factors
						Survival and Dormancy of Organism in the Environment
				Zoonotic Implications
			Pathogenesis
				Immune Response
				Development of Lesions
			Clinical Findings
				Sheep and Goats
				Other Species (Deer, Camelids, and Bison)
			Clinical Pathology
				Diagnostic Tests
					Culture or Detection of Organism
						Bacteriologic Examination.
						Pooled Fecal Samples and Culture.
						Genetic Probe.
						Biopsy.
					Serologic Tests
					Tests of Immunity
					Serum Biochemistry
				Deer
			Necropsy Findings
				Sheep and Goats
					Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
				Rabbits
			Treatment
			Control
				Control on a Flock Basis
				Vaccination
					Goats
				Control on a Countrywide Basis
			Further Reading
			References
		Viral Diseases of the Ruminant Alimentary Tract
			Rinderpest (Cattle Plague)
				Synopsis of the Disease
				Steps Leading to Eradication
				Lessons From the Eradication
			Further Reading
			References
		Peste Des Petits Ruminants (Goat Plague, or Kata)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Morbidity and Case–Fatality Rate
				Methods of Transmission
				Risk Factors and Immune Mechanisms
				Experimental Reproduction
				Economic Importance
				Zoonotic Implication
				Biosecurity Concerns
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Bovine Viral Diarrhea, Mucosal Disease, and Bovine Pestivirus Disease Complex
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Prevalence of Infection
					Other Ruminant Species
				Morbidity and Case–Fatality Rates
				Methods of Transmission
					Direct Contact
					Indirect Contact
						Airborne Transmission
						Flies
						Fomites
						Artificial Insemination/Embryo Transfer
						Vaccines Contaminated With Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus
				Risk Factors
					Host Risk Factors
					Environmental and Management Risk Factors
					Pathogen Risk Factors
				Immune Mechanisms
				Economic Importance
			Pathogenesis
				Immunocompetent Nonpregnant Cattle Subclinical Bovine Viral Diarrhea
				Peracute Bovine Viral Diarrhea
				Thrombocytopenia and Hemorrhagic Syndrome
				Diarrhea of Neonatal Calves
				Meningoencephalitis
				Immunosuppression
					In Vivo Evidence of Immunosuppression.
					Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in the Feedlot
					Ovarian Dysfunction
				Immunocompetent Pregnant Cattle and Fetal Infections
				Immunotolerant Persistently Infected Cattle
			Clinical Findings
				Inapparent or Subclinical Infection (Bovine Virus Diarrhea)
				Acute Mucosal Disease
				Chronic Mucosal Disease
				Unthrifty Persistently Infected Calves
				Peracute Bovine Virus Diarrhea
				Thrombocytopenia and Hemorrhagic Disease
				Reproductive Failure and Neonatal Disease
				Congenital Defects in Calves
			Clinical Pathology
				Virus Isolation
				Antigen Detection
					Immunofluorescence or Immunohistochemistry.
					Skin Biopsy.
					Polymerase Chain Reaction Amplification
				Serology
					Serum Neutralization Test
					Antibody Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
				Use of Laboratory Tests in the Herd
					Acute Infections
					Persistently Infected Animals
					Prenatal Diagnosis of Persistent Infection
					Herd Screening
			Necropsy Findings
				Acute Mucosal Disease
				Peracute Bovine Viral Diarrhea
				Chronic Mucosal Disease
				Abortion
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control and Prevention
				Identification and Elimination of Persistently Infected Animals From the Herd
				Prevention of Introduction of Infection Into Herd (Biosecurity)
				Immunization Programs and Biocontainment
				Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Vaccines
					Modified-Live Virus-Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Vaccines
					Inactivated Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Vaccines
				Combination Vaccines
				Efficacy of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Vaccines
				Commercially Available Vaccines
				Strategies for Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Vaccination Programs
					Prevention of Fetal Infection in Dairy and Beef Herds
					Postnatal Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Infections
				Vaccination Schedules
					Beef Cow–Calf Herd
					Beef Feedlot
					Dairy Herd
					Current Vaccination Practices
				Eradication of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Infection Without Vaccination
				Bovine Viral Diarrhea Control Programs in Different Geographic Regions and Countries
					Scandinavian Countries
					United Kingdom
					Continental Europe
			Further Reading
			References
		Winter Dysentery of Cattle
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence and Prevalence of Infection
				Morbidity and Case–Fatality Rates
				Methods of Transmission
				Experimental Reproduction
				Risk Factors
					Host and Environmental Risk Factors
					Pathogen Risk Factors
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
				Cattle
			Clinical Pathology
				Detection of Virus
				Serology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
				Vaccination
			Further Reading
			References
		Bovine Papular Stomatitis
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Transmission
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Parasitic Diseases of the Ruminant Alimentary Tract
			Parasitic Gastroenteritis in Ruminants
			Etiology
			Life Cycle
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Diagnostic Confirmation
			Treatment
				Cattle
				Sheep
				Goats
			Choice of Anthelmintic
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Hemonchosis in Ruminants
			Etiology
			Life Cycle
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Diagnostic Confirmation
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Bunostomosis (Hookworm Disease) in Ruminants
			Etiology
			Life Cycle
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Diagnostic Confirmation
			Treatment
			Control
			References
		Oesophagostomosis (Nodule Worm Disease) in Ruminants and Pigs
			Etiology
			Life Cycle
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Diagnostic Confirmation
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Chabertiosis
			References
		Stomach Fluke Disease (Intestinal Amphistomosis)
			Etiology
			Life Cycle
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Diagnostic Confirmation
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Toxic Diseases of the Ruminant Alimentary Tract
			Nonprotein Nitrogen Toxicosis (Urea Toxicosis)
				Etiology
				Epidemiology
					Occurrence
					Animal Risk Factors
				Pathogenesis
				Clinical Findings
					Cattle and Sheep
				Clinical Pathology
					Cattle
					Sheep
				Necropsy Findings
				Treatment
				Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Chemically Treated Natural Feeds
			Formalin-Treated Grain
			Caustic-Treated Grain
			Ammoniated Forage
			Newsprint
			Sewage Sludge
			Further Reading
				Ammoniated feeds:
				Caustics:
				Newsprint:
				Sewage sludge:
			Reference
		Diseases of the Ruminant Alimentary Tract of Unknown Cause
			Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Disease of Sheep
			Further Reading
		Salivary Abomasum Disease
			References
	9 Diseases of the Liver
		Diseases of the Liver: Introduction
		Principles of Hepatic Dysfunction
			Diffuse and Focal Hepatic Disease
			Hepatic Dysfunction
			Portal Circulation
		Manifestations of Liver and Biliary Disease
			Jaundice (Icterus)
				Prehepatic or Hemolytic Jaundice
				Hepatic or Hepatocellular Jaundice
				Posthepatic Jaundice
				Clinical Findings
				Clinical Pathology
			Hepatic Encephalopathy
			Edema and Emaciation
			Diarrhea and Constipation
			Photosensitization
			Hemorrhagic Diathesis
			Abdominal Pain
			Alteration in Size of the Liver
			Displacement of the Liver
			Rupture of the Liver
			Black Livers of Sheep
			References
		Special Examination of the Liver
			Palpation and Percussion
			Biopsy
			Medical Imaging of the Liver
				Ultrasonography
				Radiography
			Laboratory Tests for Hepatic Disease and Function
				Hepatic Function Tests
					Serum Bile Acids
					Serum Bilirubin
					Ammonia
					Urea Nitrogen
					Albumin
				Serum Hepatic Enzyme Tests
					Hepatic Enzyme Profile According to Species
						Cattle
							Calves
						Horses
			Further Reading
			References
		Principles of Treatment in Diseases of the Liver
			Diffuse Diseases of the Liver
				Hepatitis
					Etiology and Epidemiology
						Toxic Hepatitis
							Poisonous Plants, Fungi, and Insects
							Miscellaneous Farm Chemicals
						Toxemia Perfusion Hepatitis
						Infectious Hepatitis
						Parasitic Hepatitis
						Nutritional Hepatitis (Trophopathic Hepatitis)
						Idiopathic Hepatosis and Cirrhosis
						Congestive Hepatopathy
						Portosystemic Vascular Anomaly
					Pathogenesis
						Liver Disease and Liver Failure
						Intravascular Hemolysis in Equine Liver Disease
					Clinical Findings
						Portosystemic Shunts
					Clinical Pathology
					Necropsy Findings
					Treatment
			Further Reading
		Liver Abscess and Necrobacillosis of the Liver
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Pathogen Risk Factors
				Risk Factors in Grain-Fed Cattle
					Management
					Diet
					Breed
				Risk Factors in Other Farm Animals
					Economic Importance
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
				Feed Management
				Prophylactic Antimicrobial Therapy
				Vaccination
				Control in Young Lambs
			Further Reading
			References
		Bacillary Hemoglobinuria (Red Water Disease)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Risk Factors
					Animal Risk Factors
					Environmental Risk Factors
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Infectious Necrotic Hepatitis (Black Disease)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Risk Factors
					Animal Risk Factors
					Environmental Risk Factors
				Source of Infection
				Other Species
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
				Sheep
				Cattle
				Horses
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
		Clostridium novyi Infection
			Etiology
			Pathogenesis and Epidemiology
			Clinical Signs
			Pathology
			Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Prevention
			Reference
		Diseases Characterized by Systemic Involvement
			Acute Hepatitis (Postvaccinal Hepatitis) of Horses (Theiler’s Disease, Serum Hepatitis)
				Etiology
				Epidemiology
				Pathogenesis
				Clinical Findings
				Clinical Pathology
				Necropsy Findings
				Treatment
				Control
			References
		Hepatitis E Virus (HEV)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Signs
			Pathology
			Diagnosis
			Treatment and Control
			References
		Hepatic Diseases Associated With Trematodes
			Fasciolosis (Liver Fluke Disease)
				Etiology
				Life Cycle
				Epidemiology
				Pathogenesis
				Clinical Findings
					Acute Fasciolosis
					Subacute Fasciolosis
					Chronic Fasciolosis
				Clinical Pathology
				Necropsy Findings
					Acute Hepatic Fasciolosis
					Chronic Hepatic Fasciolosis
			Diagnostic Confirmation
				Treatment
				Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Fascioloides magna
			Further Reading
			References
		Dicrocoelium
			Further Reading
			References
		Diseases Associated With Major Phytotoxins
			Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid Toxicosis
				Etiology
				Epidemiology
					Occurrence
					Risk Factors
						Animal Risk Factors
						Environmental Risk Factors
							Plant Factors
						Human Risk Factors
					Transmission
				Pathogenesis
					Hepatic Injury
					Hepatic Encephalopathy
					Toxemic Jaundice
				Secondary Photosensitization
				Clinical Findings
					Cattle
					Horses
					Pigs
				Clinical Pathology
				Necropsy Findings
				Treatment
				Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Plants Causing Hepatic Injury (Unidentified Toxin)
			Hepatic Injury-Dummy Syndrome (Circling, Head Pressing, Compulsive Walking, and Blindness)
			Hepatic Injury: Jaundice and/or Photosensitization
			Poisoning by Mycotoxins
				Poisoning by Aflatoxins (Aflatoxicosis)
					Etiology
					Epidemiology
						Occurrence
							Animal Risk Factors
							Human Risk Factors
					Pathogenesis
					Clinical Findings
						Cattle
						Pigs
						Horses
					Clinical Pathology
					Necropsy Findings
					Treatment
					Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Phomopsins Toxicosis (Lupinosis)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Risk Factors
					Animal Risk Factors
					Environmental Risk Factors
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Lesions
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Pithomycotoxicosis (Sporidesmin Toxicity and Facial Eczema)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Risk Factors
					Animal Factors
					Plant Factors
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Rubratoxin Toxicosis
			Further Reading
			Reference
		Miscellaneous Fungi Causing Hepatic Damage (Unidentified Toxin)
			Sawfly Larvae (Lophyrtomin and Pergidin) Toxicosis
				Etiology
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Signs
				Necropsy Lesions
			Further Reading
			References
		Coal Tar Pitch Poisoning in Pigs
			Etiology
			Clinical Findings
			Necropsy Findings
			Focal Diseases of the Liver
				Tumors of the Liver
				Diseases of the Biliary System
					Cholangiohepatitis in Horses
			Diseases of the Pancreas
				Pancreatitis
				Diabetes Mellitus
				Pancreatic Adenoma
				Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
	10 Diseases of the Cardiovascular System
		Principles of Circulatory Failure
			Heart Failure
			Circuit Failure
			Cardiac Reserve and Compensatory Mechanisms in Heart Failure
				Cardiac Reserve and Heart Rate
				Cardiac Reserve and Stroke Volume
				Cardiac Reserve and Mixed Venous Oxygen Tension
				Cardiac Reserve and Autonomic Nerve Activity
				Cardiac Reserve in Cardiac Insufficiency
				Measurement of Cardiac Reserve
			Cardiac Enlargement
			References
		Manifestations of Circulatory Failure
			Chronic (Congestive) Heart Failure
				Etiology
					Valvular Disease
					Myocardial Disease
					Congenital Anatomic Defects Producing Shunts
					Hypertension
					Pressure Load
					Volume Load
					Pumping Defects (Systolic Failure)
					Filling Defects (Diastolic Failure)
				Pathogenesis
					Right-Sided Congestive Heart Failure
					Left-Sided Congestive Heart Failure
				Clinical Findings
					Right-Sided Congestive Heart Failure
					Left-Sided Congestive Heart Failure
				Clinical Pathology
				Necropsy Findings
				Treatment
					Diuretics
					Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors
					Stall Rest
					Positive Inotropic Agents (Dobutamine, Calcium, Cardiac Glycosides)
			Further Reading
			References
		Acute Heart Failure
			Etiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			References
		Special Examination of the Cardiovascular System
			Physical Examination
				Heart Sounds
					First Heart Sound
					Second Heart Sound
					Third Heart Sound
					Fourth Heart Sound
					Sequence of Heart Sounds
					Variation in Heart Sound Intensity
						Heart Rate
				Examination of the Arterial Pulse
					Pulse Rate
					Pulse Rhythm
					Amplitude
				Examination of the Jugular Vein
				Percussion of the Thorax to Identify the Cardiac Dullness Area
			Measurement of Jugular Venous Pressure
			References
		Measurement of Central Venous Pressure
			References
		Exercise Tolerance
			Further Reading
		Electrocardiography
			Electrocardiograph
			Depolarization and Repolarization
				Lead Systems
			Telemetry
			Fetal Electrocardiography
			Heart Rate Variability
			Other Uses of the Electrocardiogram
			Further Reading
			References
		Biomarkers of Myocardial Injury
			Further Reading
			References
		Measurement of Arterial Blood Pressure
		Measurement of Pulmonary Artery Blood Pressure
			References
		Echocardiography
			Fetal Echocardiography
			Further Reading
			References
		Radiographic and Angiocardiographic Examination
			References
		Phonocardiography
			Reference
		Cardiac Output
			References
		Cardiac Catheterization
		Arrhythmias (Dysrhythmias)
			Further Reading
			References
		Sinus Tachycardia, Sinus Bradycardia, and Physiologic Dysrhythmias
			Sinus Tachycardia
			Sinus Bradycardia
			Physiologic Dysrhythmias
			Reference
		Arrhythmias With Normal Heart Rates or Bradycardia
			Sinus Arrhythmia
			Sinoatrial Block
			Atrioventricular Block
				First-Degree Atrioventricular Block
				Second-Degree Atrioventricular Block
				Third-Degree or Complete Heart Block
			Premature Complexes
				Atrial Premature Complexes
				Junctional Premature Complexes
				Ventricular Premature Complexes
			References
		Arrhythmias With Tachycardia
			Atrial Fibrillation
				Atrial Fibrillation in the Horse
					Lone Atrial Fibrillation
					Secondary Atrial Fibrillation
				Atrial Fibrillation in the Cow
				Atrial Fibrillation in the Sheep and Goat
				Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation
					Horses
					Ruminants
			Paroxysmal Tachycardia
			Ventricular Tachycardia
				Treatment
			Ventricular Fibrillation
			Further Reading
			References
		Diseases of the Heart
			Valvular Disease and Murmurs
				Etiology
					Acquired
					Congenital
				Epidemiology
					Horses
					Cattle
					Pigs
				Pathogenesis
					Generation of Murmurs
						Valve Lesions
						Murmurs Without Valvular Disease
						Functional Murmurs
					Effects of Valvular Disease
						Cardiac Reserve
				Clinical Findings
					Technique of Examination
						Timing
						Duration
						Intensity
						Location and Radiation
						Character
					Interpretation
						Functional (Innocent) Murmurs
						Insufficiency of the Right AV Valve
						Insufficiency of the Left Atrioventricular Valve
						Insufficiency of the Aortic Valve
					Stenosis of the Aortic Valve
					Stenosis and Insufficiency of the Pulmonary Valve
					Stenosis of the Right or Left Atrioventricular Valves
				Clinical Pathology
				Necropsy Findings
				Treatment
			Further Reading
			References
		Endocarditis
			Etiology
				Cattle
				Horses
				Pigs and Sheep
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
				Valve Predilection
			Clinical Findings
				Cardiac Signs
				Embolism
				Clinical Course
				Rupture of the Chordae Tendineae
				Electrocardiography
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Further Reading
			References
		Myocardial Disease and Cardiomyopathy
			Etiology
				Bacterial Myocarditis
				Viral Myocarditis
				Parasitic Myocarditis
				Nutritional Deficiency
				Toxicity
				Venoms
				Embolic Infarction
				Tumor or Infiltration
				Inherited
				Unknown or Uncertain Etiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Further Reading
			References
		Rupture of the Heart and Acute Cardiovascular Accidents
			Rupture of the Aorta
			Rupture of Heart Valves
			References
		Cor Pulmonale
			References
		High Altitude Pulmonary Hypertension (Brisket Disease, Mountain Sickness)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Risk Factors
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Diagnostic Confirmation
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Encephalomyocarditis Virus Disease in Pigs
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation
				Diagnosis
			Treatment and Control
			References
		Cardiac Toxicities
			Cardiac Glycoside Toxicosis
				Etiology
					Acute Poisoning
					Chronic Poisoning: Cotyledonosis or Krimpsiekte
				Epidemiology
					Occurrence
					Risk Factors
						Animal Factors
						Plant Factors
						Human Risk Factors
				Pathogenesis
				Clinical Findings
					Acute Poisoning
					Chronic Poisoning
				Clinical Pathology
				Necropsy Findings
				Treatment
					Primary Treatment
					Supportive Treatment
				Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Yew (Taxus spp.) Toxicosis
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Risk Factors
					Animal Risk Factors
					Environmental Risk Factors
				Transmission
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Monofluoroacetate Plant Toxicosis
			References
		4-Methoxypyridone Plant Toxicosis
			Reference
		Plants Causing Heart Failure (Unidentified Toxins)
			Reference
		Ionophore (Carboxylic) Toxicosis
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Risk Factors
					Animal Risk Factors
					Swine Risk Factor (Tiamulin)
				Farm Risk Factors
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Signs
				Cattle
				Sheep
				Swine
				Horses
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Cardiac Neoplasia
			References
		Congenital Cardiovascular Defects
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Cattle
				Sheep
				Horses
				Pigs
			Pathogenesis
				Shunts
				Age at Manifestation
			Clinical Findings
				Ectopic Heart
				Patent Foramen Ovale
				Ventricular Septal Defects
					Complications
					Prognosis
				Tetralogy of Fallot
				Patent Ductus Arteriosus
				Complete Transposition of the Great Arteries
				Persistent Truncus Arteriosus
				Coarctation of the Aorta
				Double-Outlet Right Ventricle
				Fibroelastosis
				Subvalvular Aortic Stenosis
				Parachute Left Atrioventricular Valve
				Valvular Abnormalities
				Anomalous Origin of Coronary Arteries
				Persistence of the Right Aortic Arch
				Aberrant Right Subclavian Artery
			Further Reading
			References
		Inherited Cardiovascular Defects
			Bovine Hereditary Dilated Cardiomyopathy
				Type 1 Calf: Acute Heart Failure
				Type 2 Calf: Pulmonary Edema
				Type 3: Young Adult Congestive Heart Failure
			Reference
		Inherited Ventricular Septal Defect
		Inherited Aortic Aneurysm
		Bovine Marfan Syndrome
			Reference
		Diseases of the Pericardium
			Pericarditis
				Etiology
					Cattle
					Horses
					Sheep and Goats
					Pigs
				Pathogenesis
				Clinical Findings
				Clinical Pathology
				Necropsy Findings
				Treatment
			Further Reading
			References
		Diseases of the Blood Vessels
			Arterial Thrombosis, Embolism, and Rupture
				Etiology
					Coagulopathies
					Parasitic Arteritis
					Viral Arteritis
					Bacterial Arteritis
					Embolic Arteritis and Thromboembolism
					Microangiopathy
					Calcification
					Vasoconstrictive Agents
				Epidemiology
				Pathogenesis
				Clinical Findings
					Aortoiliac Thrombosis in the Horse
					Aortoiliac Thrombosis in Calves
					Pulmonary Embolism
					Rupture of Abdominal Artery Aneurysm in Holstein-Friesian Cattle
				Clinical Pathology
				Necropsy Findings
				Treatment
			Further Reading
			References
		Purpura Hemorrhagica
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Venous Thrombosis
			Thrombophlebitis
			Clinical Signs
			Treatment
			Further Reading
			References
		Elaeophoriasis (Filarial Dermatitis in Sheep)
			References
		Vascular Neoplasia
			Hemangioma and Hemangiosarcoma
				Hemangioma
				Hemangiosarcoma
			Reference
	11 Diseases of the Hemolymphatic and Immune Systems
		Abnormalities of Plasma Protein Concentration
			Hypoproteinemia
				Etiology
					Panhyproteinemia
					Hypoalbuminemia
					Hypogammaglobulinemia
					Hypofibrinogenemia
				Pathophysiology
				Clinical Signs
				Clinical Pathology
				Necropsy
				Treatment
			Hyperproteinemia
				Etiology
					Panhyperproteinemia
					Hyperglobulinemia
					Hyperfibrinogenemia
				Pathophysiology
				Clinical Signs
				Clinical Pathology
				Necropsy
				Treatment
			References
		Hemorrhagic Disease
			Diagnosis
			Treatment of Coagulopathies
			Diseases Causing Hemorrhage
				Vasculitis
					Septicemic and Viremic Diseases
					Purpura Hemorrhagica
					Necrotizing Vasculitis
				Treatment
				Coagulation Defects
					Acquired Hemostatic Defects
					Inherited or Congenital Defects in Hemostasis
						Hemophilia A
						Von Willebrand Disease (Factor VIII : vWF Deficiency)
						Factor XI Deficiency
						Other Clotting-Factor Disorders
				Platelet Disorders
					Thrombocytopenia
						Decreased Production
						Increased Destruction
							Inflammation and Infection.
							Immune-Mediated (Idiopathic) Thrombocytopenia.
						Increased Consumption
						Other Causes
					Thrombasthenia
					Thrombocytosis
			References
		Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation and Hypercoagulable States
			Etiology and Epidemiology
			Prognosis
			Pathophysiology
			Clinical Signs
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Examination
			Diagnostic Confirmation
			Treatment
			References
		Thrombosis (Hypercoagulability)
			References
		Diseases Characterized by Abnormalities of the Cellular Elements of the Blood
			Disorders of Red Cell Number or Function
				Anemia
					Etiology
						Hemorrhagic Anemia
						Hemolytic Anemia
							Cattle and Sheep
							Pigs
							Horses (Table 11-1)
						Anemia Resulting From Decreased Production of Erythrocytes or Hemoglobin (Nonregenerative Anemia)
							Nutritional Deficiency.
							Chronic Disease.
							Red Cell Aplasia
							Myelophthisic Anemia.
					Pathogenesis
						Anemic Hypoxia
						Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
						Hemolysis
						Methemoglobinemia and Oxidative Damage
					Clinical Findings
					Clinical Pathology
						Hematology
						Bone Marrow
							Collection of Bone Marrow.
							Interpretation of Bone Marrow.
						Blood-Gas Analysis, Oximetry and Lactate
							Arterial Blood-Gas Analysis.
							Venous Blood-Gas Analysis.
							Methemoglobinemia.
							Lactate.
						Serum Biochemistry
						Other Evaluations
					Necropsy Findings
					Treatment
						Correction of Anemia
							Transfusion.
						Transfusion Triggers
						Collection of Blood for Transfusion
							Hematinics.
						Supportive Care
						Treatment of Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
			Further Reading
			References
		Alloimmune Hemolytic Anemia of the Newborn (Neonatal Isoerythrolysis, Isoimmune Hemolytic Anemia of the Newborn)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Horses and Mules
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
				Horses and Mules
				Pigs
				Cattle
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
				Foals
					Transfusion.
					Nutritional Support.
					Liver Failure and Kernicterus.
					Antibiotics.
				Piglets
			Control
			References
		Erythrocytosis
			References
		Abnormal Red Cell Function
			References
		Disorders of White Cells
			Leukopenia
			References
		Leukocytosis
			Reference
		Abnormal White Cell Function
			Reference
		Leukoproliferative Disease (Leukemia, Lymphoma)
			Myeloproliferative Diseases
			Further Reading
			References
		Lymphoproliferative Disease
			Plasmacytoma (Multiple Myeloma)
			Lymphoma and Lymphosarcoma
				Ruminants and Pigs.
				Horses
					Etiology and Epidemiology.
					Clinical Signs.
					Clinical Pathology.
					Treatment.
			Further Reading
			References
		Bovine Neonatal Pancytopenia (BNP)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Postmortem Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
			References
		Lymphadenopathy (Lymphadenitis)
			Reference
		Diseases of the Spleen and Thymus
			Splenomegaly
			Splenic Abscess
			Splenic Hematoma, Rupture or Infarction
			References
		Congenital Anomalies of the Spleen
			References
		Thymus
			References
		Immune-Deficiency Disorders (Lowered Resistance to Infection)
			Primary Immune Deficiencies
			Secondary Immune Deficiencies
			References
		Amyloidoses
			Etiology and Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Zoonotic Potential
			References
		Allergy and Anaphylaxis
			Type I
			Type II
			Type III
			Type IV
			Treatment
			Anaphylaxis and Anaphylactic Shock
				Etiology
				Pathogenesis
				Clinical Findings
					Cattle
					Sheep, Goats, and Pigs
					Horses
					Pigs
				Clinical Pathology
				Necropsy Findings
				Treatment
				Other Hypersensitivity Reactions
				Etiology
				Pathogenesis
				Clinical Findings
				Differential Diagnosis
				Treatment
			Further Reading
			References
		Caseous Lymphadenitis of Sheep and Goats
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Geographic Occurrence
				Host Occurrence
					Sheep
					Goats
				Source of Infection
				Transmission
				Risk Factors
					Sheep
						Age and Sex
						Breed
						Shearing
						Dust
						Housing
						Dips
					Goats
				Economic Importance
				Zoonotic Implications
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
				Culling
				Control of Spread
				Vaccination
			Prevention
			Eradication
			Further Reading
			References
		Bovine Farcy
			Further Reading
			References
		Sporadic Lymphangitis (Bigleg, Weed)
			Tick-Borne Fever (Anaplasma phagocytophila)
				Etiology
				Epidemiology
					Occurrence
					Source of Infection and Transmission
					Experimental Reproduction
					Host Risk Factors
					Pathogen Risk Factors
					Zoonotic Implications
				Pathogenesis
				Clinical Findings
					Cattle
					Sheep
					Goats
					Horses
				Clinical Pathology
				Necropsy Findings
				Treatment
				Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Anaplasmosis Due to A. Marginale and A. Ovis
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Geographic Occurrence
				Host Occurrence
				Source and Methods of Transmission
					Hematophagous Insect Transmission
					Iatrogenic Transmission
					Transplacental Transmission
				Animal and Environmental Risk Factors
					Breed
					Nutritional Status
					Season
					Age at Infection
					Geographic Region
				Pathogen Risk Factors
				Economic Importance
					Experimental Reproduction
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
				Cattle
				Sheep and Goats
			Clinical Pathology
				Hematology
			Serology
				Molecular Methods
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
				General Measures
				Movement of Animals
				Elimination of Carriers
				Outbreaks
				Chemotherapy
				Vaccination
					Killed Vaccines
					Live Vaccines
					Problems With Live Vaccines
			Further Reading
			References
		Equine Granulocytic Anaplasmosis (Equine Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Distribution
				Anaplasma and Ixodes Ecology
				Animal Risk Factors
				Transmission
				Morbidity and Mortality
				Zoonotic Potential
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Signs
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Examination
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Eperythrozoonosis
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Source and Transmission
					Sheep
					Pigs
				Host and Pathogen Risk Factors
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
				Sheep
				Pigs
				Cattle
			Clinical Pathology
				Blood Smears and Hematology
				Polymerase Chain Reaction
				Serology
					Sheep
					Pigs
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Bovine Petechial Fever (Ondiri Disease)
			Further Reading
		Mycoplasma suis Infection in Pigs
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Pathology
			Clinical Signs
			Pathology
			Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease (Blacktongue)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Host Occurrence
				Method of Transmission
					Culicoides Species
					Other Vectors
					Other Methods of Transmission
				Host Risk Factors
					Wild Ruminants
					Cattle
					Small Ruminants
				Morbidity and Case Fatality
					Wild Ruminants
					Cattle
				Economic Importance
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
				Deer
				Cattle
			Clinical Pathology
				Virus Isolation
				Detection of Antigen or Nucleic Acid
				Serologic Tests
			Necropsy Findings
				Deer
				Cattle
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
				Reduction of Infection Through Vector Abatement
				Vaccination
			Further Reading
			References
		Bovine Immunodeficiency-Like Virus
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Prevalence of Infection
				Methods of Transmission
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
				Detection of Virus.
				Serologic Tests.
			Necropsy Findings
			Further Reading
		Enzootic Bovine Leukosis (Bovine Lymphosarcoma)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Prevalence of Infection
				Occurrence of Clinical Disease
				Methods of Transmission
					Direct Contact
					Semen, Artificial Insemination, and Embryo Technology
					Iatrogenic Transmission
					Rectal Palpation
					Insects
					Congenital Infection
					Interspecies Transmission
					Source of Infection
				Risk Factors
					Animal Risk Factors
						Genetic Resistance and Susceptibility.
						Susceptibility to Other Diseases.
					Immune Mechanisms
					Environmental and Management Risk Factors
						Lack of Biosecurity
						Calf Management
					Pathogen Risk Factors
				Economic Importance
					Trade Restrictions
				Zoonotic Implications
				Other Species
			Pathogenesis
				Virus and Lesion
				Lesions and Clinical Disease
			Clinical Findings
				Enlargement of the Superficial Lymph Nodes
				Digestive Tract Lesions
				Cardiac Lesions
				Nervous System Involvement
				Less Common Lesions
					Other Species
			Clinical Pathology
				Diagnosis of the Presence of Infection With BLV
					Serologic Tests
						Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay in Serum or Milk.
						Agar Gel Immunodiffusion Test.
						Radioimmunoprecipitation Assay.
						Radioimmunoassay.
					Detection of Virus
						Polymerase Chain Reaction.
						Differentiation Between Enzootic and Sporadic Bovine Leukosis.
				Diagnosis of Persistent Lymphocytosis
				Diagnosis of Lymphosarcoma
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
				History of Compulsory Eradication Programs in Europe
				Eradication Programs
				Limitation of Spread of Infection
				Prevention of Infection in Calves and Young Stock
				Biosecurity
				Vaccine
			References
		Equine Infectious Anemia (Swamp Fever)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Animal Risk Factors
				Methods of Transmission
					Insect Vectors
					Other Means of Transmission
				Economic Importance
			Pathogenesis
				Viral Multiplication
				Immune Reaction
				Anemia and Thrombocytopenia
				Persistence of Infection
				Summary of Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Diagnostic Confirmation
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Ticks That Transmit Protozoan Diseases
			Babesiosis (Texas Fever, Redwater Fever, Cattle Tick Fever)
				Etiology
				Epidemiology
					Geographic Occurrence
					Host Occurrence
						Bovine Babesiosis
						Sheep and Goats
						Porcine Babesiosis
						Equine Piroplasmosis
						Wildlife Babesiosis
					Origin of Infection and Transmission
					Life Cycle and Development of Babesia
					Immunity and Susceptibility to Infection
					Innate Immune Mechanisms
					Acquired Immune Mechanisms
						Immunity.
					Risk Factors
						Host Factors
							Age Resistance.
						Environmental Factors
						Pathogen Factors
					Economic Importance
					Zoonotic Implications
				Pathogenesis
					Acute Cases
					Immunology
				Clinical Findings
					Cattle
						Babesia Bovis.
						Babesia Bigemina.
					Sheep
					Wildlife
					Other Species
				Clinical Pathology
					Hematology
					Demonstration of the Presence of Babesia
						Direct Examination of Blood Smears
						Transmission Test
						Culture of Babesia
					Methods of Detection and Identification of Babesia spp.
					Serology
						Cattle
							Complement Fixation Test.
							Immunofluorescence Antibody Test.
							ELISA.
						Sheep
				Necropsy Findings
				Treatment
					Cattle
						Imidocarb (Imizol)
					Sheep
					Supportive Treatment
				Control (Bovine Babesiosis)
					Prevention and Biosecurity
					Control
					Limitation of Prevalence
					Vaccination
						Live Vaccines
							Origin and Purification of Strains.
							Attenuation of Parasites
								Babesia Bovis.
								Babesia Bigemina.
							Vaccine Specifications
								Frozen Vaccine.
								Chilled Vaccine.
						Use of Live Vaccine
							Cattle Born in Tick-Infested Regions.
							Susceptible Cattle Imported Into Vector-Infested Country or Region.
							Control of Outbreaks.
						Hazards and Precautions of Live Vaccine Use
							Severe Reactions.
							Lack of Protection.
						Vaccination With Subunit Vaccines
						Dead Vaccines
					Vector Control
					Natural Endemic Stability
					Control of Babesiosis in Species Other Than Cattle
			Further Reading
			References
		Equine Piroplasmosis
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Geographic Occurrence
				Host Occurrence
				Impact
				Life Cycle and Transmission
				Movement of Horses
			Pathogenesis
				Immunology
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
				Microscopic Examination
				Serologic and DNA-Based Methods
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
				Chemotherapy
				Supportive Treatment
			Control
			References
		Nutritional Deficiencies
			Iron Deficiency
				Etiology
				Epidemiology
				Pathogenesis
				Clinical Findings
				Clinical Pathology
				Necropsy Findings
					Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
				Treatment
				Control
					Dietary Supplementation
						Sows
						Veal Calves
						Heifer Calf Herd Replacements
					Oral Dosing
					Intramuscular Injection of Iron Preparations
			References
		Cobalt Deficiency
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Risk Factors
					Dietary and Environmental Factors
				Ovine White Liver Disease
				Hepatic Lipidosis in Goats
				Experimental Reproduction of Cobalt Deficiency in Sheep
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
				Biochemical Criteria to Determine Cobalt and Vitamin B12 Status
				Serum and Liver Cobalt and Vitamin B12 Concentrations
					Concurrent Serum MMA and Vitamin B12 Concentrations.
					Liver Cobalt.
				Serum Methylmalonic Acid
				Formiminoglutamic Acid
				Hematology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
				Cobalt and Vitamin B12
				Cobalt Toxicity
			Control
				Supplementation of Diet With Cobalt
				Top Dressing of Pastures With Cobalt
				Cobalt Pellet
				Cobalt in Anthelmintics
				Vitamin B12 Injections
			Further Reading
			References
		Vitamin B12 Deficiency (Hypocyanocobalaminosis)
			References
		Vitamin K Deficiency
			References
		Folic Acid Deficiency (Hypofolicosis)
			Reference
		Toxins Affecting the Hemolymphatic System
			Secondary Copper Poisoning (“Toxemic Jaundice” Complex)
				Phytogenous Chronic Copper Poisoning
				Hepatogenous Chronic Copper Poisoning
				Poisoning by Heliotropium europaeum
			Further Reading
		Anticoagulant (Dicoumarol, Sweet Clover Poisoning) Plant Toxicosis
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Risk Factors
					Animal Risk Factors
					Plant Risk Factors
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
				Primary
				Supportive Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Anticoagulant Rodenticide Toxicosis
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Environmental Risk Factors
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
				Primary Treatment
				Further Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Cyanogenic Glycoside Poisoning (Cyanide, Hydrocyanic Acid, Prussic Acid)
			Etiology
				Toxic Variability
					Differences Between Plant Species
					Plant Products
				Storage
				Glycosides
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Risk Factors
					Animal Risk Factors
					Plant Risk Factors
					Cyanogenic Risk Factors
					Environmental Risk Factors
					Farm Risk Factors
			Pathogenesis
				Peracute or Acute Intoxication
				Chronic Poisoning
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
				Diagnostic Field Tests
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
				Investigational Treatments
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Nitrate and Nitrite Toxicosis
			Etiology
				Cattle
				Sheep
				Swine
				Horses
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Risk Factors
					Animal Risk Factors
						Species Differences
						Dietary Differences
						Differences in Susceptibility
					Environmental Factors
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
				Toxic Levels
				Ration Dilution
			Further Reading
			References
		Disulfide Plant Toxicosis (Allium spp.[onions] and Brassica spp.)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
					Animal Risk Factors
					Farm or Premise Risk Factors
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Red Maple Leaf (Acer rubrum) Toxicosis
			References
		Neoplasia
			Sporadic Bovine Leukosis (Atypical Bovine Leukosis)
				Etiology
				Epidemiology
					Occurrence
				Pathogenesis
				Clinical Findings
					Juvenile or Calf Lymphosarcoma
					Thymic Lymphosarcoma
					Cutaneous Lymphoma
				Clinical Pathology
				Necropsy Findings
					Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
				Treatment
			References
		Congenital Inherited Diseases
			Inherited Bleeding Disorders
				Hemophilia
				Bovine Factor XI Deficiency
				Prekallikrein Deficiency
				Inherited Thrombopathia
				Glanzmann’s Thrombasthenia in Horses
				Afibrinogenemia (Related Diseases Are Hypofibrinogenemia and Dysfibrinogenemia)
			References
		Familial Polycythemia
			Reference
		Hemochromatosis
			Inherited Anemias
				Inherited Dyserythropoiesis and Dyskeratosis (Bovine Congenital Anemia, Dyskeratosis, and Progressive Alopecia)
				Inherited Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Enzyme Deficiency
			Reference
		Porphyrias
			References
		Inherited Congenital Porphyria
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Control
			Inherited Erythrocytic Photoporphyria
			References
		Inherited Immunodeficiency
			Bovine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency
			Chediak–Higashi Syndrome
			References
		Inherited Deficiency of Lymphocyte Maturation (Lethal Trait A46, Parakeratosis, Adema Disease)
			Fell Pony and Dale Pony Foal Immunodeficiency Syndrome
				Etiology
				Epidemiology
				Pathogenesis
				Clinical Findings
				Clinical Pathology
				Necropsy Findings
				Confirmation of Diagnosis
				Treatment
				Control
			References
		Inherited Deficiency of Immunoglobulin Synthesis
			Inherited Combined Immunodeficiency in Foals of Arabian Breeding
				Etiology
				Epidemiology
				Pathogenesis
				Clinical Findings
				Clinical Pathology
				Necropsy Findings
				Differential Diagnosis
				Treatment
				Control
			References
		Diseases of Unknown Etiology
			Postparturient Hemoglobinuria in Cattle
				Etiology
				Epidemiology
				Pathogenesis
				Clinical Findings
				Clinical Pathology
				Necropsy Findings
				Treatment
				Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Multisystemic, Eosinophilic, Epitheliotropic Disease of Horses
			Further Reading
			References
	12 Diseases of the Respiratory System
		Principles of Respiratory Insufficiency
			Definitions
			Hypoxia
				Hypoxic (or Hypoxemic) Hypoxia
				Anemic Hypoxia
				Circulatory Hypoxia
				Histotoxic Anoxia
				Consequences of Hypoxia
			Compensatory Mechanisms
			Carbon Dioxide Retention (Hypercapnia)
			Respiratory Failure
		Principal Manifestations of Respiratory Insufficiency
			Abnormalities in Rate, Depth, and Ease of Breathing
				Diseases Causing Dyspnea at Rest or Lack of Exercise Tolerance
					Respiratory Tract Disease
					Cardiovascular Disease
					Diseases of the Blood
					Nervous System Diseases
					Musculoskeletal Diseases
					General Systemic States
					Environmental Causes
					Miscellaneous Poisons
			Abnormal Posture
			Normal and Abnormal Breath Sounds
				Generation of Breath Sounds
				Rebreathing (“Bagging”) Examination
				Interpretation of Breath Sounds
					Normal Breath Sounds
					Abnormal Breath Sounds
			Respiratory Noises
			Coughing
			Cyanosis
			Nasal Discharge
				Origin
				Examination
				Nasal Discharge and Location of Lesion
				Sampling of Nasal Discharge
			Epistaxis and Hemoptysis
			Thoracic Pain
		Special Examination of the Respiratory System
			Auscultation and Percussion
			Endoscopic Examination of the Airways (Rhinolaryngoscopy, Tracheobronchoscopy)
				Horses
				Cattle
				Endoscopy of Paranasal Sinuses
				Pleuroscopy
			Radiography
			Magnetic Resonance Imaging
			Computed Tomography
			Scintigraphy (Nuclear Imaging)
			Ultrasonography
			Laboratory Evaluation of Respiratory Secretions
				Sampling Respiratory Secretions
				Nasal Swab
				Nasopharyngeal Swabs
				Nasal Lavage
				Paranasal Sinus Fluid
				Guttural Pouch Fluid
				Tracheobronchial Secretions
					Comparison of Tracheal Aspirates and Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid
					Tracheal Aspirates
					Percutaneous Transtracheal Aspiration
					Endoscopic Sampling of Tracheal Secretions
					Assessment of Results
					Bronchoalveolar Lavage
						Endoscopic Bronchoalveolar Lavage
						Blind Bronchoalveolar Lavage
					Laboratory Assessment of Tracheobronchial Secretions
						Diagnostic Value
					Thoracocentesis (Pleurocentesis)
			Pulmonary Function Tests
			Arterial Blood Gas Analysis
				Normal Values
				Collection of Arterial Blood Gas Samples
			Venous Blood Gas Analysis
			Pulse Oximetry
			Blood Lactate Concentration
			Collection and Analysis of Exhaled Breath Condensate
			Lung Biopsy
			Respiratory Sound Spectrum Analysis
			Exercise Testing
		Principles of Treatment and Control of Respiratory Tract Disease
			Treatment of Respiratory Disease
				Respiratory Gas Transport
				Oxygen Therapy
				Respiratory Stimulants
				Mechanical Ventilation
				Anti-Inflammatory Therapy
				Immunomodulators
				Antimicrobial Therapy
				Bronchodilator Drugs
				Mucolytics, Mucokinetic, and Antitussive Drugs
				Surfactant
				Surgery
				General Nursing Care
			Control of Respiratory Disease
				Importance of Diagnosis
				Management Techniques
				Housing Facilities
				Vaccines
				Environmental Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Diseases of the Upper Respiratory Tract
			Rhinitis
				Etiology
					Cattle
					Horses
					Sheep and Goats
					Pigs
				Pathogenesis
				Clinical Findings
					“Summer Snuffles”
					Familial Allergic Rhinitis
					Mycotic Rhinitis
					Endoscopic Examination
				Clinical Pathology
				Necropsy Findings
				Treatment
			References
		Nasal Discharge
			Neoplasms
				Enzootic Nasal Adenocarcinoma
				Progressive Ethmoidal Hematomas in Equids
			Clinical Findings
			Treatment
			References
		Epistaxis and Hemoptysis
			Etiology
			Clinical Examination
			Treatment
			Further Reading
			References
		Pharyngitis
			References
		Laryngitis, Tracheitis, Bronchitis
			Etiology
				Cattle
				Sheep
				Horses
				Pigs
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			References
		Traumatic Laryngotracheitis, Tracheal Compression, and Tracheal Collapse
			References
		Diseases of the Lung Parenchyma
			Pulmonary Congestion and Edema
				Etiology
					Primary Pulmonary Congestion
					Secondary Pulmonary Congestion
					Pulmonary Edema
				Pathogenesis
				Clinical Findings
				Clinical Pathology
				Necropsy Findings
				Treatment
					Special Diseases
			References
		Pulmonary Hypertension
			Causes
			References
		Atelectasis
			References
		Pulmonary Hemorrhage
			Cattle
			References
		Pulmonary Emphysema
			Etiology
				Cattle
				Horses
				All Species
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			References
		Pneumonia
			Etiology
				Cattle
				Pigs
				Horses
				Sheep
				Goats
				All Species
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
				Pulmonary Defense Mechanisms
					Respiratory Mucociliary Clearance
					Large Particles in Upper Respiratory Tract
					Cough Reflex
					Small Particles Into Lower Respiratory Tract
				Species Susceptibility
				Development of Pneumonia
			Clinical Findings
				Medical Imaging
			Clinical Pathology
				Respiratory Secretions
				Thoracocentesis
				Hematology
				Serology
				Fecal Samples
				Necropsy
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
				Antimicrobial Therapy
					Mass Medication
				Other Drugs
				Supportive Therapy and Housing
			References
		Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
			Further Reading
			References
		Aspiration Pneumonia
			References
		Lipid Pneumonia
			Esophageal Obstruction
			References
		Meconium Aspiration Syndrome
			Reference
		Dusty Feed
			Drowning
			Reference
		Pulmonary Abscess
			Etiology
				Primary Diseases
				Secondary Diseases
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Further Reading
			References
		Diseases of the Pleural Cavity and Diaphragm
			Hydrothorax and Hemothorax
				Etiology
					Hydrothorax
					Hemothorax
				Pathogenesis
				Clinical Findings
				Clinical Pathology
				Necropsy Findings
				Treatment
			Further Reading
			References
		Pleuritis (Pleurisy)
			Etiology
				Pigs
				Cattle
				Sheep and Goats
				Horses
				Other Causes
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
				Pleural Pain
				Pleuritic Friction Sounds
				Subcutaneous Edema
				Pleural Effusion
				Recovery
				Medical Imaging
					Ultrasonography
					Pleuroscopy
				Prognosis
			Clinical Pathology
				Thoracocentesis (Pleurocentesis)
				Hematology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
				Antimicrobial Therapy
				Drainage and Lavage of Pleural Cavity
				Fibrinolytic Therapy
			References
		Pneumothorax
			Etiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			References
		Diaphragmatic Hernia
			Clinical Findings
			References
		Diseases of the Bovine Respiratory Tract
			Enzootic Nasal Granuloma of Cattle (Bovine Atopic Rhinitis)
			References
		Tracheal Stenosis of Feedlot Cattle
			Caudal Vena Caval Thrombosis (Posterior Vena Caval Thrombosis) and Embolic Pneumonia in Cattle
			References
		Cranial Vena Caval Thrombosis
			Reference
		Acute Undifferentiated Bovine Respiratory Disease
			Definition of the Problem
			Etiology
				Role of Etiologic Agents
			Clinical Case Definition and Epidemiology
				Clinical Case Definition
					What Is the Clinical Disease That Is Present in the Affected Animals?
					Which Animals Are Affected?
					Where Are the Affected Animals?
					When Were the Animals Affected?
				Occurrence
				Risk Factors
			Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
				Individual Animal Diagnosis
				Herd-Level Diagnosis
			Clinical Pathology
				Antemortem Diagnostic Procedures
					Nasal/Nasopharyngeal Swabs
					Transtracheal Wash/ Bronchoalveolar Lavage
				Serology
				Serum Biochemistry and Hematology
				Other Procedures
				Postmortem Samples
				Bacterial Culture and Antimicrobial Sensitivity
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Postmortem Confirmation of Diagnosis
				Interpretation of Results of Clinical Pathology and Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Control
				Mass Medication or Metaphylaxic Antimicrobial Use
				Management of Risk Factors
				Vaccines
					Selection of Vaccines
					Efficacy of Vaccines
						Pasteurella Vaccines
						Histophilus somni (Formerly Haemophilus somnus) Vaccine
						Viral Vaccines
			Further Reading
			References
		Pneumonic Pasteurellosis of Cattle (Shipping Fever Pneumonia)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Morbidity and Mortality
				Economic Importance
				Risk Factors
					Animal Risk Factors
					Environmental and Management Risk Factors
					Pathogen Risk Factors
				Immune Mechanisms
				Method of Transmission
			Pathogenesis
				Colonization of Upper and Lower Respiratory Tract
				Virulence Factors and Cellular and Humoral Reactions
				Experimental Pneumonic Pasteurellosis
				Synergism Between Pathogens
			Clinical Findings
				Feedlot
					Early Identification of Affected Animals in Feedlots
				Close Physical Examination
			Clinical Pathology
				Bacterial Culture
				Serum Biochemistry and Hematology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
				Antimicrobial Therapy
					Choice of Antimicrobial
					Antimicrobial Sensitivity
					Medication of Feed and Water Supplies
				Antiinflammatory Agents
				Failure to Respond
			Control
				Management Strategies
					Preconditioning Programs
					Weaning Procedures
					Creep Feeding
					Conditioning Programs
					Feeding Newly Arrived Cattle
				Vaccines
					General Comments
					Pasteurella Vaccines
					Leukotoxin Extract Vaccine
					Passive Immunity to Mannheimia haemolytica
					Evaluation of Efficacy of Mannheimia haemolytica Vaccines
					Adverse Vaccine Reactions
					Histophilus somni Vaccines
					Viral Vaccines
				Antimicrobial Metaphylaxis
					Mass Medication of Feed and Water Supplies
			Further Reading
			References
		Diseases of the Respiratory Tract Associated With Mycoplasma spp.
			Sheep
			Goats
			Cattle
			Horses
			References
		Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (Lung Sickness, CBPP)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence and Prevalence of Infection
				Source of Infection
				Methods of Transmission
				Risk Factors
					Animal Risk Factors
						Immune Mechanisms
					Management Risk Factors
					Pathogen Risk Factors
				Economic Importance
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
				Acute Form
				Chronic and Subacute Forms
			Clinical Pathology
				Culture and Nucleic Acid Recognition
				Immunologic Tests
				Serologic Tests
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
				Removal of Sources of Infection
				Clinical Surveillance
				Pathologic Surveillance
				Serologic Surveillance
				Vaccination
				Antimicrobial Use
				Disease Control on an Area Basis
				World Organization for Animal Health (OIE)—CBPP Status for Countries or Regions
			Further Reading
			References
		Mycoplasma bovis Pneumonia, Polyarthritis, Mastitis, and Related Diseases of Cattle
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Economic Importance
				Risk Factors
					Pathogen Risk Factors
					Animal Risk Factors
					Environmental Risk Factors
				Methods of Transmission
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
				Chronic Pneumonia and Polyarthritis Syndrome
				Arthritis
				Otitis Media/Interna
			Clinical Pathology
				Culture
				DNA Probe and Polymerase Chain Reaction
				Immunohistochemistry
				Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
				Serology
				Sample Collection and Handling
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
				Biosecurity
				Metaphylactic Use of Antimicrobials
				Vaccines
			Further Reading
			References
		Enzootic Pneumonia of Calves
			Etiology
				Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus
				Bovine Coronavirus
				Parainfluenza-3 Paramyxovirus
				Mycoplasma bovis and Mycoplasma spp.
				Mixed Viral and Other Pathogen Infections
				Bacteria
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
					Dairy Calves
					Beef Calves
				Morbidity and Case Fatality
				Methods of Transmission
				Risk Factors
					Animal Risk Factors
					Environmental and Management Risk Factors
					Pathogen Risk Factors
						Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus
						Bovine Coronavirus
						Parainfluenza-3 Virus
					Mixed Flora
				Economic Importance
			Pathogenesis
				Viruses
					Parainfluenza-3
				Mycoplasma
				Bacteria
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
				Isolation of Pathogens
				Serology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
				Antimicrobial Therapy
				Adjunctive Therapy
				Correction of Adverse Environmental Conditions
			Control
				Environmental and Management Practices
					Ideal Environmental Conditions
						Calf Barns or Hutches
					Vaccines and Immunization
			Further Reading
			References
		Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
					Prevalence of Infection
					Occurrence of Clinical Disease
				Morbidity and Case Fatality
				Methods of Transmission
				Risk Factors
					Animal Risk Factors
					Environmental Risk Factors
					Pathogen Risk Factors
				Immune Mechanisms
			Pathogenesis
				Experimental Reproduction of BRSV Pneumonia
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
				Virus Isolation or Detection
				Serology
					Arterial Blood Gas Analysis and Blood L-Lactate Concentration
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
				Antimicrobial Therapy
				Corticosteroids and Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Agents
			Control
				Vaccines and Immunization
			Further Reading
			References
		Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (Red Nose), Bovine Herpesvirus-1 Infection
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Prevalence of Infection and Occurrence of Disease
				Wildlife
				Morbidity and Case Fatality
				Methods of Transmission
				Risk Factors
					Animal Risk Factors
						Age and Breed Susceptibility
					Environmental and Management Risk Factors
					Pathogen Risk Factors
				Immune Mechanisms
				Colostral Immunity
				Economic Importance
			Pathogenesis
				Respiratory Disease
				Encephalitis
				Abortion
				Latency
				Predisposition to Pneumonia
				Reproductive Failure
				Bovine Mastitis
			Clinical Findings
				Rhinitis (Red Nose), Tracheitis, and Conjunctivitis
				Ocular Form of IBR
				Systemic Disease in Newborn Calves
				Abortion
			Clinical Pathology
				Virus Isolation or Detection
				Serology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
				Antimicrobial Therapy
			Control
				Natural Exposure or Vaccination
					Natural Exposure
					Biosecurity
						Closed Herd
					Vaccination
						Rationale for Vaccination
							Temperature-Sensitive BHV-1 Modified Live Vaccine.
							Disadvantages of Modified Live Vaccines.
							Shedding of Virus by Vaccinated Animals.
							Inactivated Vaccines.
							Subunit Vaccines.
							Combination or Multivalent Vaccines.
							Immunization and Latency.
				Vaccination Programs in Herds
					Beef Breeding Herds.
					Feedlot Cattle.
					Dairy Cattle.
				Eradication
					Eradication Using Marker Vaccines.
					Loss of Certification.
			Further Reading
			References
		Lungworm in Cattle
			Etiology
			Life Cycle
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Diagnostic Confirmation
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Atypical Interstitial Pneumonia of Cattle (Acute Bovine Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Acute Pulmonary Emphysema, and Edema)
			Etiology
				Ingestion of Excessive Amounts of d,l-Tryptophan With the Forage
				Hypersensitivity to Molds
				Inhalation of Toxic Gases and Fumes
				Parasitic Infestation
				Mycotoxicosis and Plant Poisonings
				Melengestrol Acetate
				Bacterial and Mycoplasma spp. Infections
				Viral Infections
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Control
				Grazing Management
				Inhibition of 3-Methylindole Production in Rumen
					Other Forms of AIP
			Further Reading
			References
		Diseases of the Ovine and Caprine Respiratory Tract
			Enzootic Nasal Adenocarcinoma of Sheep and Goats (Enzootic Nasal Tumor)
			References
		Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Transmission
				Agent
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Chronic Enzootic Pneumonia of Sheep (Chronic Nonprogressive Atypical Pneumonia, Summer Pneumonia, Proliferative Exudative Pneumonia)
			Etiology
				M. ovipneumoniae
				B. parapertussis
				Parainfluenza-3 (PI-3) Virus
				Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus
				Other Agents
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Environmental Risk Factors
				Economic Importance
			Clinical Findings
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment and Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Ovine Progressive Pneumonia (Maedi, Maedi-Visna)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Host Range
				Prevalence
				Transmission
				Economic Importance
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
				Detection of Antigen
				Serologic Tests
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
				Test and Cull
				Segregated Rearing
				Flock Biosecurity and Other Control Methods
				Vaccination and Genetic Selection
			Further Reading
			References
		Ovine Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma (Jaagsiekte, Pulmonary Adenomatosis)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Animal and Environmental Risk Factors
				Transmission
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Nasal Bots Infestation
			Etiology
			Life Cycle and Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
			Recommendation
			References
		Lungworm Infestation in Sheep and Goats
			Etiology
			Life Cycle
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Diagnostic Confirmation
			Treatment
			Control
			References
		Diseases of the Equine Respiratory Tract
			Abnormalities of the Upper Respiratory Tract of Horses
			Further Reading
			References
		Palatal Dysfunction (Instability, Dorsal Displacement of the Soft Palate)
			Palatal Instability and Intermittent Dorsal Displacement of the Soft Palate During Exercise
				Clinical Signs
				Treatment
			Persistent Dorsal Displacement of the Soft Palate
				Clinical Signs
				Treatment
			References
		Diseases of the Guttural Pouches (Auditory Tube Diverticulum, Eustachian Tube Diverticulum)
			Guttural Pouch Empyema
				Etiology
				Epidemiology
				Pathogenesis
				Clinical Findings
				Clinical Pathology
				Necropsy Findings
				Diagnostic Confirmation
				Treatment
				Control
			References
		Guttural Pouch Mycosis
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Control
			References
		Guttural Pouch Tympany
			Etiology and Epidemiology
			Clinical Findings
			Treatment
			References
		Other Guttural Pouch Diseases
			Reference
		Diseases of the Epiglottis and Arytenoids
			Aryepiglottic Fold Entrapment (Epiglottic Entrapment)
				Clinical Signs
				Treatment
			Epiglottic Retroversion During Exercise
			Epiglottitis
			Subepiglottic Cysts
			Arytenoid Chondritis
				Treatment
			Mucosal Lesions of the Arytenoid Cartilages
			Axial Deviation of the Aryepiglottic Folds
			Retropharyngeal Lymphadenopathy
				Clinical Signs
				Treatment
			References
		Recurrent Laryngeal Neuropathy (Roarers)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Prevalence
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Necropsy Findings
			Diagnostic Confirmation
			Treatment
			References
		Equine Pleuropneumonia (Pleuritis, Pleurisy)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Risk Factors
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Signs of Acute Disease
			Clinical Signs in Chronic Disease
				Complications
				Prognosis
			Clinical Pathology
			Diagnostic Confirmation
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
				Antimicrobial Treatment
				Thoracic Drainage
				Pleural Lavage
				Fibrinolytic Therapy
				Supportive Therapy
			Control
			References
		Acute Broncho-Interstitial Pneumonia in Foals
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Control
			References
		Chronic Interstitial Pneumonia in Foals
			Further Reading
			Reference
		Interstitial Pneumonia in Adult Horses
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Signs
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage of Horses (Bleeders)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
				Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage and Performance
				Physical Examination
				Tracheobronchoscopy
				Radiography
				Prognosis
				Clinical Pathology
					Examination of Airway Secretions or Lavage Fluid
				Necropsy
				Treatment
					Prevention of Stress Failure of the Pulmonary Capillaries
						Reducing Pulmonary Capillary Pressure
						Increasing Alveolar Inspiratory Pressure
						Interstitial Inflammation and Bronchial Angiogenesis
					Excessive Bleeding
						Coagulopathy and Fibrinolysis
						Platelet Function
						Capillary Integrity
					Summary of Treatment Options
				Prevention and Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Recurrent Airway Obstruction (Heaves)
			Etiology
				Genetics
				Environmental Factors
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Risk Factors
					Animal Risk Factors
					Environmental Risk Factors
						Season
						Housing and Hay Feeding
			Pathogenesis
				Inflammatory and Immune Responses
				Mucus
				Airway Function and Gas Exchange
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology and Special Examinations
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Postmortem Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Diagnostic Confirmation
			Treatment
				Antiinflammatory Drugs
				Bronchodilator Drugs
				Other Drugs
				Integrated Therapy
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Pasture-Associated Heaves (Pasture-Associated Recurrent Airway Obstruction of Horses)
			Further Reading
			References
		Synchronous Diaphragmatic Flutter in Horses (Thumps)
			Reference
		Rhodococcus equi Pneumonia of Foals
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Transmission
				Zoonotic Implications
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
				R. equi pneumonia
				Extrapulmonary manifestations of R. equi infection
			Prognosis
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Postmortem Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Diagnostic Confirmation
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Streptococcus zooepidemicus Infection
			Further Reading
			References
		Strangles
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Source of Infection and Transmission
				Animal Risk Factors
				Importance
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
				Acute Disease
				Complications
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Diagnostic Confirmation
			Treatment
			Control
				Prevention of Transmission
				Enhanced Resistance
			Further Reading
			References
		Glanders
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Geographic Occurrence
				Host Occurrence
				Source of Infection and Transmission
				Experimental Reproduction
				Host and Pathogen Risk Factors
				Economic Importance
				Zoonotic Implications
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
				Acute Disease
				Chronic Disease
					Pulmonary Form of Disease
					Nasal Form of Disease
					Skin Form of Disease (“Farcy”)
			Clinical Pathology
				Mallein Test
			Necropsy Findings
			Diagnostic Confirmation
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Viral Infections of the Respiratory Tract of Horses
			Parainfluenza-3 Virus
			Equine Adenovirus Infection
			Reovirus
			References
		Equine Influenza
			Etiology
				Viral Evolution
					Persistence in the Environment
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Origin of Infection and Transmission
				Risk Factors
					Animal Factors
					Management Factors
					Meteorologic Factors
					Economic Importance
					Zoonotic Potential
			Australian Outbreak (2007)
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
				Serology
					Rapid Detection of Virus
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Postmortem Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
				Immunity and Vaccination
					Vaccines
					Objective
					Timing
						Foals
						Racehorses and Show Horses
					Schedule
				Control Measures
			Further Reading
			References
		Equine Rhinitis (Equine Rhinitis Virus)
			References
		Equine Viral Rhinopneumonitis (Equine Herpesvirus-1 and -4 Infections)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Method of Transmission
				Risk Factors
					Immunity
					Age
				Economic Importance
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Control
				Vaccination
				Hygiene
			References
		Equine Multinodular Pulmonary Fibrosis
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Signs
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
				Specimen for Laboratory Diagnosis
			Diagnostic Confirmation
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Equine Hendra Virus Infection
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Transmission
				Zoonotic Potential
			Clinical Signs
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy
			Treatment and Control
			References
		Pulmonary and Systemic Aspergillosis (Aspergillus spp.)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment and Control
			References
		Rhinosporidosis
			References
		Lungworm in Horses
			Etiology
			Life Cycle
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Diagnostic Confirmation
			Treatment
			Control
			Reference
		Diseases of the Swine Respiratory Tract
			Progressive Atrophic Rhinitis (Conchal Atrophy of Swine)
				Etiology
				Epidemiology
					Occurrence
					Prevalence of Infection
					Method of Transmission
					Risk Factors
						Animal Risk Factors
							Immune Mechanisms
						Pathogen Factors
						Environmental Factors
					Economic Importance
				Pathogenesis
				Clinical Findings
				Clinical Pathology
					Culture and Detection of Bacteria
					Serology
					Antigen Detection
					Radiography
				Necropsy Findings
					Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
				Treatment
				Control
					Eradication
					Reduction of Infection
					Mass Medication
					Vaccination
			Further Reading
			References
		Facial Necrosis (Facial Pyemia)
			Further Reading
		Bordetella Rhinitis
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Signs
			Pathology
			Diagnosis
			Immunity
			Treatment
			Control
			References
		Pleuropneumonia of Pigs Associated With Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Morbidity and Case Fatality
				Methods of Transmission
				Risk Factors
					Pathogen Factors
						Biotypes
						Serotypes
					Virulence Factors
						Apx Toxins
					Animal Risk Factors
					Immune Mechanisms
					Environmental and Management Factors
				Economic Importance
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
				Culture of Organism
				Serotype of Organism
				Detection of Antigen
				Serology
			Necropsy Findings
			Diagnosis
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
				Antimicrobial Therapy
					Antimicrobial Sensitivities
					Antimicrobials in Experimental Disease
					Mass Medication of Feed
			Control
				Control by Management
				Eradication
				Vaccination
			References
		Mycoplasma Pneumonia (Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence and Prevalence of Infection
				Morbidity and Case Fatality
				Methods of Transmission
				Risk Factors
				Animal Risk Factors
					Immune Mechanisms
					Pathogen Risk Factors
					Environmental and Management Risk Factors
						Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
				Serologic Tests
				Detection of Organism
				Herd Certification
			Necropsy Findings
			Diagnosis
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
				Control by Eradication
				Specific Pathogen-Free or Minimal-Disease Pigs
				Isolated Farrowing
				Minimal Disease Herds
				Reinfection of Herds
				Antimicrobial Prophylaxis
				Low-Level Disease
				Medication of Breeding Stock
				Source of Feeder Pigs
				Vaccination
			Further Reading
			References
		Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex and Mycoplasmal Pneumonia of Pigs
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Combination and Interaction of Environmental Risk Factors
				Economic Losses and Importance
			Clinical Signs
			Pathology
			Treatment
			Monitoring
			Control
				All-in, All-Out
					Buildings
					Production
					Sick Pigs
					Diagnosis
					Active Control
			References
		Porcine Cytomegalic Virus (Inclusion-Body Rhinitis, Generalized Cytomegalic Inclusion-Body Disease of Swine)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Signs
			Pathology
			Diagnosis
			Differential Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
			Reference
		Swine Influenza
			Introduction
			Etiology
			H1N1—Classical
			H1N1—Others
			H1N1 Avian-Like
			H1N1 Humanlike Viruses in Pigs
			H1N1-Pandemic 2009
			H1N2
			H3N2—Classical
			H3N2—Novel
			Other Viruses
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
			Seasonality
				Risk Factors
					Animal Risk Factors
					Environmental Risk Factors
					Pathogen Factors
				Methods of Transmission
				Immunity
			Zoonotic Implications
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Concurrent Infections
			Clinical Pathology
				Experimental Infections
				Serologic Tests
				Detection of Virus
				Oral Fluids
				Antigen Detection
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
			Vaccination
			Inactivated Vaccines
			Modified Live
			Newer Options
			Further Reading
			References
		Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus
			Etiolgy
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Signs
			Lesions
			Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
			References
		Lungworm in Pigs
			Etiology
			Life Cycle
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Diagnostic Confirmation
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Respiratory System Toxicoses
			Furan (Ipomeanol and 3-Methylindole) Toxicosis
			Further Reading
			References
		Galegine Toxicoses
			Reference
		Manure Gas Poisoning and Confinement Effects
			Etiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Necropsy Findings
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Plants Causing Pulmonary Disease (Unidentified Toxins)
		Neoplastic Diseases of the Respiratory Tract
			Pulmonary and Pleural Neoplasms
				Clinical Findings
				Treatment
			Further Reading
			References
		Congenital and Inherited Diseases of the Respiratory Tract
			Congenital Defects
			References
	Index
	How to Use This Book
		For Example
		Guidelines for Selection and Submission of Necropsy Specimens for Confirmation of Diagnosis
Volume 2
	Front Cover
	Veterinary Medicine
	Volume 2_Copyright page
	Volume 2_Table of contents
	13 Diseases of the Urinary System
		Introduction
		Principles of Renal Insufficiency
			Renal Insufficiency and Renal Failure
				Causes of Renal Insufficiency and Uremia
				Pathogenesis of Renal Insufficiency and Renal Failure
		Clinical Features of Urinary Tract Disease
			Abnormal Constituents of the Urine
			Variations in Daily Urine Flow
				Polyuria
				Oliguria and Anuria
				Pollakiuria
			Abdominal Pain and Painful and Difficult Urination (Dysuria and Stranguria)
			Morphologic Abnormalities of Kidneys and Ureters
			Palpable Abnormalities of the Bladder and Urethra
			Acute and Chronic Renal Failure
			Uremia
		Special Examination of the Urinary System
			Tests of Renal Function and Detection of Renal Injury
			Collection of Urine Samples
			Tests of Urine Samples
				Specific Gravity
				pH
				Net Acid Excretion
				Hematuria
				Hemoglobinuria
				Myoglobinuria
				Ketonuria
				Glucosuria
				Proteinuria
				Casts
				Cells and Pyuria
				Bacteriuria
				Crystalluria
				Enzymuria
			Tests of Serum
				Serum Urea Nitrogen and Creatinine Concentration
				Glomerular Filtration Rate
			Tests of Urine and Serum
				Urine Osmolality to Serum Osmolality Ratio
				Water Deprivation Test
				Renal Clearance Studies
				Fractional Clearance
				Summary of Renal Function Tests
			Diagnostic Examination Techniques
				Ultrasonography
				Endoscopy
				Renal Biopsy
				Test of Uroperitoneum and Bladder Rupture
				Radiography
				Cystometry and Urethral Pressure Profile
				Computed Tomography
		Principles of Treatment of Urinary Tract Disease
			Fluid and Electrolytes
			Antimicrobial Agents
			Further Reading
			References
		Diseases of the Kidney
			Glomerulonephritis
			Reference
		Pyelonephritis
			Etiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Reference
		Nephrosis
		Ischemic Nephrosis
			Etiology
				Acute Renal Ischemia
				Chronic Renal Ischemia
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
		Toxic Nephrosis
			Etiology
				Toxins
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Further Reading
			References
		Renal Tubular Acidosis
			Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus
			Distal Renal Tubular Acidosis (Type I)
			Proximal Renal Tubular Acidosis (Type II)
			Further Reading
			References
		Hemolytic Uremic–Like Syndrome
		Hydronephrosis
		Interstitial Nephritis
		Embolic Nephritis
			Etiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
		Infectious Diseases of the Kidney
			Leptospirosis
				Etiology
				Epidemiology
					Risk Factors
						Animal Risk Factors
							Serovars and Species Susceptibility
						Pathogen Risk Factors
						Environmental and Management Risk Factors
					Occurrence and Prevalence of Infection
					Cattle
					Farmed Deer
					Sheep and Goats
					Pigs
					Horses
					Economic Importance
					Zoonotic Implications
					Methods of Transmission
						Leptospiruria
						Wildlife as Source of Infection
						Portal of Entry of Organism
				Pathogenesis
					Acute Form
					Septicemia, Capillary Damage, Hemolysis, and Interstitial Nephritis
					Abortion
					Encephalitis
					Subacute and Occult Forms
					Periodic Ophthalmia (Recurrent Uveitis) in the Horse
					Pulmonary Hemorrhage
					Immune Mechanisms
				Clinical Findings
					Cattle
						Acute Leptospirosis Associated With pomona
						Subacute Leptospirosis Associated With L. pomona
						Chronic Leptospirosis Associated With L. pomona
						Leptospirosis Associated With L. hardjo
					Pigs
					Sheep and Goats
					Horses
						Abortion
						Periodic Ophthalmia
						Neonatal Foal Disease
				Clinical Pathology
					General Considerations
					Serologic and Related Tests
						Aqueous Humor Antibody
					Demonstration or Culture of Organism
						Culture of Urine
				Necropsy Findings
					Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
				Treatment
					Antimicrobial Therapy
					Blood Transfusions
				Control
					Biosecurity and Biocontainment
					Eradication
					Hygiene
					Vaccination
						Cattle
						Bovine Leptospiral Vaccines and Their Efficacy
						Swine
					Vaccination and Antimicrobial Strategies
			Further Reading
			References
		Bovine Pyelonephritis
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Source of Infection and Transmission
				Risk Factors
					Animal Risk Factors
					Pathogen Risk Factors
					Environmental Risk Factors
				Economic Importance
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
			References
		Urinary Disease in Swine
			Glomerulonephritis
			Nephrosis
			Embolic Nephritis
			Interstitial Nephritis
			Other Conditions
		Porcine Cystitis and Pyelonephritis
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Source of Infection and Transmission
				Risk Factors
				Economic Importance
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for the Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Kidney Worm Disease in Pigs Caused by Stephanurus dentatus
			Etiology
			Life Cycle
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Diagnostic Confirmation
			Treatment
			Control
		Toxic Agents Affecting the Kidney
			Citrinin Toxicosis
			Further Reading
			References
		Ethylene Glycol Toxicosis
			Further Reading
			References
		Ochratoxins (Ochratoxicosis)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Risk Factors
					Animal Risk Factors
					Environmental Factors
					Human Risk Factors
					Farm or Premise Risk Factors
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Plant Poisonings Caused by Known Toxins
			Iforrestine
			Plant Poisonings From Unidentified Toxins
				Uremia, Nephrosis—With High Blood Urea Nitrogen
				Polydipsia, Polyuria
				Red Urine Caused by A Pigmented Substance From the Plant
				Cystitis
			Fungi Lacking Identified Toxins
			Further Reading
		Renal Neoplasia
			References
		Congenital and Inherited Renal Diseases
			Renal Hypoplasia
			References
		Polycystic Kidneys
			Reference
		Renal Dysplasia
			References
		Renal Lipofucinosis of Cattle
			References
		Equine Renal Cortical Tubular Ectasia
			Reference
		Diseases of the Ureters, Bladder, and Urethra
			Ectopic Ureter and Ureteral Defects
			Paralysis of the Bladder and Overflow Incontinence
			Reference
		Eversion of the Bladder
			Reference
		Patent Urachus
		Rupture of the Bladder (Uroperitoneum)
			References
		Uroperitoneum in Foals
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Pathophysiology
			Clinical Signs
				Imaging
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Prevention and Control
			Reference
		Cystitis
			Etiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
		Urolithiasis in Ruminants
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Species Affected
				Nidus Formation
				Precipitation of Solutes
				Factors Favoring Concretion
				Miscellaneous Factors in the Development of Urolithiasis
				Composition of Calculi
				Risk Factors for Obstructive Urolithiasis
				Occurrence
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
				Obstruction of the Urethra by a Calculus
				Rupture of Urethra or Bladder
			Clinical Pathology
				Urinalysis
				Serum Biochemistry
				Abdominocentesis and Needle Aspirate of Subcutaneous Tissue
				Ultrasonography
				Radiography
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Prevention
			Further Reading
			References
		Urolithiasis in Horses
			Further Reading
			Reference
		Urethral Tears in Stallions and Geldings
		Urethral Defects
			Further Reading
			Reference
		Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
			References
		Bovine Enzootic Hematuria
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
				Primary
				Supportive
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Diseases of the Prepuce and Vulvovaginal Area
			Enzootic Posthitis (Pizzle Rot, Sheath Rot, Balanoposthitis) and Vulvovaginitis (Scabby Ulcer)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Host Occurrence
					Sheep
					Cattle
				Source of Infection and Transmission
				Host and Environmental Risk Factors
				Experimental Reproduction
				Economic Importance
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy and Diagnostic Confirmation
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
	14 Diseases of the Nervous System
		Introduction
			Posture and Gait
			Sensory Perceptivity
			Mental State
		Principles of Nervous Dysfunction
			Modes of Nervous Dysfunction
				Excitation (Irritation) Signs
				Release of Inhibition Signs
				Paresis or Paralysis Caused by Tissue Damage
				Nervous Shock
		Clinical Manifestations of Diseases of the Nervous System
			Altered Mentation
				Excitation States
					Mania
					Frenzy
					Aggressive Behavior
				Depressive States
					Depression Leading to Coma
					Syncope
					Narcolepsy (Catalepsy)
				Compulsive Walking or Head Pressing
				Aimless Wandering
			Involuntary Movements
				Tremor
				Tics
				Tetany
				Convulsions
				Involuntary Spastic Paresis
			Abnormal Posture and Gait
				Posture
					Vestibular Disease
				Gait
				Ataxia
				Cerebellar Disease
				Spinal Cord Disease
			Paresis and Paralysis
				Neurogenic Muscular Atrophy
			Altered Sensation
			Blindness
				Central or Peripheral Blindness
			Abnormalities of the Autonomic Nervous System
		Special Examination of the Nervous System
			Neurologic Examination
			Signalment and Epidemiology
			History
			Head
				Behavior
				Mental Status
				Head Position and Coordination
				Cranial Nerves
					Olfactory Nerve (Cranial Nerve I)
					Optic Nerve (Cranial Nerve II)
					Oculomotor Nerve (Cranial Nerve III)
					Trochlear Nerve (Cranial Nerve IV)
					Trigeminal Nerve (Cranial Nerve V)
					Abducent Nerve (Cranial Nerve VI)
					Facial Nerve (Cranial Nerve VII)
					Vestibulocochlear Nerve (Cranial Nerve VIII)
					Glossopharyngeal Nerve (Cranial Nerve IX) and Vagus Nerve (Cranial Nerve X)
					Spinal Accessory Nerve (Cranial Nerve Xi)
					Hypoglossal Nerve (Cranial Nerve XII)
			Posture and Gait
			Neck and Forelimbs
				Spinal Reflexes of the Thoracic Limbs
			Trunk and Hindlimbs
			Tail and Anus
			Palpation of the Bony Encasement of the Central Nervous System
			Collection and Examination of Cerebrospinal Fluid
				Collection of Cerebrospinal Fluid
				Collection From the Lumbosacral Cistern
					Collection From the Atlantooccipital Cistern (Cisterna Magna)
				Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure
				Analysis of Cerebrospinal Fluid
			Examination of the Nervous System With Serum Biochemical Analysis
				Arterial Plasma Ammonia Concentration
			Further Reading
			References
		Examination of the Nervous System With Imaging Techniques
			Radiography
			Computed Tomography
			Magnetic Resonance Imaging
			Further Reading
			References
		Ultrasonography
		Endoscopy (Rhinolaryngoscopy)
		Ophthalmoscopy
		Electromyography
		Electroencephalography
		Electroretinography
		Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials
		Intracranial Pressure Measurement
		Kinetic Gait Analysis
			Further Reading
			References
		Diffuse or Multifocal Diseases of the Brain and Spinal Cord
			Responses of Central Nervous System to Injury
			Cerebral Hypoxia
				Etiology
					Cerebral Hypoxia Secondary to General Hypoxia
					Cerebral Hypoxia Secondary to Intracranial Lesion
				Pathogenesis
				Clinical Findings
				Clinical Pathology and Necropsy Findings
				Treatment
			Increased Intracranial Pressure, Cerebral Edema, and Brain Swelling
				Etiology
					Vasogenic Edema
					Cytotoxic Edema
					Interstitial Edema
				Pathogenesis
					Cerebral Edema and Brain Swelling
				Clinical Findings
				Clinical Pathology
				Necropsy Findings
				Treatment
			References
		Hydrocephalus
			Etiology
				Congenital Hydrocephalus
				Acquired Hydrocephalus
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
		Meningitis
			Etiology
				Cattle
				Sheep
				Horses
				Pigs
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
				Cerebrospinal Fluid
				Hematology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Further Reading
			References
		Encephalitis
			Etiology
				All Species
				Cattle
				Sheep
				Goats
				New World Camelids
				Horses
				Pigs
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
				Hemogram
				Serology
				Cerebrospinal Fluid
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Further Reading
			References
		Epilepsy
			Treatment
			Further Reading
			Reference
		Myelitis
		Encephalomalacia
			Etiology
				All Species
				Ruminants
				Horses
				Ruminants and Horses
					Neurotoxic Mycotoxins
				Pigs
			Pathogenesis
				Metabolic and Circulatory
				Intoxications and Toxic-Infectious Diseases
				Nutritional Diseases
				Hereditary, Familial, and Idiopathic Degenerative Diseases
					Polioencephalomalacia and Leukoencephalomalacia
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Further Reading
			References
		Myelomalacia
			References
		Focal Diseases of the Brain and Spinal Cord
			Traumatic Injury to the Brain
				Etiology
				Pathogenesis
					Concussion
					Contusion
					Laceration
					Experimental Traumatic Craniocerebral Missile Injury
				Clinical Findings
				Diagnosis
				Clinical Pathology
				Necropsy Findings
				Treatment
			Further Reading
			References
		Brain Abscess
			Etiology
				Hematogenous Spread
				Local Spread
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
				Cerebrospinal Fluid
				Hematology
				Imaging
				Electroencephalography
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Further Reading
			References
		Tumors of the Central Nervous System
			Etiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			References
		Central Nervous System–Associated Tumors
			Further Reading
			Reference
		Metastatic Tumors of the Central Nervous System
		Central Nervous System–Associated Masses
			References
		Plant Toxins Affecting the Nervous System
			Cannabinoids
			Cynanchoside
			Diterpenoid (Kaurene) Glycosides (Atractyloside, Carboxyatractyloside, Parquin, Carboxyparquin, and Wedeloside)
			Stypandrol
			Tropane Alkaloids
			Tutin
			Further Reading
			References
		Indole Alkaloids
			β-Carboline Indoleamine Alkaloid Poisoning
			Further Reading
			References
		Indolizidine Alkaloid Toxicosis (Locoism, Peastruck)
			Castanospermine Poisoning
			Swainsonine Poisoning
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Risk Factors
					Animal Risk Factors
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Neurogenic Quinolizidine Alkaloids (Lupinus Spp.)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Findings
			Pathology
			Further Reading
		Nitrocompound Plant Toxicosis (Milk Vetch)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Risk Factors
					Animal Risk Factors
					Human Risk Factors
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
				Acute Poisoning
				Chronic Poisoning
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Piperidine Alkaloid Plant Toxicosis
			Etiology
			Conium
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Cynapine
			Nicotiana
			Lobeline
			Further Reading
			References
		Corynetoxins (Tunicaminyluracils) (Annual Ryegrass Staggers, Flood Plain Staggers, Stewart Range Syndrome)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Risk Factors
					Animal Risk Factors
					Plant Risk Factors
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Miscellaneous Plant Toxins Affecting the Nervous System (Unidentified Toxins)
			Further Reading
			References
		Fungal Toxins Affecting the Nervous System
			Further Reading
			Reference
		Tremorgenic Mycotoxins
			Aspergillus-Associated Mycotoxins
			Bermudagrass Staggers
			Claviceps-Associated Mycotoxins (Paspalum or Dallis Grass Staggers)
			Neotyphodium-Associated Mycotoxins (Perennial Ryegrass Staggers)
			Penicillium-Associated Mycotoxins
			Further Reading
			References
		Miscellaneous Fungal Toxins Affecting the Nervous System (Unidentified Toxins)
			Black Soil Blindness
			Nervous Signs
			Further Reading
		Other Toxins Affecting the Nervous System
			Inorganic Toxins Affecting the Nervous System
				Lead Toxicosis (Plumbism)
				Etiology
				Epidemiology
					Occurrence
					Risk Factors
						Animal Risk Factors
							Cattle
							Buffalo
							Sheep
							Horses
						Environmental Risk Factors
					Farm or Premise Risk Factors
					Human and Public Health Risk Factors
					Transmission (Sources of Lead)
				Pathogenesis
				Clinical Findings
					Cattle
					Sheep
					Horses
					Pigs
				Clinical Pathology
					Hematology
					Blood Lead
					Milk Lead
					Fecal Lead
					Urinary Lead
					δ-ALA-D
					Erythrocyte Protoporphyrin
					Plasma δ-Aminolevulinic Acid
				Necropsy Findings
					Liver and Kidney Lead
						Cattle
						Horses
					Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
				Treatment
					Calcium Versenate
					Succimer (Dimercaptosuccinic Acid)
					Thiamine Hydrochloride
					Magnesium Sulfate
					Rumenotomy
				Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Mercury Toxicosis
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Risk Factors
					Animal Risk Factors
					Human Risk Factors
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
		Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Boron Toxicosis
			Further Reading
		Bromide Toxicosis
			Further Reading
			References
		Organic Toxins Affecting the Nervous System
			Anthelmintic Toxicosis
			Commonly Used Anthelmintics
			Older Anthelmintics
			Currently Used Anthelmintics
				Amino-Acetonitrile Derivatives (Monepantel)
				Benzimidazoles (Albendazole, Fenbendazole, and Thiabendazole) and Probenzimidazoles (Febantel, Netobimin, etc.)
				Albendazole, Cambendazole, and Parbendazole
				Fenbendazole
				Thiabendazole
				Cyclic Octadepsipeptides (Emodepside)
				Imidazothiazoles (Levamisole)
				Macrocyclic Lactones (Ivermectin, Moxidectin, and Doramectin)
				Miscellaneous (Piperazine and Clorsulon)
					Piperazine
					Clorsulon
				Praziquantel/Epsiprantel
				Salicylanilides/Substituted Phenols (Closantel, Rafoxanide, and Oxyclozanide)
				Tetrahydropyrimidines (Pyrantel and Morantel)
			Older Anthelmintics
				Carbon Tetrachloride
				Hexachloroethane
				Hexachlorophene
				Nicotine
				Phenothiazine
				Sumicidin
				Tetrachlorethylene
			Further Reading
			References
		Macrocyclic Lactone (Ivermectin, Moxidectin, etc.) Toxicosis
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Risk Factors
					Animal Risk Factors
					Environmental Risk Factors
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
		Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Organophosphorus Compounds and Carbamate Insecticides
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Source of Toxin
				Risk Factors
					Animal Risk Factors
					Environmental Risk Factors
				Transmission
			Pathogenesis
				Cholinesterase Inactivation
				Organophosphorus-Induced Delayed Neurotoxicity
			Clinical Findings
				Acute Poisoning
				Cattle, Sheep, and Goats
					Acute Toxicosis
					Delayed Neurotoxicity
				Pigs
					Acute Toxicosis
					Delayed Neurotoxicity
				Horses
					Acute Toxicosis
					Delayed Neurotoxicity Syndrome
				Miscellaneous Signs of Organophosphorus Poisoning
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
		Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Industrial Organophosphates
		Rotenone Toxicosis
			Further Reading
			References
		Organochlorine Insecticides
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Risk Factors
					Animal Risk Factors
					Farm or Premise Risk Factors
					Environmental Risk Factors
					Human Risk Factors
				Transmission
					Method of Application
					Formulation Used
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Postmortem Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
		Control
			Further Reading
		Sodium Fluoroacetate (Compound 1080) Toxicosis
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Signs
			Clinical Pathology/ Necropsy Findings
			Treatment/Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Molluscicide Toxicosis
			Metaldehyde
			Methiocarb
			Further Reading
			References
		Strychnine
			Further Reading
		Diseases of the Cerebrum
			Psychoses, Neuroses, and Stereotypy
				Crib-Biting and Windsucking
				Weaving
				Box Walking
				Farrowing Hysteria in Sows
				Tail-Biting, Ear-Chewing, and Snout-Rubbing in Pigs
			Head-Shaking in Horses
				Etiology
				Epidemiology
				Pathogenesis
				Clinical Findings
				Clinical Pathology
				Necropsy Findings
				Treatment
				Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Tail-Biting in Swine
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Risk Factors
			Factors Increasing Biting
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Bacterial Diseases Primarily Affecting the Cerebrum
			Enterotoxemia Associated With Clostridium Perfringens Type D (Pulpy Kidney, Overeating Disease)
				Etiology
				Epidemiology
					Occurrence
					Experimental Reproduction
					Animal and Management Risk Factors
					Sheep
					Calves
					Goats
					Horses
				Pathogenesis
				Clinical Findings
					Lambs
					Adult Sheep
					Calves
					Goats
				Clinical Pathology
				Necropsy Findings
					Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
				Treatment
				Control
					Reduction in Food Intake
					Antitoxin
					Vaccination
			Further Reading
			References
		Focal Symmetric Encephalomalacia
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Findings
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment and Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Cerebrospinal Angiopathy
			Further Reading
		Viral Diseases Primarily Affecting the Cerebrum
			Rabies
				Etiology
				Epidemiology
					Occurrence
						Europe
						United States
						Canada
						Africa
						South America, Latin America, and the Caribbean
					Distribution of Virus Variants
					Methods of Transmission
						Animal Vectors
						Seasonal Spread
						Latent Infection
					Zoonotic Implications
					Economic Importance
				Pathogenesis
				Clinical Findings
					Cattle
					Sheep and Goats
					Horses
					Pigs
				Clinical Pathology
				Necropsy Findings
					Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
				Treatment
				Control
					Prevention of Exposure to the Virus
					Preexposure Vaccination of Humans
					Postexposure Vaccination of Humans
					Postexposure Vaccination of Domestic Animals
					Vaccination of Domestic Animals
					Vaccines
					Vaccination of Wildlife
					Quarantine and Biosecurity
			Further Reading
			References
		Pseudorabies (Aujeszky’s Disease)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Morbidity and Case Fatality
				Risk Factors
					Animal Risk Factors
					Environmental Risk Factors
					Pathogen Factors
				Methods of Transmission
					Within Herds
					Between Herds
					Within an Area
					Latency
					Other Species
				Immune Mechanisms
				Economic Importance
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
				Pigs
				Cattle, Sheep, and Goats
			Clinical Pathology
				Serology
				Serum Neutralization Test
					Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
					Detection of Virus
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
				Strategies Available
				Economics of Control and Eradication
				Determination of Prevalence of Infection
					Depopulation and Repopulation
					Test and Removal
					Offspring Segregation
				Control Programs in Effect
				Vaccines and Vaccination
					Vaccines
					Pregnant Sows
					Growing and Finishing Pigs
					Marker or Subunit Vaccines
			References
		Sporadic Bovine Encephalomyelitis (Buss Disease and Transmissible Serositis)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Prevalence of Infection
					Morbidity and Case–Fatality Rates
				Method of Transmission
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
				Hematology
				Detection of Agent
					Serology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Control
			References
		Border Disease (Hairy Shaker Disease of Lambs, Hairy Shakers, Hypomyelinogenesis Congenita)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Source of Infection
				Transmission
				Host Risk Factors
				Experimental Reproduction
				Economic Importance
			Pathogenesis
				Nonpregnant Sheep
				Pregnant Sheep
					Infection in Early Pregnancy
					In Midpregnancy
					Infection in Late Pregnancy
						Goats
				Enteric Disease
			Clinical Findings
				Conformation
				Fleece
				Neurologic Dysfunction
				Growth Rate
				Reproductive Performance
			Clinical Pathology
				Detection of Persistently Infected Sheep
				Abortion
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Visna
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Experimental Transmission
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment and Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Geographic Occurrence
				Host Risk Factors
					Breeds
					Age
				Method of Transmission
					Colostrum and Milk
					Other Perinatal Transmission
					Contact Transmission
					Other Routes
				Experimental Reproduction
				Economic Importance
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
				Joints
				Brain
				Udder
			Clinical Pathology
				Serologic Testing
				Other Tests
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
				Prevention of Perinatal Transmission
					Test and Segregate/Cull
				Vaccination and Genetic Selection
			Further Reading
			References
		Ovine Encephalomyelitis (Louping-Ill)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
					Geographic Occurrence
					Host Occurrence
				Transmission
					Tick Transmission
					Nontick Transmission
				Host and Environmental Risk Factors
				Zoonotic Implications
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		West Nile, Kunjin, and Murray Valley Encephalitis
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Distribution
				Viral Ecology
				Transmission
				Animal Risk Factors
				Morbidity and Case Fatality
				Zoonotic Implications
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
				Other Species
			Clinical Pathology
				Serologic Tests
				Identification of West Nile Virus
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Japanese Encephalitis
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Signs
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Zoonosis
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Differential Diagnosis
			Treatment and Control
			References
		Eastern and Western Equine Encephalomyelitis
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Distribution
				Viral Ecology
					Western Equine Encephalomyelitis
					Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis
				Animal Risk Factors
				Morbidity and Case Fatality
				Zoonotic Implications
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
				Pigs
				Ratites and Pheasants
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Postmortem Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
				Vaccination
				Protection From Insects
				Zoonotic Aspects of Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Distribution
				Viral Ecology
				Animal Risk Factors
				Zoonotic Implications
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Postmortem Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
				Vaccination
				Protection From Insects
			References
		Equid Herpesvirus-1 Myeloencephalopathy, Abortion, and Neonatal Septicemia
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Method of Transmission
				Cycling of Infection
				Risk Factors
					Immunity
				Economic Importance
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
				Myeloencephalopathy
				Abortion
				Neonatal Viremia and Septicemia
				Respiratory Disease
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
				Prevention of Infection
					Vaccination
					Subdivision of Horses on a Farm
					Minimize Risk of Introduction of Infection
					Prevention of Reactivation of Latent Infection
				Control of Outbreaks
				Control of Outbreaks of Myeloencephalopathy
				Abortion
					Rapid Diagnosis
					Prevention of Spread
			Further Reading
			References
		Peruvian Horse Sickness Virus
			References
		Powassan Virus
			Reference
		Nigerian Equine Encephalitis
		Main Drain Virus Encephalitis
			Reference
		Borna Disease
			Further Reading
			References
		Teschovirus Infections
			Serotypes
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence and Prevalence of Infection
				Morbidity and Case Fatality
				Methods of Transmission
				Risk Factors
					Animal Risk Factors
				Pathogen Risk Factors
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
				Acute Viral Encephalomyelitis (Teschen Disease)
				Subacute Viral Encephalomyelitis (Talfan Disease)
			Clinical Pathology
				Serology
				Detection of Virus
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Immunity
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Prion Diseases Primarily Affecting the Cerebrum
			Introduction
			Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (Mad Cow Disease)
				Etiology
				Epidemiology
					Occurrence
						Geographic Occurrence
						Occurrence in Cattle
							Great Britain
							Herd Type
							Northern Ireland and Republic of Ireland
							European Continent and Iberian Peninsula
							North America
							Japan
					Age Incidence
					Other Species
					Method of Natural Transmission
						Ingestion of Meat-and-Bone Meal
						Born-After-the-Ban
						Non–Feed-Borne Transmission
						Vertical Transmission
					Risk for Occurrence of Disease in Countries
					Experimental Reproduction
					Infectivity of Tissues
					Economic Importance
					Zoonotic Implications
				Pathogenesis
				Clinical Findings
					Clinical Signs and Passive Surveillance
				Clinical Pathology
				Necropsy Findings
					Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
				Treatment and Control
					Detection of BSE in Surveillance and Control Programs
					Control of BSE in Cattle
					Measures to Protect Human Health
			Further Reading
			References
		Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy and Sheep
			Experimental Transmission
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Signs
			Disposition of Disease-Associated PrP
			Diagnosis
				Strain Tying
			Control
			References
		Scrapie
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
					Geographic Occurrence and Incidence
					Host Occurrence
						Age
						Breed
				Methods of Transmission
					Sources and Routes of Infection
					Horizontal Transmission
					Vertical Transmission
					Environment
					Iatrogenic Transmission
				Genetics
				Risk Factors
					Exposure Factors
					Age at Exposure
					Infection Status of Parents
					Goats
				Experimental Reproduction
				Pathogen Risk Factors
				Economic Importance
				Zoonotic Implications
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
				Incubation
				Early Signs
				Advanced Cases
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Control
				Individual Flocks
				National Eradication
				Flock Eradication
				Genetic Control and National Programs
			Further Reading
			References
		Chronic Wasting Disease
			Further Reading
		Parasitic Disease Primarily Affecting the Cerebrum
			Coenurosis (Gid, Sturdy)
				Etiology
				Pathogenesis
				Clinical Findings
				Clinical Pathology
				Necropsy Findings
				Treatment and Control
			References
		Halicephalobus
			References
		Metabolic Diseases Primarily Affecting the Cerebrum
			Polioencephalomalacia (Cerebrocortical Necrosis) of Ruminants
				Etiology
					Thiamine Inadequacy
					Excess Dietary Sulfur
				Epidemiology
					Occurrence
					Morbidity and Case Fatality
					Risk Factors
						Dietary Risk Factors
						Thiamine Inadequacy
						Thiaminases
						Sulfur-Induced Polioencephalomalacia
						Other Dietary Circumstances
							Deprivation of Feed and Water.
							Phalaris Aquatica “PEM-Like” Sudden Death in Sheep and Cattle.
				Pathogenesis
					Thiamine Inadequacy Polioencephalomalacia
					Sulfate-Induced Polioencephalomalacia
					Acute Cerebral Edema and Laminar Necrosis
				Clinical Findings
					Cattle
						Sheep
				Clinical Pathology
					Thiamine Inadequacy Polioencephalomalacia.
					Brain Imaging Function.
					Sulfate-Induced Polioencephalomalacia
						Ruminal Hydrogen Sulfide Measurement.
						Brain Function.
				Necropsy Findings
				Treatment
					Thiamine Hydrochloride
					Outbreak Management
					Sulfur-Induced Polioencephalomalacia
				Control
					Thiamine Supplementation
					Feeding Roughage
					Sulfate Toxicity PEM
			Further Reading
			References
		Thiamine Deficiency (Hypothiaminosis)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
				Bracken Fern (P. aquilinum) and Horsetail (E. arvense) Poisoning in the Horse
				Experimental Syndromes
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Control
		Thiaminase Toxicosis
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Salt Toxicity (Sodium Chloride Toxicosis)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Risk Factors
					Animal Risk Factors
					Farm Risk Factors
					Environmental Risk Factors
			Pathogenesis
				Acute Poisoning
				Chronic Poisoning
			Clinical Findings
				Subclinical Salt Poisoning
				Acute Salt Poisoning
				Subacute Poisoning
				Chronic Salt Poisoning
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
				Acute Toxicity
				Chronic Toxicity
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Vitamin A Deficiency (Hypovitaminosis A)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Primary Vitamin A Deficiency
					Ruminants on Pasture
					Maternal Deficiency
					Adequacy of Supplements
					Feedlot Cattle
					Pigs
					Horses
				Secondary Vitamin A Deficiency
			Pathogenesis
				Night Vision and Ocular Abnormalities
				Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure
				Bone Growth
				Epithelial Tissues
				Embryologic Development
				Immune Mechanisms
			Clinical Findings
				Night Blindness
				Xerophthalmia
				Ocular Abnormalities
				Changes in the Skin
				Body Weight
				Reproductive Efficiency
				Nervous System
					Paralysis
					Convulsions
					Blindness
				Congenital Defects
				Other Diseases
					Anasarca.
			Clinical Pathology
				Plasma Vitamin A
				Plasma Retinol
				Plasma Carotene
				Hepatic Vitamin A
				Cerebrospinal Fluid
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
				Vitamin A
				Hypervitaminosis A
			Control
				Dietary Requirement
				Supplementation Method
				Parenteral Injection
				Oral Vitamin A
			References
		Nicotinic Acid Deficiency (Hyponiacinosis)
			References
		Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) Deficiency (Hypopyridoxinosis)
			Reference
		Pantothenic Acid Deficiency (Hypopantothenosis)
			Reference
		Metabolic and Toxic Encephalomyelopathies
			Abnormalities of Consciousness and Behavior
			Abnormality Characterized by Tremor and Ataxia
			Convulsions
			Ataxia Apparently Caused by Proprioceptive Defect
			Involuntary Spastic Contraction of Large Muscle Masses
			Tremor, Incoordination, and Convulsions
			Paresis or Paralysis
			Further Reading
			References
		Inherited Diseases Primarily Affecting the Cerebrum
			Inherited Congenital Hyrdocephalus
				Cattle
				Sheep
				Horses
				Pigs
			References
		Inherited Hydranencephaly and Arthrogryposis
		Inherited Prosencephaly
		Inherited Multifocal Symmetric Encephalopathy
		Maple Syrup Urine Disease (Branched-Chain Keto Acid Dehydrogenase Deficiency)
			Reference
		Inherited Citrullinemia
		Inherited Neonatal Spasticity
		Doddler Calves
		Inherited Idiopathic Epilepsy of Cattle
		Familial Narcolepsy
			Further Reading
			Reference
		Congenital and Inherited Encephalomyelopathies
			Inherited Lysosomal Storage Diseases
				Mannosidosis
					α-Mannosidosis
					β-Mannosidosis
			References
		Gangliosidosis
			GM1 Gangliosidosis
			GM2 Gangliosidosis
			References
		Gaucher Disease Type 2
			Reference
		Bovine Mucopolysaccharidosis Type IIIB
			Reference
		Sphingomyelinase Deficiency (Niemann–Pick Disease Type a) in Cattle
			Reference
		Globoid Cell Leukodystrophy (Galactocerebrosidosis)
		Inherited Nervous System Abiotrophies
			Further Reading
		Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis
			References
		Congenital Necrotizing Encephalopathy in Lambs
			Reference
		Lavender Foal Syndrome
			References
		Inherited Hypomyelinogenesis (Congenital Tremor Syndromes of Piglets)
			Further Reading
		Diseases Primarily Affecting the Cerebellum
			Inherited Cerebellar Defects
				Cerebellar Hypoplasia
				Cerebellar Atrophy of Lambs (Daft Lamb Disease 1)
				Star-Gazing Lambs (Daft Lamb Disease 2)
				Hereditary Lissencephaly and Cerebellar Hypoplasia in Churra Lambs
			References
		Inherited Ataxia of Calves
		Familial Convulsions and Ataxia in Cattle
		Inherited Congenital Spasms of Cattle
		Cerebellar Abiotrophy
			Cattle
			Sheep
			Alpaca
			Horses
			Pigs
			References
		Diseases Primarily Affecting the Brainstem and Vestibular System
			Otitis Media/Interna
				Pigs
				Calves and Lambs
				Horses
				Treatment
			Further Reading
			References
		Listeriosis
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
					Geographic
					Seasonal
					Host
				Source of Infection
					Silage
				Transmission
				Risk Factors
					Host Management Risk Factors
					Pathogen Risk Factors
				Experimental Reproduction
				Zoonotic Implications
			Pathogenesis
				Encephalitis/Meningitis
				Spinal Myelitis
				Mastitis
				Enteritis
			Clinical Findings
				Listerial Encephalitis/Meningitis
					Sheep
					Cattle
					Goats
				Listerial Abortion
					Cattle
					Sheep and Goats
					Abortion Caused by Listeria Ivanovii
				Septicemic Listeriosis
				Mastitis
				Spinal Myelitis
				Keratoconjunctivitis, Uveitis
				Enteritis in Sheep
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
					Central Nervous System Listeriosis
					Septicemia and Abortion
					Enteritis
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Diseases Primarily Affecting the Spinal Cord
			Traumatic Injury
				Etiology
					Physical Trauma
					Parasitic Invasion
					Local Ischemia of the Spinal Cord
				Pathogenesis
				Clinical Findings
					Fracture of the Cervical Vertebrae in Horses
					Spondylosis in Bulls
				Clinical Pathology
				Necropsy Findings
				Treatment
			Further Reading
			Reference
		Spinal Cord Compression
			Etiology
				Tumors
				Vertebral Body or Epidural Abscess
				Bony Lesions of Vertebra
				Vertebral Subluxation or Compressive Myelopathy
				Ataxia in Horses
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Further Reading
			References
		Back Pain in Horses
		Parasitic Diseases Primarily Affecting the Spinal Cord
			Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis
				Etiology
				Epidemiology
					Risk Factors
					Transmission
				Pathogenesis
				Clinical Findings
				Clinical Pathology
				Necropsy
					Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
				Treatment
				Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Cerebrospinal Nematodiasis (Elaphostrongylosis)
			References
		Setaria
			Further Reading
			References
		Toxic Diseases Primarily Affecting the Spinal Cord
			Stringhalt
			References
		Inherited Diseases Primarily Affecting the Spinal Cord
			Spastic Paresis of Cattle (Elso Heel)
			Further Reading
			References
		Inherited Congenital Myoclonus (Hereditary Neuraxial Edema)
		Inherited Spinal Dysmyelination
		Inherited Neurodegeneration (Shaker Calf Syndrome)
		Inherited Spinal Dysraphism
			References
		Inherited Congenital Posterior Paralysis
		Inherited Bovine Degenerative Axonopathy
		Degenerative Axonopathy of Tyrolean Grey Cattle
			Reference
		Central and Peripheral Axonopathy of Maine Anjou (Rouge-Des- Prés) Cattle
		Inherited Progressive Degenerative Myeloencephalopathy (Weaver Syndrome) of Brown Swiss Cattle
		Inherited Progressive Ataxia
		Inherited Spinal Myelinopathy
		Inherited Periodic Spasticity of Cattle
		Neuraxonal Dystrophy
			Neuraxonal Dystrophy of Sheep (Segmented Axonopathy)
			Neuraxonal Dystrophy of Horses
			References
		Caprine Progressive Spasticity
		Inherited Spontaneous Lower Motor Neuron Diseases
			Reference
		Inherited Spinal Muscular Atrophy
		Inherited Hypomyelinogenesis (Congenital Tremor of Pigs)
		Porcine Congenital Progressive Ataxia and Spastic Paresis
			Reference
		Equine Degenerative Myeloencephalopathy (Equine Neuraxonal Dystrophy)
			References
		Equine Cervical Vertebral Compressive Myelopathy (Wobbler, “Wobbles,” Foal Ataxia, Equine Sensory Ataxia, Cervical Vertebral Instability)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Risk Factors
					Animal Risk Factors
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
				Neurologic Examination
				Ancillary Diagnostic Tests
				Radiographic Examination
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Equine Motor Neuron Disease
			Further Reading
			References
		Diseases Primarily Affecting the Peripheral Nervous System
			Etiology
				Inflammatory
				Degenerative
				Traumatic
				Metabolic and Nutritional
				Toxic
				Tumors
				Autonomic Nervous System
			Further Reading
			References
		Tetanus
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Case–Fatality Rate
				Source of Infection
				Transmission
				Animal Risk Factors
				Importance
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
				Passive Immunity
					Tetanus Antitoxin
				Active Immunity
			References
		Botulism
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Source of Infection
					Forage Botulism
					Carrion-Associated Botulism
					Wound Botulism
					Toxicoinfectious Botulism
				Experimental Reproduction
				Risk Factors
					Animal Risk Factors
					Environment Risk Factors
				Importance
				Zoonotic Implications
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
				Cattle and Horses
				Sheep
				Goats
				Pigs
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Tick Paralysis
			Further Reading
			References
		Ovine “Kangaroo Gait” and Fenugreek Staggers
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Risk Factors
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Further Reading
			Reference
		Polyneuritis Equi (Cauda Equina Syndrome)
			References
		Scandinavian Knuckling Syndrome (Acquired Equine Polyneuropathy)
			References
		Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Treatment
			References
	15 Diseases of the Musculoskeletal System
		Principal Manifestations of Musculoskeletal Disease
			Lameness
			Abnormal Posture and Movement
			Deformity
				Muscle and Tendon Defects
				Defects of the Skeleton
				Joint Defects
			Spontaneous Fractures
			Painful Aspects of Lameness
				Relief of Musculoskeletal Pain
			References
		Examination of the Musculoskeletal System
			Analysis of Gait and Conformation
			Close Physical Examination
			Radiography
			Ultrasonography
			Arthrocentesis and Synovial Fluid Interpretation
			Arthroscopy
			Serum Biochemistry and Enzymology
			Muscle Biopsy
			Infrared Thermography
			Nuclear Scintigraphy
			Magnetic Resonance Imaging
			Computed Tomography
			Nutritional History
			Environment and Housing
			References
		Diseases of Muscles
			Myasthenia (Skeletal Muscle Asthenia)
			Myopathy
				Etiology and Epidemiology
					Enzootic Nutritional Muscular Dystrophy
					Exertional or Postexercise Rhabdomyolysis
					Equine Atypical Myopathy (Seasonal Pasture Myopathy)
					Equine Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy
					Metabolic
					Degenerative Myopathy
					Inherited Myopathies
					Toxic Agents
					Ischemia
					Neurogenic
					Neoplasms
				Pathogenesis
					Primary Myopathy
					Myoglobinuria
					Muscle Enzymes
					Exertional Rhabdomyolysis
					Types of Muscle Fiber Affected
					Secondary Myopathy Resulting From Ischemia
					Neurogenic Atrophy of Muscle
				Clinical Findings
					Primary Myopathy
					Acute Nutritional Myopathy
					Tying-Up
					Postanesthetic Myositis
					Exertional Rhabdomyolysis
					Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis
					Secondary Myopathy Resulting From Ischemia
					Neurogenic Atrophy
					Dystrophy of the Diaphragmatic Muscles
				Diagnosis
					Muscle-Derived Serum Enzymes
					Muscle Biopsy
					Myoglobinuria
				Necropsy Findings
				Treatment
				Control
			Further Reading
			Reference
		Myopathy of Horses
			Etiology
			Pathogenesis
			Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			Reference
		Myositis
			Acute Myositis of Limb Muscles
			Injection-Site Lesions in Cattle
			Injection-Site Clostridial Infections in Horses
			Reference
		Diseases of Bones
			Osteodystrophy
				Etiology
					Nutritional Causes
						Calcium, Phosphorus, and Vitamin D
						Copper Deficiency
						Other Nutritional Causes
						Chemical Agents
					Inherited and Congenital Causes
					Physical and Environmental Causes
					Tumors
				Pathogenesis
					Rickets
					Osteomalacia
					Osteodystrophia Fibrosa
					Osteoporosis
					Osteodystrophy of Chronic Fluorosis
					Congenital Defects of Bone
				Clinical Findings
				Diagnosis
				Necropsy Findings
				Treatment
			References
		Hypertrophic Osteopathy (Marie’s Disease)
			References
		Osteomyelitis
			Etiology and Pathogenesis
				Osseous Sequestration in Cattle
				Osteomyelitis Secondary to Trauma
				Inflammation of Bone Marrow
			Clinical Findings
			Diagnosis
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Further Reading
			References
		Tail-Tip Necrosis in Beef Cattle
			Risk Factors
			Treatment
			Control
			Reference
		Laminitis of Horses
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Risk Factors
					Animal Risk Factors
						Phenotype
						Hyperinsulinemia
						Supporting Limb Laminitis
				Importance
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
				Prognosis
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
				Treatment of Inciting Process or Disease
				Cryotherapy or Digital Cooling
				Analgesics and Antiinflammatory Drugs
				Vasodilatory Drugs
				Anticoagulants
				Mechanical Support
				Promotion of Healing
				Chronic Laminitis
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Laminitis in Ruminants and Swine
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Risk Factors
					Cattle and Sheep
					Pigs
				Importance
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
				Cattle and Sheep
				Pigs
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Control
			References
		Diseases of Joints
			Degenerative Joint Disease (Osteoarthropathy) and Osteochondrosis
				Etiology and Epidemiology
					Nutritional Causes
					Toxic Causes
					Steroid Induced
					Biomechanical Trauma
					Aging Process
					Osteochondrosis
				Pathogenesis
					Primary Osteoarthropathy
					Secondary Osteoarthropathy
					Osteochondrosis
				Clinical Findings
				Diagnosis
					Joint Fluid
					Radiography
					Arthroscopy
				Necropsy Findings
				Treatment
					Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Agents and Opioids
					Intraarticular Steroids
					Chondroprotective Agents
						Hyaluronic Acid
						Polysulfated Glycosaminoglycan
					Other Treatments
				Control and Prevention
			Further Reading
			References
		Septic Arthritis Synovitis
			Etiology and Epidemiology
				Calves
				Lambs
				Foals
				Piglets
				Cattle
				Sheep and Goats
				Horses
				Pigs
				All Species
			Pathogenesis
				Calves With Experimentally Induced Infectious Arthritis
				Lambs With Streptococcus dysgalactiae Polyarthritis
				Foals With Septicemia
				Horses
			Clinical Findings
			Diagnosis
				Arthrocentesis
				Analysis of Joint Fluid
				Culture of Joint Fluid
				Serology of Joint Fluid
				Radiography
				Ultrasonography
				Arthroscopy
				Nuclear Scintigraphy
				Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Computed Tomography
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
				Parenteral Antimicrobials
				Intraarticular Antimicrobials
				Lavage of Joint
				Arthroscopy
				Surgical Drainage and Arthrotomy
				Arthrodesis or Artificial Ankylosis
				Physical Therapy
				Antiinflammatory Agents and Adjunctive Therapy
				Prognosis for Survival and Athletic Use in Horses With Septic Arthritis
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Lameness in Pigs and Degenerative Joint Disease (Osteochondrosis, Osteoarthrosis, Epiphysiolysis and Apophysiolysis, Leg Weakness in Pigs)
			Leg Disorders
			Lameness
			Age-Related Changes in Pigs
				Young Pigs
				Growers and Finishers
				Older Animals
				Adults
			Osteochondrosis
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Risk Factors
					Nutrition and Rate of Growth
					Genetic and Breed Predisposition
					Type of Flooring
					Exercise and Confinement
				Economic Importance
			Pathogenesis
				Radiologic Monitoring of Lesions
			Clinical Findings
				Epiphysiolysis
				Apophysiolysis
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Control
			References
		Infectious Diseases of the Musculoskeletal System
			Borreliosis (Lyme Borre liosis, Lyme Disease)
				Etiology
				Epidemiology
					Occurrence and Prevalence of Infection
						Cattle
						Sheep
						Horses
						Wildlife
						Zoonotic Implications
					Methods of Transmission
				Pathogenesis
					Immune Mechanisms
				Clinical Findings
					Horses
					Cattle
					Sheep
				Clinical Pathology
					Detection of Organism
					Serology
				Necropsy Findings
					Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
				Treatment
				Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Malignant Edema, Clostridial Myonecrosis (Gas Gangrene)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Source of Infection
				Transmission
				Animal and Management Risk Factors
				Importance
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			Reference
		Blackleg
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Source of Infection
				Transmission
				Risk Factors
					Environment Risk Factors
					Animal Risk Factors
				Economic Importance
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
				Cattle
				Sheep
				Horses
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
				Cattle
				Sheep
			Further Reading
			References
		Bovine Footrot (Infectious Bovine Pododermatitis, Interdigital Phlegmon, Interdigital Necrobacillosis, Foul in the Foot)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Transmission
				Environmental Risk Factors
				Host Risk Factors
				Economic Importance
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
				Interdigital Dermatitis/Stable Footrot
				Verrucose Dermatitis
				Traumatic Injury
			Treatment
				Antimicrobials
				Local Treatment
				Surgical Drainage
			Control
				Footbaths
				Antibacterials
				Vaccination
			Further Reading
			References
		Bovine Digital Dermatitis, Papillomatous Digital Dermatitis of Cattle (Mortellaro’s Disease), Foot Warts, Hairy Foot Warts, “Heel Warts”
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence and Prevalence of Infection
				Risk Factors
					Host Risk Factors
					Immune Mechanisms
				Environmental and Management Risk Factors
					Pathogen Risk Factors
					Economic Importance
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
				Detection of Organism
					Serology
			Pathology
			Treatment
				Topical Antimicrobials
				Nonantibiotic Topical Formulations
				Cleaning the Surface of the Lesion
				Bandaging the Lesion
				Antimicrobials Parenterally and Topically
				Parenteral Antimicrobials
				Footbaths
					Antibiotics in Footbaths
				Treatment Failure
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Infectious Footrot in Sheep
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Geographic Occurrence
				Host Occurrence
				Source of Infection
				Methods of Transmission
				Host Risk Factors
					Age and Sex
					Breed
				Environmental Risk Factors
					Climate and Season
					Management
					Pasture Type
					Pathogen Factors
				Economic Importance
			Pathogenesis
				Benign and Virulent Footrot
			Clinical Findings
				Sheep
					Virulent Footrot
					Benign Footrot
					Scoring Systems
					Symptomless Carriers
				Goats
				Cattle
			Clinical Pathology and Necropsy Findings
			Treatment and Control
				Topical Treatment
				Footbathing for Treatment and Control
					Zinc Sulfate Solution (10% to 20%)
					Formalin Solution (5%)
					Copper Sulfate Solution (5%)
				Antibiotic Treatment
				Vaccination
					Multivalent Vaccines
					Mono- and Bivalent Vaccines
				Summary of Control Procedures in Infected Flocks
				Genetic Selection
			Eradication
				Introduced Sheep
			Further Reading
			References
		Foot Abscess in Sheep
			Heel Abscess/Infectious Bulbar Necrosis
				Treatment of Heel Abscess
			Toe Abscess
				Treatment of Toe Abscess
			Further Reading
		Lamb Arthritis
			Chlamydial Polyarthritis
			Further Reading
			References
		Chronic Pectoral and Ventral Midline Abscess in Horses (Pigeon Fever)
			External Abscesses
			Internal Abscesses
			References
		Infectious Polyarthritis (Glässer’s Disease, Porcine Polyserositis, and Arthritis)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
					Bacteriology
					Histology
					Serology
			Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Arthritis Resulting From Erysipelas
			Erysipelas in Sheep
				Arthritis in Lambs
				Postdipping Lameness
			References
		Mycoplasma Hyosynoviae in Pigs
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Pathology
			Diagnosis
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
		Footrot in Pigs (Bush Foot)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Control
			References
		Ross River Virus
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Zoonotic Implications
			Clinical Signs
			Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
			References
		Nutritional Diseases Affecting the Musculoskeletal System
			Selenium and/or Vitamin E Deficiencies
				Etiology
					Biological Functions of Selenium and Vitamin E (VE)
						Selenium
						Glutathione Peroxidases and Tissue Peroxidation
					Vitamin
						Interrelationships Between Selenium and Vitamin E
				Epidemiology
					Enzootic Nutritional Muscular Dystrophy
					Occurrence
					Geographic Distribution
						Selenium in Soil, Plants, and Animals
							Selenium in Soils
							Selenium in Plants
								Factors Influencing the Availability of Soil Selenium to Plants.
							Selenium in Animals
						Vitamin E
						Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Diet
						Other Myopathic Agents in Diet
						Unaccustomed Exercise
					Congenital Nutritional Muscular Dystrophy
					Vitamin E–Selenium Deficiency Syndrome
						Mulberry Heart Disease
							Hepatosis Dietetica
					Selenium-Responsive Disorders
					Subclinical Selenium Insufficiency
					Reproductive Performance
						Pigs
						Sheep
						Cattle
							Retained Fetal Placenta
						Mammary Gland Function
						Transport Stress
					Resistance to Infectious Disease
						Neutrophil Function
						Immune Response
						General Resistance
						Transfer of Selenium and Vitamin E to the Fetus, Colostrum, and Milk
							Selenium
							Pigs
							Vitamin E
						Neonatal Morbidity and Mortality
						Mastitis
					Blood Abnormalities
					Equine Nutritional Myopathy
					Equine Degenerative Myeloencephalopathy
					Equine Motor Neuron Disease
					Generalized Steatitis
				Pathogenesis
					Nutritional Muscular Dystrophy
					Subclinical Selenium Insufficiency
					VESD Syndrome and Others
				Clinical Findings
					Acute Enzootic Muscular Dystrophy
					Subacute Enzootic Muscular Dystrophy
					Vitamin E/Selenium Deficiency in Pigs
					Mulberry Heart Disease
					Hepatosis Dietetica
				Clinical Pathology
					Myopathy
						Plasma Creatine Kinase
						Aspartate Aminotransferase
					Selenium Status
						Selenium Status in Horses
						Kidney Cortex and Liver
						Blood and Milk
						Bulk-Tank Milk
					Glutathione Peroxidase
					Vitamin E Status
					Farmed Red Deer
					Pigs
				Necropsy Findings
					Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
				Treatment
					Nutritional Muscular Dystrophy
				Control
					Provide Selenium and Vitamin E
					Maternal Transfer to Newborn
					Selenium Is Potentially Toxic
					Selenium in Milk Supplies
					Dietary Requirement of Selenium
					Glutathione Peroxidase Activity
						Pigs
					Different Methods of Supplementation
						Dietary Supplementation
						Selenium Dose
							Individual Injections
							Subcutaneous Injections
								Cattle and Sheep.
								Pigs.
								Farmed Red Deer.
						Oral Selenium and Anthelmintics
						Pasture Top Dressing
					Muscular Dystrophy
						Beef Cattle and Sheep
							Salt–Mineral Mixture
						Dairy Cattle
							Selenium
							Vitamin E
					Selenium-Responsive Reproductive Performance and Growth
						Sheep
						Weak-Calf Syndrome
						Pigs
						Horses
						Intraruminal Selenium Pellets
							Sheep
							Cattle
					Selenium Toxicity and Residues
					Selenium Responsiveness
			Further Reading
			References
		Masseter Myonecrosis
			References
		Sporadic Exertional Rhabdomyolysis in Horses (Azoturia, Tying-Up)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Postmortem Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Diagnostic Confirmation
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Dietary Deficiency of Phosphorus, Calcium, and Vitamin D and Imbalance of the Calcium : Phosphorus Ratio
			Absorption and Metabolism of Calcium and Phosphorus
			References
		Calcium Deficiency
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Specific Syndromes
				Primary Calcium Deficiency
				Secondary Calcium Deficiency
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
			References
		Phosphorus Deficiency
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Geographic Occurrence
				Cattle
				Sheep and Horses
				Pigs
				Secondary Phosphorus Deficiency
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
				Serum Phosphorus
				Dietary Phosphorus Content
				Bone Ash Concentrations
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Control
				Phosphorus Requirements
					Cattle
					Dairy Cattle
						Environmental Implications of Phosphorus Feeding of Livestock
					Beef Cattle
					Feedlot Cattle
					Pigs
				Phosphorus Supplementation
			Further Reading
			References
		Vitamin D Deficiency
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Ultraviolet Irradiation
				Dietary Vitamin D
				Grazing Animals
				Animal Risk Factors
			Pathogenesis
				Maternal Status
				Calcium : Phosphorus Ratio
				Other Roles for Vitamin D
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
				Serum Calcium and Phosphorus
				Plasma Vitamin D
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Control
				Supplementation
				Injection
			Further Reading
			References
		Vitamin D Intoxication
			Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			References
		Rickets
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Calves
				Lambs
				Pigs
				Foals
				New World Camelids
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment and Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Osteomalacia
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
				Ruminants
				Pigs
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment and Control
			References
		Osteodystrophia Fibrosa
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
				Horse
				Pigs
				Goats
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment and Control
			Further Reading
			References
		“Bowie” or “Bentleg” in Lambs
			Degenerative Joint Disease and Osteoarthritis
			Further Reading
			References
		Manganese Deficiency
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment and Control
			References
		Biotin (Vitamin H) Deficiency (Hypobiotinosis)
			Cattle
			Sheep
			Pigs
			Biotin Requirements
				Pigs
				Horses
			References
		Toxic Agents Affecting the Musculoskeletal System
			Hyena Disease of Cattle
			Further Reading
			Reference
		Calcinogenic Glycoside Poisoning (Enzootic Calcinosis)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Risk Factors
					Animal Risk Factors
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment and Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Hypoglycin A Intoxication of Horses (Atypical Myopathy [Myoglobinuria] in Grazing Horses)
			References
		Plant Poisonings With Known Toxins
			Aminopropionitrile
			Plant Poisonings With Suspected or Unidentified Toxins
				Juglone
				Myopathy—With Gait Incoordination, Recumbency, Elevated CPK
			Further Reading
		Aluminum Toxicosis
			Further Reading
			References
		Fluoride Toxicosis
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Risk Factors
					Animal Risk Factors
					Environmental Risk Factors
					Supplementary Feeding of Phosphates
					Farm Risk Factors
					Human Risk Factors
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
				Acute Intoxication
				Chronic Intoxication
				Dental Fluorosis
				Osteofluorosis
				Other Effects
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Congenital Defects of Muscles, Bones, and Joints
			Weakness of Skeletal Muscles
			Congenital Hyperplasia of Myofiber
			Obvious Absence or Deformity of Specific Parts of the Musculoskeletal System
			Fixation of Joints
				Cattle
				Sheep and Goats
				Foals
				Piglets
			Congenital Arthrogryposis and Hydranencephaly, Akabane Disease, Cache Valley Virus Disease, Schmallenberg Virus
				Etiology
				Epidemiology
					Occurrence
						Akabane
						Cache Valley
						Schmallenberg
						Aino and Shamonda
					Source of Infection
						Akabane
						Cache Valley
						Schmallenberg
						Aino
					Host and Environmental Risk Factors
						Akabane
						Cache Valley
						Schmallenberg
					Experimental Reproduction
					Zoonotic Implications
				Pathogenesis
					Akabane
					Cache Valley
					Schmallenberg
				Clinical Findings
					Akabane
					Cache Valley
					Schmallenberg
				Clinical Pathology
				Necropsy Findings
					Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
				Treatment and Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Hypermobility of Joints
			Inherited Diseases of Muscles
				Glycogen Storage Diseases
				Generalized Glycogenosis (Glycogen Storage Disease Type II)
			Further Reading
			Reference
		Glycogen Storage Disease Type V (Muscle Glycogen Phosphorylase Deficiency)
			References
		Inherited Diaphragmatic Muscle Dystrophy
			Reference
		Congenital Myasthenia Gravis
			References
		Bovine Familial Degenerative Neuromuscular Disease
			Inherited Umbilical Hernia
			Myofiber Hyperplasia (Double Muscling, Doppelender, Culard)
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Findings
				Clinical Pathology
				Necropsy Findings
			References
		Inherited Splayed Digits
			Inherited Progressive Muscular Dystrophy
			Pseudomyotonia of Cattle, Congenital Muscular Dystonia-1
				Etiology
				Epidemiology
				Pathogenesis
				Clinical Findings
					Congenital Muscular Dystonia Type 1 (CMD1)
					Pseudomyotonia (PMT)
				Clinical Pathology
				Treatment
				Necropsy Findings
				Control
			References
		Ovine Humpyback
			Further Reading
		Myotonia of Goats (Fainting Goats)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Economic Importance
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Further Reading
			References
		Myotonia Congenita and Myotonic Dystrophy
			References
		Recurrent Exertional Rhabdomyolysis in Thoroughbred and Standardbred Horses
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Postmortem Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Diagnostic Confirmation
			Treatment AND CONTROL
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy of Horses
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Postmortem Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Diagnostic Confirmation
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Equine Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Signs
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
				Acute Episodes
				Prevention of Episodes
			Control
			References
		Malignant Hyperthermia in Horses
			References
		Porcine Stress Syndrome (Malignant Hyperthermia)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Prevalence and Occurrence
				Risk Factors
					Animal Risk Factors
					Environmental and Management Risk Factors
				Economic Importance
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
				Porcine Stress Syndrome (Transport Death)
				Malignant Hyperthermia
				Pale, Soft, and Exudative Pork
				Dark, Firm, and Dry Pork
				Back-Muscle Necrosis
			Clinical Pathology
				Halothane Test
				Blood Creatine Kinase Levels
				Blood Typing
				Pale, Soft, and Exudative Pork
				Erythrocyte Osmotic Fragility
				Other Tests
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
				Genetic Selection
				Management of Stressors
			Pietrain Creeper Pigs
			Further Reading
		Asymmetric Hindquarter Syndrome of Pigs
			Further Reading
		Porcine Congenital Splayleg (Splayleg Syndrome in Newborn Pigs)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Inherited Diseases of Bones
			Etiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
				Diagnosis
			Treatment and Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Inherited Osteogenesis Imperfecta
			Cattle
			Sheep
			Reference
		Inherited Dwarfism
			Sheep
			Snorter Dwarfs
				Inherited Congenital Achondroplasia With Hydrocephalus
				Miscellaneous Dwarfs
			References
		Congenital Osteopetrosis
			Reference
		Inherited Probatocephaly (Sheepshead)
			Inherited Atlanto-Occipital Deformity
			Inherited Agnathia
			Inherited Displaced Molar Teeth
			Inherited Jaw Malapposition
			References
		Inherited Cranioschisis (Cranium Bifidum)
			References
		Inherited Craniofacial Deformity
			References
		Inherited Arachnomelia (Inherited Chondrodysplasia)
			Cattle
			Sheep
				Spider Lamb Syndrome
				Inherited Chondrodysplasia in Texel Sheep
			References
		Complex Vertebral Malformation in Holstein Calves
			References
		Inherited Reduced Phalanges (Amputates, Acroteriasis, Ectromelia)
			Hereditary Hemimelia
			Hereditary Peromelia of Mohair Goats
			Amputates
			References
		Inherited Claw Deformity
			References
		Inherited Multiple Exostosis
			Inherited Congenital Hyperostosis (Thick Forelimbs of Pigs)
			Inherited Rickets
			References
		Inherited Taillessness and Tail Deformity
			References
		Congenital Chondrodystrophy of Unknown Origin (Ccuo, “Acorn” Calves, Congenital Joint Laxity and Dwarfism, Congenital Spinal Stenosis)
			References
		Inherited Diseases of Joints
			Inherited Arthrogryposis (Inherited Multiple Tendon Contracture)
				Simple Arthrogryposis
				Arthrogryposis With Dental Dysplasia
				Arthrogryposis With Palatoschisis
				Arthrogryposis With Multiple Defects
				Arthrogryposis in Species Other Than Cattle
			Inherited Multiple Ankyloses
			References
		Inherited Patellar Subluxation
			Reference
		Inherited Hypermobility (Laxity) of Joints
			Inherited Hip Dysplasia
			Reference
	16 Diseases of the Skin, Eye, Conjunctiva, and External Ear
		Introduction
			Primary/Secondary Lesions
			Clinical Signs and Special Examination
			Lesions
			Abnormal Coloration
			Pruritus
				Cattle
				Sheep
				Horses
				Pigs
				All Species
			Secretion Abnormalities of Skin Glands
			Abnormalities of Wool and Hair Fibers
			Further Reading
		Principles of Treatment of Diseases of the Skin
			Primary Treatment
			Supportive Treatment
			Further Reading
		Diseases of the Epidermis and Dermis
			Pityriasis
				Treatment
			Hyperkeratosis
			References
		Parakeratosis
			Treatment
		Pachyderma
			Treatment
		Impetigo
			Treatment
		Urticaria
			Etiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Treatment
				Primary Treatment
				Supportive Treatment
			Further Reading
			References
		Dermatitis and Dermatosis
			Etiology
				All Species
				Cattle
				Sheep and Goats
				Horses
				Pigs
				Special Local Dermatitides
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
				Pemphigus
			Clinical Pathology
			Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Reference
		Photosensitization
			Etiology and Epidemiology
				Type I, Primary Photosensitization
				Type II, Photosensitization as a Result of Aberrant Pigment Metabolism
				Type III, Hepatogenous Photosensitization
				Plants Containing Hepatotoxins
				Plants Containing Steroidal Saponins
				Congenitally Defective Hepatic Function
				Type IV, Photosensitization of Uncertain Etiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
				General Signs
				Skin Lesions
				Systemic Signs
				Nervous Signs
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
				Treatment
			Further Reading
		Diseases of the Hair, Wool, Follicles, and Skin Glands
			Alopecia and Hypotrichosis
				Etiology
					Failure of Follicles to Develop
					Loss of Follicles
					Failure of the Follicle to Produce a Fiber
						Congenital
						Acquired
					Loss of Preformed Fibers
				Pathogenesis
				Clinical Findings
				Clinical Pathology
				Treatment
			Further Reading
			References
		Achromotrichia
		Leukoderma and Leukotrichia
			Etiology
			Pathophysiology
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Treatment
			Further Reading
		Vitiligo
			Etiology
			Pathophysiology
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Treatment
			Further Reading
			Reference
		Seborrhea
			Etiology
			Clinical Findings
				Flexural Seborrhea
				Greasy Heel of Cows
				Greasy Heel of Horses (Scratches)
			Clinical Pathology
			Treatment
		Folliculitis
			Etiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Treatment
			Reference
		Diseases of the Subcutis
			Subcutaneous Edema (Anasarca)
				Etiology
					Increased Hydrostatic Pressure
					Hypoproteinemic (Hypooncotic) Edema
					Increased Blood Vessel Permeability
					Fetal Anasarca
				Pathogenesis
				Clinical Findings
				Clinical Pathology
				Treatment
			Angioedema (Angioneurotic Edema)
				Etiology
				Pathogenesis
				Clinical Findings
				Clinical Pathology
				Treatment
			Subcutaneous Emphysema
				Etiology
				Pathogenesis
				Clinical Findings
				Clinical Pathology
				Treatment
			Lymphangitis
				Etiology
					Cattle
					Horse
				Pathogenesis
				Clinical Findings
				Clinical Pathology
				Treatment
			Panniculitis
			Hematoma
				Etiology
				Pathogenesis
				Clinical Findings
				Clinical Pathology
				Treatment
					Primary Treatment
					Supportive Treatment
			Necrosis and Gangrene
				Etiology
					Other Causes
				Pathogenesis
				Clinical Findings
				Treatment
			Subcutaneous Abscess
				Trauma
				Hematogenous
				Extension
			Cutaneous Cysts
			Granulomatous Lesions of the Skin
				Cattle
				Sheep
				Horses
				Pigs
			Reference
		Non-Infectious Diseases of the Skin
			Insect Bite Hypersensitivity in Horses (Equine Seasonal Allergic Dermatitis)
				Etiology
				Epidemiology
				Pathogenesis
				Clinical Findings
				Clinical Pathology
				Treatment
				Control
					Reduce Exposure to Biting Midges
			References
		Seasonal Allergic Dermatitis of Sheep
			References
		Anhidrosis (Nonsweating Syndrome, Puff Disease, Dry Coat)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment and Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Wetness (Maceration)
			Reference
		Cockle
			Control
			Further Reading
		Wool Slip, Wool Loss
		Wool Eating
			Further Reading
		Idiopathic Nasal/Perioral Hyperkeratotic Dermatosis of Camelids (Mouth Munge)
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Treatment
			References
		Bacterial Diseases of the Skin
			Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus
				Introduction
					Human Public Health
					Veterinarians
					Pig Farmers
					Butchers
					Animal MRSA
				Etiology
				Epidemiology
					Distribution
					Colonization
					Transmission
				Risk Factors
					Pigs
					Cattle
					Veal Calves
					Sheep and Goats
					Small Animals
					Horses
					Other Species
						Poultry
						Turkeys
						Donkeys
						Wild Boar
						Backyard Pigs
						Camels
						Fish
						Zoo Animals
					Other Sources
						Holding Areas
						State Fairs
						Food
				Pathogenesis
				Pathology
				Diagnosis
				Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Dermatophilosis (Mycotic Dermatitis Cutaneous Streptotrichosis, Senkobo Disease of Cattle, Lumpy Wool of Sheep)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
					Geographic Occurrence
					Host Occurrence
				Source of Infection
				Transmission
				Environmental and Management Risk Factors
					Sheep
				Cattle
					Temperate Zones
					Tropical Zones
				Horses
			Host Risk Factors
			Pathogen Risk Factors
			Experimental Disease
			Economic Importance
				Sheep
				Cattle
				Zoonotic Implications
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
				Sheep
				Cattle
				Horses
				Goats
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
				Sheep
				Cattle
				Horses
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Skin Tuberculosis
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment and Control
		Mycobacterium ulcerans Infection (Buruli or Bairnsdale Ulcer)
			References
		Fleece Rot in Sheep
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Environmental and Host Risk Factors
					Fleece Characteristics
				Experimental Production
				Economic Importance
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology and Necropsy Findings
			Diagnosis
			Control
			References
		Bolo Disease
			Further Reading
		Strawberry Footrot of Sheep (Proliferative Dermatitis)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Treatment
			Control
			References
		Contagious Acne of Horses (Canadian Horsepox, Contagious Pustular Dermatitis)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Treatment
			Control
		Exudative Epidermitis (Greasy Pig Disease)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Method of Transmission
				Risk Factors
					Animal Risk Factors
					Pathogen Risk Factors
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
			References
		Ulcerative Dermatitis (Granulomatous Dermatitis) of Pigs
			Reference
		Viral Diseases of the Skin
			Papillomavirus Infection (Papillomatosis, Warts)
				Etiology
					Equids
					Pigs
				Epidemiology
					Occurrence
					Origin of Infection and Transmission
					Animal Risk Factors
						Age
					Experimental Production
					Economic Importance
				Pathogenesis
				Clinical Findings
					Cattle
					Goats
					Horses
				Clinical Pathology
				Treatment
					Vaccination
				Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Sarcoid
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence and Prevalence
				Methods of Transmission
				Experimental Reproduction
				Animal Risk Factors
				Environmental Risk Factors
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Treatment
			Further Reading
			References
		Cowpox and Buffalopox
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Origin of Infection and Transmission
				Economic Importance
				Zoonotic Implications
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Control
			References
		Pseudocowpox (Milkers’ Nodule)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Origin of Infection and Transmission
				Animal Risk Factors
				Economic Importance
				Zoonotic Implications
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology and Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Control
			References
		Lumpy Skin Disease (Knopvelsiekte)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Origin of Infection and Transmission
				Risk Factors
					Animal Risk Factors
					Environmental Risk Factors
					Pathogen Risk Factors
				Experimental Transmission
				Economic Importance
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
				Vaccination
			Further Reading
			References
		Sheeppox and Goatpox
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Prevalence of Infection
				Methods of Transmission
				Experimental Reproduction
				Risk Factors
					Animal Risk Factors
					Pathogen Risk Factors
				Economic Importance
				Zoonotic Implications
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
				Antigen Detection
				Serology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Contagious Ecthyma (Contagious Pustular Dermatitis, Orf, Scabby Mouth, Soremouth)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Morbidity and Case Fatality
				Methods of Transmission
				Experimental Reproduction
				Risk Factors
				Economic Importance
				Zoonotic Implications
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
				Sheep
				Goats
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Ulcerative Dermatosis of Sheep
			Further Reading
		Poxvirus Infections in Horses (Horsepox, Uasin Gishu, Viral Popular Dermatitis, Equine Molluscum Contagiosum)
			References
		Swinepox
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Methods of Transmission
				Animal Risk Factors
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Treatment
			Control
		Dermatomycoses
			Ringworm
				Etiology
				Epidemiology
					Occurrence, Source of Infection, and Transmission
					Risk Factors
						Pathogen Factors
						Environment and Host Factors
					Zoonotic Considerations and Economic Importance
				Pathogenesis
				Clinical Findings
					Cattle
					Sheep
					Horses
					Pigs
				Clinical Pathology
				Treatment
					Local Application
					Sprays, Washes
					Systemic Treatment
				Control
					Hygiene
					Vaccination
					Nutrition
			Further Reading
			References
		Mucormycosis
			References
		Malassezia spp. Dermatitis
			References
		Sporotrichosis
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Pathogenesis, Clinical Findings and Clinical Pathology
			Treatment and Control
			Reference
		Epizootic Lymphangitis (Pseudoglanders, Equine Blastomycosis, Equine Histoplasmosis)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Zoonotic Potential
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment and Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Equine Phycomycosis (Swamp Cancer, Pithyosis, Hyphomycosis Destruens, Florida Horse Leech, Bursattee)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Animal Risk Factors
				Zoonotic Potential
			Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Treatment
			References
		Maduromycosis
		Protozoal Diseases of the Skin
			Besnoitiosis (Elephant Skin Disease)
				Etiology
				Epidemiology
					Occurrence
					Risk Factors
					Economic Importance
				Pathogenesis
				Clinical Findings
					Bovine Besnoitiosis
						Acute Stage
						Chronic Stage
					Caprine Besnoitiosis
					Equid Besnoitiosis
				Clinical Pathology
				Necropsy Findings
				Diagnostic Confirmation
				Treatment and Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Nematode Infections of the Skin
			Summer Sores in Horses (Habronemosis)
				Etiology
				Life Cycle
				Epidemiology
				Pathogenesis
				Clinical Findings
				Clinical Pathology
				Necropsy Findings
				Diagnostic Confirmation
				Treatment
				Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Rhabditid Dermatitis
			Reference
		Onchocerciasis (Worm Nodule Disease)
			References
		Parafilariosis
			References
		Stephanofilariasis
		Cutaneous Myiasis
			Blow-Fly Strike of Sheep
				Etiology
				Life Cycle and Epidemiology
					The Fly Population
					Susceptibility of Sheep
				Pathogenesis
				Clinical Findings
				Clinical Pathology and Necropsy Findings
				Treatment
				Control
					Reduction of Fly Numbers
					Prediction of Risk Periods
					Treatment and Prevention
					Reducing the Susceptibility of Sheep
			Further Reading
			References
		Screwsworm (Cochliomyia hominivorax and Chrysomyia bezziana)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Life Cycle
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Control
			References
		Wohlfahrtiosis (Flesh Fly, Wohlfahrtia magnifica)
			Life Cycle and Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Pathology and Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Recommendation
			References
		Mite Infestations
			Harvest Mites (Chigger Mites)
				Recommendations
			References
		Itchmites (Psorergates ovis, Psorergates bos)
			Life Cycle and Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Treatment and Control
		Demodectic Mange (Follicular Mange)
			Etiology
			Life Cycle and Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Treatment and Control
			Reference
		Sarcoptic Mange (Barn Itch)
			Etiology
			Life Cycle and Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Treatment and Control
			Recommendation
			Reference
		Psoroptic Mange (Sheep Scab, Body Mange, Ear Mange)
			Etiology
			Life Cycle and Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
				Sheep
				Goats
				Horses
				Cattle
			Clinical Pathology
			Treatment and Control
			Recommendation
			References
		Chorioptic Mange (Tail Mange, Leg Mange, Scrotal Mange)
			Etiology
			Life Cycle and Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Treatment and Control
			References
		Ked and Louse Infestations
			Sheep Ked (Melophagus ovinus)
				Life Cycle
				Control
			References
		Louse Infestations (Pediculosis)
			Etiology
			Life Cycle and Epidemiology
				Sucking Lice
				Chewing Lice
			Clinical Findings and Diagnosis
				Sucking Lice
				Chewing Lice
			Treatment and Control
			Recommendation
			References
		Miscellaneous Skin Diseases Caused by Flies, Midges, and Mosquitoes
			Stable Flies (Stomoxys calcitrans)
				Etiology
				Life Cycle and Epidemiology
				Pathogenesis
				Clinical Findings
				Treatment and Control
				Recommendation
			References
		Horse Flies, March Flies or Breeze Flies (Tabanus Spp.), and Deer Flies (Chrysops, Haematopota, and Pangonia Spp.)
			Recommendation
			Reference
		Hypoderma spp. Infestation (Warble Flies)
			Etiology
			Life Cycle and Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
				Macrocyclic Lactone Compounds
				Treatment Recommendations
				Manual Removal
			Control
			References
		Horn Flies and Buffalo Flies (Haematobia spp.)
			Etiology
			Life Cycle and Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Treatment and Control
			Recommendation
			References
		Black Flies, Buffalo Gnats (Simuliidae)
		Housefly (Muscidae— Musca domestica)
			Recommendation
		Bush Flies (Musca vetustissima)
			Recommendation
			Reference
		Face Fly (Musca autumnalis)
			Recommendation
		Head Fly (Hydrotoea irritans)
			Reference
		Biting Midges (Ceratopogonidae)
			References
		Mosquitoes (Culicidae)
		Tick Infestations
			Bacterial, Viral, and Rickettsial Diseases Transmitted by Ticks
			Ticks That Cause Direct Losses
			Treatment and Control of Tick Infestations
				Acaricidal Agents
				Organophosphates
				Pyrethroids
				Macrocyclic Lactones
				Use of Resistant Cattle
				Pasture Management
				Vaccination
			Eradication
			Further Reading
			References
		Deficiencies and Toxicities Affecting the Skin
			Zinc Deficiency (Parakeratosis)
				Etiology
					Pigs
					Ruminants
				Epidemiology
					Pigs
					Ruminants
				Pathogenesis
				Clinical Findings
					Pigs
					Ruminants
					Sheep
						Infertility in Ewes
					Goats
				Clinical Pathology
					Skin Scraping
					Zinc in Serum and Hair
				Necropsy Findings
				Treatment
				Control
					Pigs
					Ruminants
			References
		Plant Poisoning Associated With Known Toxins
			Dianthrone Derivatives
			Fagopyrin
			Furocoumarin
			Plant Poisonings Associated With Unidentified Toxins
				Dermatitis
				Photosensitization—Primary; Without Hepatic Lesions
			References
		Selenium Toxicosis
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
					Pastoral
					Dosing Errors
				Risk Factors
					Animal Risk Factors
					Environmental Risk Factors
					Farm Risk Factors
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
				Acute Poisoning
				Chronic Poisoning
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
				Acute
				Chronic
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
					Selenium Levels in Tissue.
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Iodine Toxicosis
			Etiology
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology/Necropsy
			Further Reading
			References
		Cutaneous Neoplasms
			Papilloma and Sarcoid
			Squamous-Cell Carcinoma
			References
		Melanoma
			Pathophysiology
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Treatment
			Further Reading
			References
		Lipoma
			References
		Mast Cell Tumors
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Treatment
			References
		Lymphomatosis
		Neurofibromatosis
		Histiocytoma
		Cutaneous Angiomatosis
		Hemangioma and Hemangiosarcoma
		Congenital Skin Tumors
			Cattle
			Pigs
			Foals
			Further Reading
		Congenital and Inherited Defects of the Skin
			References
		Inherited Albinism
		Disorders of Coat Color, Pseudoalbinism, and Lethal Whites
			References
		Inherited Symmetric Alopecia
			Inherited Congenital Hypotrichosis
				Viable Hypotrichosis
				Nonviable Hypotrichosis
				Congenital Hypotrichosis and Anodontia (Anhidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia)
			References
		Streaked Hairlessness
		Partial Hypotrichosis
		Hypotrichosis and Coat-Color Dilution—“Rat-Tail Syndrome” in Calves
			Reference
		Inherited Hair-Coat-Color-Linked Follicle Dysplasia
		Inherited Birthcoat Retention
		Inherited Leukoderma
		Inherited Epidermal Dysplasia (Baldy Calves)
		Inherited Parakeratosis of Calves (Lethal Trait A46, Adema Disease)
		Inherited Dyserythropoiesis–Dyskeratosis
		Inherited Congenital Absence of the Skin
			Epitheliogenesis Imperfecta (Aplasia Cutis)
			Reference
		Familial Acantholysis
		Epidermolysis Bullosa
		Junctional Epidermolysis Bullosa (Hereditary Junctional Mechanobullous Disease)
		Red Foot Disease of Sheep
			Further Reading
			References
		Inherited Hyperbilirubinemia and Photosensitization
		Inherited Congenital Ichthyosis (Fish-Scale Diseases)
		Inherited Dermatosis Vegetans of Pigs
		Dermatosparaxis (Hyperelastosis Cutis)
			References
		Inherited Melanoma
		Inherited Hyperhidrosis
		Lavender Foal Syndrome
		Hereditary Equine Regional Dermal Asthenia (Hyperelastosis Cutis)
			References
		Dermatosis Vegetans
			Further Reading
		Pustular Psoriaform Dermatitis (Pityriasis Rosea)
			Treatment
		Eye and Conjunctival Diseases
			Conjunctivitis and Keratoconjunctivitis
				Etiology
					Specific Conjunctivitis
						Cattle
						Sheep and Goats
						Pigs
						Horses
					Secondary Diseases in Which Conjunctivitis Is a Significant but Secondary Part of the Syndrome
						Cattle
						Sheep
						Pigs
						Horses
					Nonspecific Conjunctivitis
				Clinical Findings
				Clinical Pathology
			References
		Listerial Keratoconjunctivitis and Uveitis (Silage Eye, Bovine Iritis)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Source of Infection
				Environmental Risk Factors
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Treatment
			Control
			References
		Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis of Cattle (Pinkeye, Blight)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Source of Infection
				Environmental Risk Factors
				Transmission
				Animal Risk Factors
				Immune Mechanisms
				Economic Importance
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Treatment
				Topical Therapy
				Subconjunctival Therapy
				Parenteral Therapy
				Ancillary Therapy
			Control
				Vaccination
			Further Reading
			References
		Ovine and Caprine Contagious Ophthalmia (Ovine and Caprine Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis, Contagious Conjunctivo-Keratitis, Pinkeye in Sheep and Goats)
			Etiology
				Mycoplasma conjunctivae
					Other Mycoplasmas
				Chlamydophila pecorum
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Source of Infection and Transmission
				Risk Factors
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Diseases of the Eyes Associated with Mycoplasma spp.
		Thelaziasis (Eyeworm)
			References
		“Bright Blindness” of Sheep Caused by Bracken Ingestion
		Bovine Ocular Squamous-Cell Carcinoma
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Risk Factors
				Economic Importance
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Equine Ocular Squamous-Cell Carcinoma
			Further Reading
			References
		Inherited Eye Defects
			Combined Ocular Defects
			Inherited Nystagmus
				Familial Undulatory Nystagmus
				Pendular Nystagmus
			References
		External Ear Diseases
			Otitis Externa
			Further Reading
		Ear-Tip Necrosis
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Signs
			Pathology
			Differential Diagnosis
			Treatment
			References
		Inherited Crop Ears
	17 Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases
		Introduction
		Metabolic Diseases of Ruminants
			Periparturient Period in Cattle and Sheep
				Transition Period in Dairy Cows
				Voluntary Dry Matter Intake in Periparturient Dairy Cattle
				Immunosuppression During the Transition Period
				Diseases of Lactation
				Relationship Between Lactational Performance and Health of Dairy Cattle
				Breed Susceptibility
				Management Practices
				Occurrence and Incidence of Metabolic Diseases
				Record Keeping
			Metabolic Profile Testing
				Usefulness of Metabolic Profile Testing
				Biological and Statistical Basis for Herd Testing
				Variables in Dairy-Herd Metabolic Profile Testing
					Energy Balance
						Nonesterified Fatty Acids
						β-Hydroxybutyrate
						Glucose
					Protein Evaluation
						Urea Nitrogen
					Albumin
					Liver Function and Injury
					Macromineral Evaluation
						Calcium
						Phosphorus
						Magnesium
						Sodium
						Potassium
					Hematology
						Hematocrit (Packed Cell Volume)
					Urine Evaluation
					Timing of Blood Tests
						In Relation to Feed Changes
						In Relation to Feeding
						In Relation to Calving Pattern and Seasonal Feeding Changes
					Selection of Cows
						Dry-Cow Group
						Early-Lactation Group
						Midlactation Group
							Energy.
							Protein.
					Background Information
					Interpretation of Results at the Farm
						Written Advice
					Milk Production, Activity Meters, and Rumination Monitors
					Body-Condition Score
						Score: 1
						Score: 2
						Score: 3
						Score: 4
						Score: 5
					Relationships Among International Body-Condition Scoring Systems
			Further Reading
			References
		Parturient Paresis (Milk Fever)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
					Cattle
						Age.
						Breed.
						Individual Cows.
						Time of Occurrence.
						Stressors.
					Sheep and Goats
				Morbidity and Case Fatality
					Clinical Hypocalcemia
					Subclinical Hypocalcemia
				Risk Factors
					Animal Risk Factors
						Calcium Homeostasis.
						Body-Condition Score.
				Dietary and Environmental Risk Factors
					Dietary Calcium.
					Dietary Potassium.
					Dietary Magnesium.
					Dietary Phosphorus.
					Dietary Cation–Anion Difference.
			Economic Importance
				Milk Fever Relapses.
				Downer-Cow Complications.
				Dystocia and Reproductive Disease.
				Retained Placenta.
				Metritis.
				Milk Production.
				Mastitis.
				Displacement of Abomasum.
				Ketosis.
				Body Weight.
				Culling.
			Pathogenesis
				Hypocalcemia
					Experimental Hypocalcemia
				Hypomagnesemia
				Hypophosphatemia
			Clinical Findings
				Cattle
					Stage 1
					Stage 2
					Stage 3
						Concurrent Hypomagnesemia.
				Sheep and Goats
			Clinical Pathology
				Serum Muscle Enzyme Activity
				Hemogram
			Necropsy Findings
			Differential Diagnosis
				Metabolic Diseases
				Diseases Associated With Toxemia and Shock
				Injuries to the Pelvis and Pelvic Limbs
				Degenerative Myopathy (Ischemic Muscle Necrosis)
				Downer-Cow Syndrome
				Nonparturient Hypocalcemia
				Hypocalcemic Paresis in Sheep and Goats
				Hypocalcemia in Sows
				Treatment
				Standard Treatment
				Routes of Administration
					IV Route
				Typical Response to Intravenous Ca-Borogluconate
				Unfavorable Response to Intravenous Ca-Borogluconate
					SC Route
					Oral Route
				Failure to Respond to Treatment
			General Management and Clinical Care Procedures
			Control
				Reduction of Dietary Calcium Available for Intestinal Absorption
					Dietary Calcium Concentration in Late Gestation
						Practicality of Feeding Diets Low in Calcium
						Binding Dietary Calcium
						Level of Phosphorus in Diet
						Calcium-to-Phosphorus Ratio in Diet
						Induction of Mild to Moderate Acidosis During Late Gestation: Cation–Anion Difference
						Anionic Salts for Acidification of Prepartum Diets for Dairy Cows
							Ammonium Chloride.
						Strategies for Supplementing Anion Sources
						DCAD and Acid–Base Balance of Dairy Cows on Pasture-Based Diets
						Summary of Macromineral Nutritional Strategies for the Prevention of Hypocalcemia in the Soon-to-Calve or Transition Dairy Cow in Pasture-Based Systems
					Supplementation of Vitamin D During the Dry Period
						Parenteral Vitamin D3 Application
						Oral Vitamin D Administration
					Oral Calcium Supplementation Around Parturition
					Parenteral Calcium Supplementation Around Parturition
					Partial Milking
			Further Reading
			References
		Acute Hypokalemia in Cattle
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
				Skeletal Muscle Potassium Content
				Plasma Potassium Concentration
				Milk Potassium Concentration
				Erythrocyte Potassium Concentration
				Urine Potassium Concentration
				Salivary Potassium Concentration
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Downer-Cow Syndrome
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Risk Factors
					Animal Risk Factors
						Complication of Milk Fever.
						Traumatic Injuries to Pelvis and Pelvic Limbs.
						Serum Electrolyte Imbalances.
					Environmental and Management Risk Factors
			Pathogenesis
				Compartment Syndrome
				Crush Syndrome
				Experimental Sternal Recumbency
			Clinical Findings
				Clinical Examination of the Downer Cow
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
				Antiinflammatory Therapy
				Fluid and Electrolyte Therapy
				Bedding and Clinical Care
				Assisted Lifting to Aid Standing
				Handling, Transportation, and Disposition of Nonambulatory Cattle
				Euthanasia
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Hypomagnesemic Tetanies
		Hypomagnesemic Tetany (Lactation Tetany, Grass Tetany, Grass Staggers, Wheat Pasture Poisoning)
			Etiology
				Magnesium Homeostasis
					Dietary Intake
					Renal Excretion
					Magnesium Reserves
					Lactation
				Factors Influencing Absorption of Magnesium
					Na : K Ratio in Rumen
					Other Factors Influencing Absorption
				Magnesium in Pastures and Tetany Hazard
					Required Magnesium Concentrations
					Magnesium Availability in Pastures and Hazard
				Winter Hypomagnesemia
				Hypomagnesemia and Hypocalcemia
				Summary of Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence and Risk Factors for Lactation Tetany
				Occurrence and Risk Factors for Wheat (Cereal) Pasture Poisoning
				Occurrence and Risk Factors for Winter Hypomagnesemia
				Morbidity and Mortality
				Pasture Risk Factors
					Pasture Species
					Cereal Pastures
					Season
					Fertilization
					Soil Type
				Animal and Management Risk Factors
					Dry Matter Intake
					Period of Food Deprivation
					Alimentary Sojourn
					Climate
				Animal Movement
					Intensive Dairies
				Hypomagnesemia in Sheep
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
				Acute Lactation Tetany
				Subacute Lactation Tetany
				Chronic Hypomagnesemia
				Parturient Paresis With Hypomagnesemia
			Clinical Pathology
				Serum Magnesium Concentrations
				Magnesium Concentrations in Cerebrospinal Fluid
				Vitreous Humor
				Urine Magnesium Concentrations
				Herd Diagnosis
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
				Combined Calcium/Magnesium Therapy
				Magnesium Therapy
				Provision for Further Cases
			Control
				Feeding of Magnesium Supplements
					Problems With Palatability
					Spraying on Hay
					Pellets
					Routine Daily Drenching
				Heavy Magnesium “Bullets”
				Top Dressing of Pasture
				Foliar Dusting and Spraying
				Provision in Drinking Water
				Management of Pasture Fields
				Provision of Shelter
				Time of Calving
				Feeding on Hay and Unimproved Pasture
			Further Reading
			References
		Hypomagnesemic Tetany of Calves
			Etiology
				Magnesium Homeostasis in the Calf
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Risk Factors
				Experimental Reproduction
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Control
				Supplementary Feeding of Magnesium
					Magnesium Alloy Bullets
			References
		Transport Recumbency of Ruminants
		Ketosis and subclinical Ketosis (Hyperketonemia) in Cattle
			Etiology
				Glucose Metabolism in Cattle
				Energy Balance
				Hepatic Insufficiency in Ketosis
				Ketone Formation
				Role of Insulin and Glucagon
			Etiology of Bovine Ketosis
				Individual Cow Variation
				Types of Bovine Ketosis
					Primary Ketosis (Production Ketosis)
					Secondary Ketosis
					Alimentary Ketosis
					Starvation Ketosis
					Ketosis Resulting From Specific Nutritional Deficiency
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Animal and Management Risk Factors
					Age.
					Body-Condition Score.
					Season.
					Other Interactions.
				Economic Significance
			Pathogenesis
				Bovine Ketosis
			Clinical Findings
				Subclinical Ketosis (Hyperketonemia)
			Clinical Pathology
				Glucose
				Ketones
				Milk and Urine Cow-Side Tests
					Milk Testing.
					Urine Testing.
					Milk-Fat-to-Protein Ratio.
					Clinical Chemistry and Hematology.
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
				Replacement Therapy
					Glucose (Dextrose)
					Other Sugars
					Propylene Glycol and Glycerine/Glycerol
					Other Glucose Precursors
				Hormonal Therapy
					Glucocorticoids.
					Miscellaneous Treatments.
			Control
				Energy Supplements
					Propionic Acid and Its Salts
					Ionophores
					Corticosteroids
					Ancillary Agents
				General Control
					Herd Monitoring.
			Further Reading
			References
		Fatty Liver in Cattle (Fat-Mobilization Syndrome, Fat-Cow Syndrome, Hepatic Lipidosis, Pregnancy Toxemia in Cattle)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence and Incidence
				Risk Factors
					Host Factors
						Genetics of Lipid Mobilization
						Environmental and Dietary Factors
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
				Serum Biochemistry
				Hemogram
				Liver Biopsy and Analysis
				Ultrasonography of the Liver
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
				Fluid and Electrolyte Therapy.
				Glucagon.
				Glucocorticoids.
				Outbreaks in a Herd.
			Control
				Dry Matter Intake and Energy Balance in the Transition Period
				Metabolic Adaptations During the Transition Period
					Glucose Metabolism
					Lipid Metabolism
				Nutritional Management to Support Metabolic Adaptations During the Transition Period
					Grouping Strategies
				Strategies to Meet Glucose Demands and Decrease NEFA Supply During the Transition Period
					Carbohydrate Formulation of the Prepartum Diet.
					Direct Supplementation With Glucogenic Precursors.
					Added Fat in Transition Diets.
					Effects of Specific Fatty Acids on NEFA Supply.
			Further Reading
			References
		Pregnancy Toxemia (Twin Lamb Disease) in Sheep
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Primary Pregnancy Toxemia
				Fat-Ewe Pregnancy Toxemia
				Starvation Pregnancy Toxemia
				Secondary Pregnancy Toxemia
				Stress-Induced Pregnancy Toxemia
				Occurrence
				Experimental Reproduction
				Animal Risk Factors
					Pregnancy
					Parity
					Breed
				Economic Significance
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
				Parenteral Therapy
				Oral Therapy
				Cesarean Section
			Control
				Prevention
			Further Reading
			References
		Steatitis, Panniculitis, and Fat Necrosis
			References
		Inherited Metabolic Diseases of Ruminants
			Deficiency of UMP Synthase (Dumps)
			References
		Hepatic Lipodystrophy in Galloway Calves
		Metabolic Diseases of Horses
			Equine Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction (Formerly Equine Cushing Disease)
				Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Diagnostic Confirmation
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Equine Metabolic Syndrome
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Signs
				Diagnosis
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy
			Treatment
				Dietary Management
				Exercise
				Medications
			Further Reading
			References
		Pheochromocytoma (Paraganglioma)
			References
		Glycogen Branching Enzyme Deficiency in Horses
			References
		Lactation Tetany of Mares (Eclampsia, Transport Tetany)
			References
		Equine Hyperlipemia
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Animal Risk Factors
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Postmortem Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Disorders of Thyroid Function (Hypothyroidism, Hyperthyroidism, Congenital Hypothyroidism, Thyroid Adenoma)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
				Thyroid Hormone Assays
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Iodine Deficiency
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Risk Factors
					Dietary and Environmental Factors
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
			References
		Inherited Goiter
		Diseases Caused by Nutritional Deficiencies
			Introduction
			Evidence of a Deficiency as the Cause of the Disease
				Diet
				Abnormal Absorption
				Abnormal Utilization of Ingested Nutrients
				Abnormal Requirement
			Evidence of a Deficiency Associated With the Disease
			Evidence Based on Cure or Prevention by Correction of the Deficiency
				Monitoring of Nutritional Status
				Nutritional Management in Dairy Herds
				Levels of Nutritional Service
					Level 1: Problem Identification and Analysis
					Level 2: Ration Analysis
					Level 3: Ration Formulation
					Level 4: Total Program Consulting
				Nutritional Management of the Beef Breeding Herd
				Nutritional Advice for Beef Feedlots
				Nutritional Advice for Swine-Herds
				Nutritional Advice for Sheep Flocks
					Placental and Fetal Growth
					Lamb Losses
					Ewe Body-Condition Score
			Further Reading
		Deficiencies of Energy and Protein
			Deficiency of Energy
				Etiology
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Findings
			Deficiency of Protein
				Clinical Findings
				Prevention
			Further Reading
			Reference
		Low-Milk-Fat Syndrome
			References
		Diseases Associated With Deficiencies of Mineral Nutrients
			Prevalence and Economic Importance
			Diagnostic Strategies
			Deficiencies in Developing Countries
			Pathophysiology of Trace-Element Deficiency
			Laboratory Diagnosis of Mineral Deficiencies
			Further Reading
			References
	18 Diseases Primarily Affecting the Reproductive System
		Infectious Diseases Primarily Affecting the Reproductive System
			Induction of Parturition
				Calves
				Lambs
				Foals
				Piglets
			Further Reading
			References
		Freemartinism in Calves
			Further Reading
		Buller Steer Syndrome
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Risk Factors
				Economic Importance
			Clinical Findings
			Control
			Further Reading
			Reference
		Infectious Diseases Primarily Affecting the Reproductive System
			Brucellosis Associated With Brucella Abortus (Bang’s Disease)
				Etiology
				Epidemiology
					Occurrence and Prevalence of Infection
						Cattle
						Camelids
						Wildlife Species
						Horses
						Pigs and Sheep
						Dogs
					Methods of Transmission
						Parturition/Abortion
						Transmission
						Spread Between Herds
						Spread Between Countries (Breach of Biosecurity)
						Congenital Infection
						Survival of Organism
						Uterine Discharges and Milk
						Bulls and Semen
						Carrier Cows
					Risk Factors
						Animal Risk Factors
						Management Risk Factors
						Pathogen Risk Factors
					Immune Mechanisms
					Economic Importance
					Zoonotic Implications
				Pathogenesis
				Clinical Findings
					Abortion
					Orchitis and Epididymitis
					Synovitis
					Fistulous Withers
				Clinical Pathology
					Identification of Brucella spp.
						Staining
						Culture
						Detection by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
					Serologic Tests
						Agglutination Tests
							Serum Agglutination Test
							Rose Bengal Test (Buffered Plate Antigen or Card Test)
						Complement Fixation Test
						Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays
							Indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
							Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
						Fluorescence Polarization Assay
						Brucellin Skin Test
						Sensitivity and Specificity of Serologic Tests
					Antibodies in Milk
					False-Positive Reactors
				Necropsy Findings
					Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
				Treatment
				Control and Eradication
					Test and Reduction of Reservoir of Infection
					Quarantine
					Depopulation
					Vaccination
					Education
					Guidelines
					Control by Vaccination
						Brucella abortus Strain 19 Vaccine
							Efficiency of Brucella abortus Strain 19 Vaccine
								Calfhood Vaccination.
								Adult Vaccination.
							Systemic Reactions to Vaccination With Strain 19
						Brucella abortus Strain RB51 Vaccine
						Brucella Vaccines in Wildlife
							Brucella abortus Strain 19 in Bison
							Brucella abortus Strain RB51 in Bison
							Brucella abortus Strain RB51 in Elk (Cervus elaphus canadensis)
					Control Programs on a Herd Basis
						During an Abortion Storm
						Heavily Infected Herds in Which Few Abortions Are Occurring
						Lightly Infected Herds
						Hygienic Measures
					Eradication on an Area Basis by Test and Slaughter and Cessation of Calfhood Vaccination
						United States
							Market Cattle Testing
							Milk Ring Testing
						Australia
						New Zealand
						Canada
			Further Reading
			References
		Brucellosis Associated With Brucella Ovis
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Geographic Occurrence
				Host Occurrence
				Source of Infection
				Transmission
				Host Risk Factors
				Experimental Reproduction
				Economic Importance
				Zoonotic Implications
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
				Semen Examination
				Culture
				Serology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
				Eradication
				Vaccination
			Further Reading
			References
		Brucellosis Associated With Brucella Suis in Pigs
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Geographic Occurrence
					Biovar 1
					Biovar 2
					Biovar 3
					Biovar 4
					Biovar 5
				Host Occurrence
					Biovar 1
					Biovar 2
					Biovar 4
				Source of Infection
				Host and Pathogen Risk Factors
				Economic Importance
				Zoonotic Implications
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
				Sows
				Boars
				Piglets
			Clinical Pathology
				Culture
				Serology
			Necropsy Findings
			Diagnosis
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
				Vaccination
				Test and Disposal
			References
		Brucellosis Associated With Brucella Melitensis
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Geographic Occurrence
				Host Occurrence
				Source of Infection
					Reproductive Tract
					Milk
				Transmission
					In Utero Infection
					Colostrum and Milk
				Host and Pathogen Risk Factors
				Economic Importance
				Zoonotic Implications
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
				Culture and Molecular Tests
				Serology
					Milk Tests
				Allergic Tests
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
				Hygiene
				Eradication
					Rev. 1 Vaccination
					Other Vaccines
			Further Reading
			References
		Abortion in Ewes Associated With Salmonella Abortusovis
			Further Reading
			Reference
		Abortion in Mares and Septicemia in Foals Associated With Salmonella Abortusequi (Abortivoequina) (Equine Paratyphoid)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
		Chlamydial Abortion (Enzootic Abortion of Ewes, Ovine Enzootic Abortion)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Source of Infection and Transmission
				Experimental Reproduction
				Economic Importance
				Zoonotic Implications
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Control
				Vaccines
			Further Reading
			References
		Coxiellosis (Q-fever)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Source of Infection and Transmission
				Pathogen Risk Factors
				Zoonotic Implications
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Diseases of the Genital Tract Associated With Mycoplasma Spp.
			References
		Equine Coital Exanthema
			Further Reading
			References
		Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS)
			Introduction
			Etiology
				Genome
				North American Viruses (Type 2 Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus)
				European Viruses (Type 1 Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus)
				High Pathogenicity Viruses
				Spread of High Pathogenicity Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome
				Experimental Infections With High Pathogenicity Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome
			Economic Loss
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Prevalence of Infection
				Morbidity and Mortality
				Risk Factors
					Animal Risk Factors
					Environmental and Management Risk Factors
					Pathogen Risk Factors
				Methods of Transmission
				Presence Within the Herd
				Introduction of Vaccinated Animals
				Other Sources
					Fomites
					Meat
					Insects
				Virus Survival
				Economic Importance
			Pathogenesis
				Effects on Macrophages and Dendritic Cells
			Receptors
			Virus Entry
			Replication
				General Effects of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus on the Immune System
					Macrophage Damage
					Toll-Like Receptors
				Modulation of Immune Responses
					Cellular Changes (Natural Killer, T-Regulatory, etc.)
				Cytokines
					Interferons
			Differential Effects in Different Parts of the Body
			Differential Effects of Different Strains
			Strain Variations
			High Pathogenicity Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Pathogenesis
			Development of Lesions
			High Pathogenecity Procine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Responses
			Immunology
			Clinical Findings
				Concurrent Infections
				Reproductive Failure
				Respiratory Disease
			Clinical Signs in High Pathogenicity Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus
			Clinical Pathology
				Acute Phase Proteins
				Detection or Isolation of Virus
					Boars
				Serology
					Immunoperoxidase Monolayer Assay Test
					Indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (iELISA)
					Indirect Florescent Antibody Assay (IFAT)
					Modified Serum Neutralization Test
					Herd Diagnosis
					Oral Fluids
					Antigen Detection
					Serology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
			Filtration Systems
				Eradication of the Virus From the Herd
					Depopulation and Repopulation
				Control in Infected Herds
					Nursery Depopulation
				Management of the Gilt Pool
				Controlled Infection of Breeding Herd
				Control of Secondary Infections
				Biosecurity
				Vaccine and Vaccination
					Vaccination of Gilts
					Inactivated Vaccines
					Live Vaccines
					Vaccination Against High Pathogenicity Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome
					Vaccination of Boars
			Further Reading
			References
		Menangle
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Signs
			Pathology
			Diagnosis
			Differential Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Japanese Encephalitis (Je; Japanese B Encephalitis)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinicial Signs
			Pathology
			Diagnosis
			Control
			Further Reading
		Neosporosis
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Methods of Transmission
				Experimental Studies
				Risk Factors
				Economic Importance
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Dourine (Maladie Du Coit)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Measures of Disease Occurrence
				Methods of Transmission
				Risk Factors
				Immune Mechanisms
				Biosecurity Concerns
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Toxic Agents Primarily Affecting the Reproductive System
			Estrogenic Substances
				Etiology
				Epidemiology
					Occurrence
					Risk Factors
						Animal Risk Factors
						Environmental Risk Factors
						Farm Risk Factors
						Human Risk Factors
				Pathogenesis
				Clinical Signs
					Idiopathic Female Estrogenism
					Male Estrogenism
					Nymphomania in Cows
					Swine Estrogenism
					Urethral Obstruction
				Clinical Pathology
				Necropsy Findings
			Further Reading
			References
		Phytoestrogen Toxicosis
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Risk Factors
					Animal Factors
					Human Factors
					Plant Factors
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
				Ewes
				Male Castrates
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Zearalenone Toxicosis
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Risk Factors
					Animal Risk Factors
					Farm Risk Factors
					Human Risk Factors
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
				Swine
				Ruminants
				Horses
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Mare Reproductive Loss Syndrome (Early Fetal Loss, Late Fetal Loss, Fibrinous Pericarditis, and Unilateral Uveitis)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Risk Factors
					Animal Risk Factors
					Farm Risk Factors
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
				Early Fetal Loss
				Late Fetal Loss
				Fibrinous Pericarditis
				Unilateral Uveitis
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Equine Amnionitis and Fetal Loss
			References
		Plants and Fungi (Unknown Toxins) Affecting the Reproductive System
			Plants
				Plants Associated With Abortion
				Plants Associated With Prolonged Gestation
				Plants Associated With Congenital Defects
			Fungi
				Fungi Associated With Reproductive Dysfunction
		Congenital and Inherited Diseases Primarily Affecting the Reproductive System
			Chromosomal Translocations in Cattle
			References
		Inherited Prolonged Gestation (Adenohypophyseal Hypoplasia)
			Prolonged Gestation With Fetal Gigantism
			Prolonged Gestation With Craniofacial Deformity
			Prolonged Gestation With Arthrogryposis
			References
		Inherited Inguinal Hernia and Cryptorchidism
			Inguinal Hernias
				Cryptorchidism
			References
	19 Perinatal Diseases
		Introduction
		Perinatal and Postnatal Diseases
			General Classification
				Fetal Diseases
				Parturient Diseases
				Postnatal Diseases
			Perinatal Disease—General Epidemiology
				Lambs
					Mortality Rates
					Major Causes
					Fetal Disease
					Parturient Disease
					Postnatal Disease
					Birth Weight
					Environmental Factors
					Infectious Disease
					Other Factors
					Recording Systems
				Dairy Calves
					Mortality Rates
						Perinatal Mortality Rates
						Neonatal Mortality Rates
						Fetal Disease/Abortion
					Major Causes
						Perinatal Mortality
						Postnatal Mortality
					Postnatal Disease
					Management
				Beef Calves
					Mortality Rates
					Major Causes
					Fetal Disease
					Parturient Disease
					Postnatal Disease
				Piglets
					Mortality Rates
					Major Causes
					Fetal Disease
					Parturient Disease
					Postnatal Disease
					Management
				Foals
					Mortality Rates
					Major Causes
						Fetal Disease
					Parturient Disease
					Postnatal Disease
				New World Camelid Crias
					Mortality Rates
					Major Causes
						Fetal Disease
					Parturient Disease
					Postnatal Disease
			Further Reading
			References
		Perinatal Disease—Special Investigation of Any Neonatal Deaths (Illness)
			Further Reading
		Perinatal Disease—Congenital Defects
			Etiology
				Chromosomal Abnormality and Inheritance
				Viral and Other Infections
				Nutritional Deficiency
				Poisonous Plants
				Farm Chemicals
				Physical Insults
				Environmental Influences
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
				Structural Malformations and Deformations
				Viral Teratogenesis
				Inherited Congenital Defects
			Clinical and Necropsy Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Further Reading
		Intrauterine Growth Retardation
			Etiology
			Further Reading
		Physical and Environmental Causes of Perinatal Disease
			Perinatology
				Heart Rate
				Ultrasound Examination
				Prematurity
			Further Reading
			References
		Prematurity and Dysmaturity of Foals
			References
		Parturient Injury and Intrapartum Death
			Trauma at Parturition
			References
		Fetal Hypoxia
			References
		Hypothermia in Newborns
			Lambs
				Heat Loss in Excess of Summit Metabolism
				Hypothermia From Depleted Energy Reserves
			Calves
			Piglets
			Foals
			References
		Maternal Nutrition and the Newborn
			Further Reading
			References
		Poor Mother–Young Relationship
			References
		Teeth Clipping of Piglets
		Failure of Transfer of Passive Immunity (Failure of Transfer of Colostral Immunoglobulin)
			Normal Transfer of Immunoglobulins
				Lactogenic Immunity
			Failure of Transfer of Passive Immunity
				Determinants of Immunoglobulin Concentration in Colostrum
				Volume of Colostrum Ingested
					Dairy Cows
					Beef Cows
					Ewes
					Sows
					All Species
				Efficiency of Absorption
					Feeding Methods, “Closure of the Gut,” and Immunoglobulin Absorption
						Natural Sucking
						Artificial Feeding
					Other Influences
				Decline of Passive Immunity
			Other Benefits of Colostrum
			Assessment of Transfer of Passive Immunity
				Assessment in the Individual Animal
				Assessment Tests on Serum
					Radial Immunodiffusion
					Lateral-Flow Immunoassay
					Turbidimetric Immunoassay
					Zinc Sulfate Turbidity Test
					Sodium Sulfite Precipitation Test
					Serum γ-Glutamyltransferase Activity
					Serum Total Protein
					Glutaraldehyde Coagulation Test
					Latex Agglutination Test
					ELISA Snap-Test
				Monitoring Colostrum
					Brix Refractometry
					Specific Gravity
					Glutaraldehyde Test
					ELISA
			Correction of Failure of Transfer of Passive Immunity
				Oral Therapy
				Parenteral Immunoglobulins
			Avoidance of Failure of Transfer of Passive Immunity
				Colostrum
					Colostrum for Banking
					Storage of Colostrum
					Pasteurization of Colostrum
				Cross-Species Colostrum
				Colostrum Supplements
					Lacteal-Secretion-Based Preparations
					Bovine-Serum-Based Preparations
				Administration of Colostrum
					Foals
					Dairy Calves
						Assisted Natural Sucking
						Artificial Feeding Systems
					Beef Calves
					Lambs
					Piglets
			Further Reading
			References
		Clinical Assessment and Care of Critically Ill Newborns
			Clinical Examination
				Sepsis
				Prematurity and Dysmaturity
				Hypoxia
				Hypoglycemia
				Endocrine Abnormalities
			Diagnostic Imaging
			Clinical Pathology
				Serum Immunoglobulin Concentration
				Hematology
				Serum Biochemistry
				Blood Gas
				Blood Culture
				Other Body Fluids
			Treatment
				Nursing Care
				Correction of Failure of Transfer of Passive Immunity
					Colostral Immunoglobulin
					Critical Plasma IgG Concentrations in Foals
					Plasma Transfusion
				Nutritional Support
				Antimicrobial Treatment
				Fluid Therapy
				Respiratory Support
				Gastroduodenal Ulcer Prophylaxis
			Common Complications
			Prognosis
			Further Reading
			References
		Stillbirth/Perinatal Weak-Calf Syndrome
			Historical Aspects
				Dummy-Calf Syndrome
			Etiology and Epidemiology
				Fetal Infections
				Maternal Nutritional Deficiency Causing Fetal Underdevelopment
				Placental Insufficiency
				Fetal Hypoxemia
				Dystocia and Traumatic Injuries at Birth
				Premature Expulsion of Placenta
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Control and Prevention
			Further Reading
			References
		Diseases of Cloned Offspring
			Further Reading
			References
		Equine Neonatal Maladjustment Syndrome (Neonatal Encephalopathy, Dummy Foal, Barkers, and Wanderers)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Signs
			Clinical Pathology
			Diagnostic Confirmation
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Postmortem Diagnostic Confirmation
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Neonatal Infectious Diseases
			Etiology
				Calves
				Pigs
				Foals
				Lambs
				Calves
				Lambs
				Foals
				All Species
			Epidemiology
				Sources of Infection
					Postnatal Infection
					Prenatal Infection
				Routes of Transmission
				Risk Factors and Modulation of Infection
					Immunity
					Immune Responsiveness
					Exposure Pressure
					Age at Exposure
					Animal Risk Factors
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Treatment
			Control
			References
		Principles of Control and Prevention of Neonatal Infectious Diseases
			Reduction of Risk of Acquisition of Infection From the Environment
			Removal of the Newborn From the Infectious Environment
			Increasing the Nonspecific Resistance of the Newborn
			Increasing the Specific Resistance of the Newborn
			Further Reading
			References
		Colibacillosis of Newborn Calves, Piglets, Lambs, Kids, and Foals
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence and Prevalence of Infection
					Cattle and Calves
					Piglets
				Morbidity and Mortality Rates
					Calves
					Piglets
				Risk Factors
					Animal Risk Factors
						Animal Species
						Age and Birth Weight
						Immunity and Colostrum
					Environmental and Management Risk Factors
						Meteorologic Influences
						Nutrition and Feeding Methods
						Standard of Housing and Hygiene
						Source of the Organism and Its Ecology and Transmission
					Pathogen Risk Factors
						Virulence Factors of E. coli
				Lambs
				Zoonotic Implications of E. coli
			Pathogenesis
				Septicemic Colibacillosis (Coliform Septicemia)
				Enteric Colibacillosis
					Enterotoxigenic Colibacillosis
					Diarrhea, Dehydration, Metabolic Acidosis, and Electrolyte Imbalance
					Hyperkalemia in the Diarrheic Calf
					Hypernatremia in the Diarrheic Calf
					Effect of Colostral Immunoglobulin Status
					Intestinal Mucosa
					Attaching and Effacing Colibacillosis
					Synergism Between Enteropathogens
				Summary of Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
				Calves
					Coliform Septicemia
						Predictors of Septicemia
					Enteric Colibacillosis
				Lambs and Goat Kids
				Piglets
					Coliform Septicemia
					Enterotoxigenic Colibacillosis
						Newborn Piglet Diarrhea
						Postweaning Diarrhea
			Clinical Pathology
				Culture and Detection of Organism
				Hematology and Serum Biochemistry
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
					Coliform Septicemia
					Enteric Colibacillosis
			Treatment
				Coliform Septicemia
				Enteric Colibacillosis
				Fluid and Electrolyte Replacement
					Categorizing Diarrheic Calves Into Treatment Groups
				Antimicrobial Therapy
					Change in Small Intestinal Bacterial Flora in Calves With Diarrhea
					Incidence of Bacteremia in Calves With Diarrhea
					Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Fecal Escherichia coli Isolates
					Surveillance for Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia coli Isolates
					Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Blood Escherichia coli Isolates
				Evidence-Based Recommendations for Antimicrobial Treatment of Diarrheic Calves
					Administration of Oral Antimicrobials to Treat Escherichia coli Overgrowth of the Small Intestine
					Administration of Parenteral Antimicrobials to Treat Escherichia coli Bacteremia
					Use of Antimicrobials That Are of Critical Importance for Human and Veterinary Medicine
				Immunoglobulin Therapy
				Analgesic and Antiinflammatory Therapy
				Antimotility Drugs
				Intestinal Protectants
				Alteration of the Diet
				Probiotics
				Clinical Management of Outbreaks
			Control
				Reduction of the Degree of Exposure of the Newborn to the Infectious Agents
					Dairy Calves
					Beef Calves
					Veal Calves
					Lambs and Kids
					Piglets
				Provision of Maximum Nonspecific Resistance With Adequate Colostrum and Optimum Animal Management
					Colostrum Management
					Quality of Colostrum
						Specific Gravity
						Frozen and Thawed Colostrum
						Pasteurization of Colostrum
					Colostrum Supplements and Replacers
					Purified Bovine Immunoglobulin
						Beef Calves
						Lambs
						Piglets
				Increasing Specific Resistance of the Newborn by Vaccinating the Pregnant Dam or the Newborn
					Calves
					Piglets
						Competitive Exclusion Culture
					Lambs and Kids
			Further Reading
			References
		Watery Mouth of Lambs (Rattle Belly, Slavers)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Animal and Environmental Risk Factors
				Experimental Disease
				Economic Importance
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Control
			References
		Omphalitis, Omphalophlebitis, and Urachitis in Newborn Farm Animals (Navel Ill)
			Omphalitis
			Omphalophlebitis
			Omphaloarteritis
			Urachitis
			Control
			References
		Neonatal Streptococcal Infection
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence and Prevalence
				Source of Infection
				Economic Importance
				Zoonotic Implications
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
				Foals
				Piglets
				Lambs
				Calves
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
			References
		Neonatal Neoplasia
	20 Diseases of the Mammary Gland
		Introduction
		Bovine Mastitis
			General Features
				Contagious Mastitis Pathogens
				Teat Skin Opportunistic Mastitis Pathogens
				Environmental Mastitis Pathogens
			Etiology
				Major Pathogens
					Contagious Pathogens
					Environmental Pathogens
				Minor Pathogens
				Uncommon Mastitis Pathogens
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence and Prevalence of Infection
					Prevalence
					Incidence
				Relative Prevalence of Infection With Intramammary Pathogens
					Contagious Pathogens
					Teat Skin Opportunistic Pathogens
					Environmental Pathogens
					Heifers
				Distribution of Pathogens in Clinical Mastitis
				Source of Infection
					Contagious Pathogens
					Teat Skin Opportunistic Pathogens
					Environmental Pathogens
				Methods of Transmission
				Risk Factors
					Animal Risk Factors
						Age and Parity
						Stage of Lactation
						Season of Year
						Somatic Cell Count
						Breed
						Milking Characteristics and Morphology of Udder and Teat
						Physical Condition of Teat
						Udder Hygiene
						Nutritional Status
						Genetic Resistance to Mastitis
							Somatic Cell Count.
				Milk Yield
					Other Concurrent Diseases
					Immunologic Function of Mammary Gland
					Previous Mastitis
					Preexisting Intramammary Infections
					Use of Recombinant Bovine Somatotropin
					Environmental and Management Risk Factors
						Quality and Management of Housing
						Milking Practices
					Pathogen Risk Factors
						Viability of Pathogens
						Virulence Factors
				Colonizing Ability
				Toxins
				Production and Economic Losses
					Subclinical Mastitis
					Clinical Mastitis
				Zoonotic Potential
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
				Abnormal Secretion
				Abnormal Gland
				Abnormal Cow (Systemic Response)
			Further Reading
			References
		Diagnosis of Bovine Mastitis
			Detection of Clinical Mastitis
			Detection of Subclinical Mastitis
			Detection at the Herd Level
				Bulk Tank Milk Somatic Cell Counts
				Culture of Bulk Tank Milk
			Detection at the Individual Cow Level
				Culture of Individual Cow Milk
			Indirect Tests for Subclinical Mastitis
				The Somatic Cell Count of Composite or Quarter Samples
				California Mastitis Test of Quarter Samples
				NAGase Test of Composite or Quarter Samples
				Electrical Conductivity Tests of Quarter Samples
				Comparison of Indirect Methods
			Hematology and Serum Biochemistry
			Ultrasonography of the Mammary Gland
			Infrared Thermography of the Mammary Gland
			Biopsy of Mammary Tissue
			Necropsy Findings
			Further Reading
			References
		Treatment of Bovine Mastitis
			Historical Aspects of Antimicrobial Therapy for Clinical and Subclinical Mastitis
			Treatment Strategy
				Is Antimicrobial Therapy Indicated?
					Type of Pathogen Involved
					Type and Severity of the Inflammatory Response
					Duration of Infection
					Stage of Lactation
					Age and Pregnancy Status of Cow
				Which Route of Administration (Intramammary, Parenteral, or Both?)
				Which Antimicrobial Agent Should Be Administered?
				What Should Be the Frequency and Duration of Treatment?
			Intramammary Antimicrobial Therapy
				Infusion Procedure
			Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy
			Treatment of Lactating Quarters
				Emergency Treatment When the Type of Infection Is Unknown
				Treatment When the Infecting Organism Is Known
				Treatment of Subclinical Mastitis
			Antiinflammatory Agents
			Supportive Therapy
			Adjunctive Therapy
			Magnitude of Response to Therapy
			Dry Cow Therapy
			Prepartum Antimicrobial Therapy in Heifers
			Treatment of Mastitis on Organic Dairy Farms
			Antimicrobial Residues in Milk and Withholding Times
				Antimicrobial Residue Tests
			Permanently Drying Off Chronically Affected Quarters
			Further Reading
			References
		Mastitis Pathogens of Cattle
		Mastitis of Cattle Associated With Common Contagious Pathogens
			Staphylococcus aureus
				Etiology
				Epidemiology
					Occurrence and Prevalence of Infection
						Coagulase-Positive Staphylococci
					Source of Infection and Method of Transmission
					Risk Factors
						Animal Risk Factors
							Local Defense Mechanisms
							Colonization With Minor Pathogens
							Parity of Cow
							Presence of Other Diseases
							Heredity
							Immune System
						Environmental and Management Risk Factors
						Pathogen Risk Factors
							Virulence Factors
							Genotype of Strains
							Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus
					Economic Importance
					Zoonotic Implications
				Pathogenesis
				Clinical Findings
					Chronic Staphylococcus aureus Mastitis
					Acute and Peracute Staphylococcus aureus Mastitis
				Clinical Pathology
					Culture of Individual Cow Milk
					Culture of Bulk Tank Milk
					Somatic Cell Counts and California Mastitis Test
					Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays for Antibody in Milk
					Acriflavine Disk Assay
				Necropsy Findings
					Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
				Treatment
					Inadequate Penetration of Antimicrobial Agent
					Antimicrobial Resistance
					Lactating Cow Therapy
						Peracute Mastitis
					Dry Cow Therapy
				Control
					Vaccination
			Further Reading
			References
		Streptococcus agalactiae
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence and Prevalence of Infection
				Source of Infection
				Transmission of Infection
				Risk Factors
				Economic Importance
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
				Culture From Bulk Tank Milk Samples
					Total Bacterial Count
				Culture From Individual Cow Samples
					Somatic Cell Count
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
				Blitz Therapy
			Control
				Vaccination
				Biosecurity
			Further Reading
			References
		Corynebacterium bovis
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Findings
			Treatment
			Control
			References
		M. bovis and Other Mycoplasma sp.
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence and Prevalence of Infection
				Source of Infection
				Transmission
				Risk Factors
				Economic Importance
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Mastitis of Cattle Associated With Teat Skin Opportunistic Pathogens
			Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci
				Etiology
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Findings
				Clinical Pathology
				Treatment
				Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Mastitis of Cattle Associated With Common Environmental Pathogens
			Coliform Mastitis Associated With Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp., and Enterobacter aerogenes
				Etiology
				Epidemiology
					Occurrence of Clinical Mastitis
					Prevalence of Infection
					Duration of Infection
					Source of Infection and Mode of Transmission
					Morbidity and Case Fatality
					Risk Factors
						Pathogen Risk Factors
						Environmental Risk Factors
							Bedding
						Animal Risk Factors
							Somatic Cell Count
							Neutrophil Recruitment and Function
							Selenium and Vitamin E Status
							Stage of Lactation and Defense Mechanism
							Contamination of Teat Duct
							Downer Cows
							Other Defense Factors
								Lactoferrin and Citrate.
								Serum Antibody to E. coli.
				Pathogenesis
					Stage of Lactation
					Neutrophil Response
					Numbers of Bacteria in Milk
					Experimental Endotoxin-Induced Mastitis
				Clinical Findings
					Accuracy of Clinical Diagnosis
				Clinical Pathology
					Culture of Milk
					Somatic Cell Count and California Mastitis Test Scores
					Hematology
					Endotoxin Presence in Milk and Plasma
					Serum Biochemistry
				Necropsy Findings
					Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
				Treatment
					Treatment Trials Using Antimicrobial Agents and Untreated Controls
					Parenteral Antimicrobial Agents
					Intramammary Antimicrobial Agents
					Stripping of the Affected Quarter
					Fluid and Electrolyte Therapy
					Antiinflammatory Agents
					Combination Therapy
				Control
					Management of Outbreaks
					Housing and Environment
						Bedding
						Regular Daily Cleaning of Barns
					Milking Procedures
						Premilking Teat Disinfection
						Postmilking Barrier Teat Dips
					Nutrition
					Prevention of Infection During Dry Period
					Recumbent Cows
					Milking Machine
					Vaccination
						Core Lipopolysaccharide Antigen Vaccine
			Further Reading
			References
		Environmental Streptococci
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence and Prevalence of Infection
				Source of Infection
				Risk Factors
					Environmental Risk Factors
					Animal Risk Factors
					Pathogen Risk Factors
				Economic Importance
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Treatment
				Antimicrobial Agents
			Control
				Vaccination
			References
		Trueperella pyogenes
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence and Prevalence of Infection
				Source of Infection and Mode of Transmission
				Risk Factors
				Economic Importance
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Mastitis of Cattle Associated With Less Common Pathogens
			Pseudomonas aeruginosa
				Etiology
				Epidemiology
				Clinical Findings
				Clinical Pathology
				Necropsy Findings
				Treatment
				Control
			References
		Mannheimia (Pasteurella) species
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Findings
				Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Control
		Nocardia sp.
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Source of Infection and Mode of Transmission
				Risk Factors
				Economic Importance
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
			References
		Bacillus sp.
			Campylobacter jejuni
			Clostridium perfringens type A
			Fusobacterium necrophorum
			Histophilus somni
			Listeria monocytogenes
			Mycobacterium sp.
			Serratia sp.
			Fungi and Yeasts
			Algae
			Traumatic Mastitis
			References
		Control of Bovine Mastitis
			Udder Health Improvement
			Economic Benefits, Incentives, and Penalties
			Requirements
			Options in the Control of Mastitis
				Eradication
				Decreasing the Infection Rate
				Legislative Control
				A Voluntary Program
			Principles of Controlling Bovine Mastitis
				Dynamics of Infection
				1. Eliminate Existing Infections
				2. Prevent New Infections
				3. Monitor Udder Health Status
			Mastitis Control Programs
			Ten-Point Mastitis Control Program
				1. Udder Hygiene and Proper Milking Methods
					Establish and Maintain a Regular Milking Schedule in a Stress-Free Environment
					Ensure That Teats Are Clean and Dry Before Milking
						Udder Hygiene Score
						Premilking Cow Preparation
					Check Foremilk and Udder for Mastitis
						Premilking Teat Disinfection
					Attach the Milking Unit Properly
					Minimize Machine Stripping and Avoid Liner Slips
					Avoid Overmilking or Removing the Unit Under Vacuum
					Use an Effective and Safe Postmilking Teat Germicide (Teat Dip) After Every Milking
						Iodine Formulations
						Chlorhexidine
						Linear Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonic Acid Products
						Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
						Sodium Hypochlorite
						External Teat Sealants (Barrier Teat Dips)
						Selection and Use of Teat Disinfectants
					Establish Milking Order and Segregation Programs
					Disinfect Teat Liners
				2. Proper Installation, Function, and Maintenance of Milking Equipment
					Milking System Function and Objectives
					Components of a Milking System
						Vacuum System
							Vacuum Pump
							Vacuum Reserve Tank
							Vacuum Regulator
						Pulsation System
						Milk Transport System
						Milk Claw
						Milk Pipeline
						Bulk Milk Tank
					Relationship of Milking Equipment to Udder Health
					Maintenance and Evaluation of Milking Equipment
					Robotic Milking
				3. Dry Cow Management and Therapy
					Epidemiology of Intramammary Infection During the Dry Period
						Incidence of New Infections
						Types of Pathogen Causing New Infections During the Dry Period
						Risk Factors That Affect Susceptibility in Dry Cows
							Teat-End Protection
							Resistance Mechanisms Within the Mammary Gland
							Milk Production at Dry Off
							Method of Drying Off
							Parity
						Risk Factors That Affect Susceptibility in Heifers
					Udder Health Management Strategies for Dry Cows
						Antimicrobial Therapy (Dry Cow Therapy)
							Blanket Versus Selective Dry Cow Therapy
							Factors Affecting the Success of Antimicrobial Treatment of Dry Cows
						Internal Teat Sealants
						External Teat Sealants
						Teat Disinfection
						Intramammary Devices
						Vaccination of the Dry Cow
						Management of the Environment for Dry Cows
						Nutritional Management of Dry Cows
				4. Appropriate Therapy of Mastitis During Lactation
				5. Culling Chronically Infected Cows
					Biosecurity for Herd Replacements
						Know the Farm of Origin
						Know the Cows
						Protect the Home Herd
				6. Maintenance of an Appropriate Environment
					Global Environmental Influences
					Classification of Environmental Influences
						External Environmental Influences on Mastitis Control
						Regional Environment
							Local Environment
						Internal Environmental Influences on Mastitis Control
							Housing
							Nutritional Management
							Management Approach
							General Hygiene
							Udder Singeing
							Use of Recombinant Bovine Somatotropin
					Environmental Control in an Udder Health Management Program
				7. Good Record Keeping
					Objectives and Uses of Clinical Mastitis Records
					Recording Clinical Mastitis Data
					Using Clinical Mastitis Monitoring Systems
						Cow Versus Herd Clinical Mastitis Problems
						Probability of Recurrence of Clinical Mastitis in the Same Lactation
						Stage of Lactation and Seasonal Profile
						Days of Discarded Milk
				8. Monitoring Udder Health Status
					Monitoring Udder Health at the Herd Level
						Bulk Tank Milk Somatic Cell Counts
						Herd Average of Weighted Individual Cow Somatic Cell Count
						Other Herd-Level Somatic Cell Count Monitors
							Herd Average Somatic Cell Score
							Percentage of Herd Over Somatic Cell Count Threshold
							Percentage of Herd Changing Somatic Cell Count to Over Threshold
						Bacteriologic Culture of Bulk Milk
						Herd-Level Measures of Clinical Mastitis
					Monitoring Udder Health of Individual Cows
						Bacteriologic Culture of Milk
						Somatic Cell Counts
						Problem Solving Using Individual Cow Somatic Cell Counts
				9. Periodic Review of the Udder Health Management Program
				10. Setting Goals for Udder Health Status
					Relationship of Udder Health to Productivity and Profitability
						Production Losses From Increased Somatic Cell Count
						Clinical Mastitis and Lost Productivity
			Assessment of the Cost-Effectiveness of Mastitis Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Miscellaneous Abnormalities of the Teats and Udder
			Lesions of the Bovine Teat
			Reference
		Lesions of the Bovine Teat and Udder
			Bovine Herpes Mammillitis
				Etiology
				Epidemiology
					Occurrence
				Origin of Infection and Transmission
					Animal and Pathogen Risk Factors
					Economic Importance
					Zoonotic Implications
				Pathogenesis
				Clinical Findings
				Clinical Pathology and Necropsy Findings
				Diagnosis
				Treatment
				Control
			References
		Lesions of the Bovine Udder Other Than Mastitis
			Udder Impetigo
			Udder Cleft Dermatitis
			Blood in the Milk (Mammary Gland Hematoma)
			Udder Edema
			Rupture of the Suspensory Ligaments of the Udder
			Agalactia
				Milk Drop Syndrome
				Low Milk Fat Syndrome
			References
		“Free” Or “Stray” Electricity as a Cause of Failure of Letdown
			Neoplasms of the Udder
			Teat and Udder Congenital Defects
			Further Reading
			References
		Milk Allergy
		Mastitis of Sheep
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Staphylococcal Mastitis
				Mannheimia Mastitis
				Streptococcal Mastitis
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
				Staphylococcal Mastitis
				Mannheimia Mastitis
				Clostridial Mastitis
				Caseous Lymphadenitis and Mastitis
				Pseudomonal Mastitis
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
				Staphylococcal Mastitis
				Mannheimia Mastitis
			Further Reading
			References
		Mastitis of Goats
			Staphylococcal Mastitis
			Streptococcal Mastitis
			Pseudomonas Mastitis
			Summer Mastitis
			Other Infections
			Clinical Findings
				Treatment and Control
			References
		Contagious Agalactia in Goats and Sheep
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Prevalence
				Transmission
				Experimental Reproduction
				Host Risk Factors
				Pathogen Risk Factors
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Mastitis of Mares
			References
		Postpartum Dysgalactia Syndrome of Sows
			Etiology
				Mastitis
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Morbidity and Case Fatality
			Risk Factors
				Feed
				Housing
				Management
				Animal Factors
				Microorganisms
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
				Examination of Milk
				Hematology and Serum Biochemistry
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
				Supplementation of Piglets
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
	21 Systemic and Multi-Organ Diseases
		Diseases of Complex or Undetermined Etiology
			Cold Cow Syndrome
			Recumbency in horses of undetermined etiology
				Epidemiology
				Examination of the Recumbent Horse
					History
					Physical Examination
				Management and Care
				Complications—Prevention
			Further Reading
			References
		Thin Sow Syndrome
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Findings
			Control
				Feeding During Pregnancy
				Feeding During Lactation
		Wild Boar as Vectors for Infectious Disease
			Risk Factors
			Disease in General
			African Swine Fever
			Astroviruses
			Aujesky’s Disease
			Brucellosis
			Campylobacter Spp.
			Chlamydiae
			Classical Swine Fever
			Cryptosporidia
			Escherichia Coli
			Erysipelas
			Fasciola Hepatica
			Foot-and-Mouth Disease
			Hepatitis E
			Leptospira Spp.
			Lymphadenitis
			Mycobacterium Bovis
			Mycoplasma Hyopneumoniae
			Parasites
			Porcine Circovirus Type 2
			Porcine Parvovirus
			Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome
			Porcine Sapelovirus
			Salmonella Serotypes
			Swine Influenza
			Toxoplasma
			Trichinella
			Control
			References
		Multi-Organ Diseases Due to Bacterial Infection
			Anthrax
				Etiology
				Epidemiology
					Occurrence
					Source of the Infection
					Transmission of the Infection
					Risk Factors
						Host Risk Factors
						Pathogen Risk Factors
						Environment Risk Factors
					Economic Importance
					Zoonotic Potential
				Pathogenesis
				Clinical Findings
					Cattle and Sheep
					Pigs
					Horses
				Clinical Pathology
				Necropsy Findings
					Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
				Treatment
				Control
					Immunization
			Further Reading
			References
		Bovine Tuberculosis
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Source of Infection
					Cattle
					Wildlife Reservoirs
				Methods of Transmission
					Ingestion
					Other Routes
				Risk Factors
					Environment Risk Factors
					Host Risk Factors
				Pathogen Risk Factors
				Economic Importance
				Zoonotic Importance
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
				Cattle
					Lungs
					Intestine
					Uterus
					Mastitis
				Pigs
				Horses
				Sheep and Goats
				New World Camelids
			Clinical Pathology
				Direct Tests
					Microscopic Examination
					Culture
					Nucleic Acid Recognition Methods
				Indirect Tests
					Intradermal Tuberculin Test
					Special Aspects of Sensitivity to Tuberculin
					Summary of Testing Procedures in Cattle
					Tuberculin Testing in Other Species
						Pigs
						Horses
						Sheep and Goats
						New World Camelids
					Interferon-γ Assay (IFN-γ)
					Lymphocyte Proliferation Test
					Serologic Tests for Diagnosis of Tuberculosis
			Necropsy Findings
				Cattle, Sheep, and Goats
				Pigs
				Horses
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
				Control on a Herd Basis
					Tuberculin Testing
					Retesting
					Prevention of Spread
				Control on an Area Basis
					Education
					Staging
					Vaccination
					Test and Slaughter
				Problems in Tuberculosis Eradication
					No-Visible-Lesion Reactors
					“Breakdowns”
					“Traceback”
					Large Herds
					Wildlife Reservoirs
				Control of Tuberculosis in Pigs
			Further Reading
			References
		Tuberculosis Associated With Mycobacterium tuberculosis
			References
		Mycobacteriosis Associated With Mycobacterium avium intracellulare Complex and With Atypical Mycobacteria
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Source and Transmission
				Economic Importance
				Zoonotic Importance
			Clinical and Necropsy Findings
				Cattle
				Goats and Sheep
				Deer
				Horses
				Pigs
			Clinical Pathology
				Tuberculin Testing
			Treatment and Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Yersiniosis
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
					Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
					Yersinia enterocolitica
				Zoonotic Implications
					Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
					Yersinia enterocolitica
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment and Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Tularemia
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Risk Factors
					Animal Risk Factors
					Transmission
					Pathogen Risk Factors
				Zoonotic Implications
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
				Sheep
				Pigs
				Horses
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Melioidosis
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Risk Factors
				Source and Methods of Transmission
					Pathogen Risk Factors
					Experimental Production
					Zoonotic Implications
				Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
				Sheep
				Goats
				Pigs
				Horses
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy
			Diagnostic Confirmation
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Heartwater (COWDRIOSIS)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Measures of Disease Occurrence
				Method of Transmission
				Risk Factors and Immune Mechanisms
			Economic Importance
				Biosecurity Concerns
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Histophilus Septicemia of Cattle (Histophilus somni or Haemophilus somnus Disease Complex)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Prevalence of Infection
				Occurrence of Disease
				Risk Factors
					Animal Risk Factors
					Pathogen Risk Factors
						Adherence.
						Lipooligosaccharides (LOS or Endotoxin).
						Antigen Variation of Surface Proteins.
						Immunoglobulin-Binding Proteins.
						Transferrin-Binding Proteins.
						Biofilm Synthesis.
				Methods of Transmission
				Immune Mechanisms
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
				Thrombotic Meningoencephalitis (TME)
				Respiratory Disease
				Myocarditis
			Clinical Pathology
				Hematology
				Culture of Organism
				Serology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
				Metaphylactic Antimicrobial Therapy
				Vaccination
			Further Reading
			References
		Septicemia and Thrombotic Meningoencephalitis in Sheep Associated With Histophilus Somni
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment and Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Tick Pyemia of Lambs (Enzootic Staphylococcosis of Lambs)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical and Necropsy Findings
			Treatment and Control
			Further Reading
			Reference
		Septicemic Pasteurellosis of Cattle (Hemorrhagic Septicemia)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Risk Factors
					Animal Risk Factors
					Pathogen Risk Factors
					Environmental Risk Factors
				Transmission
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
				Culture and Detection of Bacteria
				Serology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Control
				Antimicrobial Metaphylaxis
				Vaccines
			Further Reading
			References
		Pasteurellosis of Sheep and Goats
			Septicemic Pasteurellosis of Suckling Lambs
			Mannheimia mastitis in sheep
		Pneumonic Pasteurellosis Affecting Wildlife
			References
		Pasteurellosis of Swine
			Pneumonic Pasteurellosis
				Etiology
				Epidemiology
				Pathogenesis
				Clinical Findings
				Necropsy Findings
				Diagnosis
				Treatment
				Control
			Septicemic Pasteurellosis
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			References
		Streptococcus suis Infection of Young Pigs
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Prevalence of Infection
				Morbidity and Case Fatality
				Methods of Transmission
				Risk Factors
					Animal Risk Factors
					Environmental and Management Factors
					Pathogen Risk Factors
					Capsules
					Proteins
					Suilysin
					Hemolysin
					Other Properties
					Adhesion
				Zoonotic Implications
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
				Culture or Detection of Organism
				Serology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Diagnosis
			Treatment
				Antimicrobials
			Control
				Environment and Management
				Mass Medication of Feed
				Vaccination
			References
		Streptococcal Lymphadenitis of Swine (Jowl Abscesses, Cervical Abscesses)
		Erysipelas in Swine
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Prevalence of Infection
				Morbidity and Case Fatality
				Methods of Transmission
				Risk Factors
					Animal Risk Factors
					Pathogen Risk Factors
				Zoonotic Implications
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
				Hyperacute Form
				Acute and Subacute Forms
				Chronic Form
			Clinical Pathology
				Detection of Organism
				Hematology
				Serology
			Necropsy Findings
				Acute and Subacute Forms
				Chronic Form
			Diagnosis
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
				Antimicrobial Therapy
			Control
				Eradication
				Immunization
				Antierysipelas Serum
				Vaccination
				Vaccination Program
			References
		Actinobacillus Septicemia in Piglets
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Signs
			Necropsy Findings
			Diagnosis
			Treatment
			References
		Klebsiella Pneumoniae Septicemia in Pigs
		Chlamydial Infection in the Pig
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Signs
			Necropsy Findings
			Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
			References
		Multi-Organ Diseases Due to Viral Infection
			Foot-and-Mouth Disease (Aphthous Fever)
				Etiology
				Epidemiology
					Occurrence
					Prevalence
					Morbidity and Case-Fatality Rate
					Methods of Transmission
					Risk Factors
						Host Factors
						Environmental and Pathogen Factors
						Immune Mechanism
						Experimental Reproduction
					Economic Importance
					Zoonotic Implications
					Biosecurity Concerns
				Pathogenesis
				Clinical Findings
				Clinical Pathology
				Necropsy Findings
				Treatment
				Control
					Control by Eradication
					Vaccination
			Further Reading
			References
		Rift Valley Fever
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Risk Factors
					Animal Risk Factors
					Environmental Risk Factors
				Source of Infection
				Method of Transmission
				Experimental Reproduction
				Zoonotic Implications
				Economic Importance
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
				Vaccines
			Further Reading
			References
		Bluetongue
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Host Occurrence
				Method of Transmission
					Culicoides Species
					Other Vectors
					Overwintering
					Transplacental Infection
					Persistent Infection
					Venereal Transmission
					Oral Transmission
				Pathogen and Vector Risk Factors
					Climate
					Serotype Occurrence
				Host Risk Factors
					Cattle
					Sheep
					Goats and Wild Ruminants
					New World Camelids
				Morbidity and Case Fatality
				Experimental Reproduction
				Economic Importance
			Pathogenesis
				Sheep
				Cattle and Wild Ruminants
			Clinical Findings
				Sheep
				Cattle
				Goats
				New World Camelids
				Wild Ruminants
			Clinical Pathology
				Virus Isolation
				Detection of Antigen or Nucleic Acid
				Serologic Tests
			Necropsy Findings
				Sheep
				Cattle
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
				Reduction of Infection Through Vector Abatement
				Vaccination
				International Movement of Livestock
			Further Reading
			References
		Malignant Catarrhal Fever (Bovine Malignant Catarrh, Malignant Head Catarrh)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence and Prevalence
					Alcelaphine MCF
					Sheep-Associated MCF
				Methods of Transmission
					Alcelaphine MCF
					Sheep-Associated MCF
				Experimental Reproduction
				Environment Risk Factors
				Animal Risk Factors
				Economic Importance
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
				Head-and-Eye Form
				Peracute and Alimentary Tract Forms
				Mild Form
				Pigs
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Malignant Catarrh in Pigs
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Signs
			Pathology
			Diagnosis
			References
		Jembrana Disease
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Transmission
				Experimental Reproduction
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment and Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Bovine Ephemeral Fever
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Source of Infection
				Method of Transmission
				Experimental Reproduction
				Environment Risk Factors
				Animal Risk Factors
				Economic Importance
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
			References
		Nairobi Sheep Disease
			Further Reading
			References
		Wesselsbron Disease
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Risk Factors
					Animal Risk Factors
					Environmental Risk Factors
				Source of Infection and Method of Transmission
				Zoonotic Implications
				Economic Importance
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
			References
		Caprine Herpesvirus-1 Infection
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Transmission and Experimental Reproduction
				Economic Importance
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Signs
				Adults
				Newborn Kids
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
				Adults
				Newborn Kids
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment and Control
			References
		Equine Viral Arteritis
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Origin of Infection and Transmission
					Horizontal Transmission
					Venereal Transmission
				Immunity
				Animal Risk Factors
				Economic Importance
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment and Control
			Further Reading
			References
		African Horse Sickness
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
					South Africa
				Transmission of Infection
					Zebra
					Midges
				Risk Factors
					Environment Factors
					Animal Factors
				Economic Importance
				Zoonotic Disease
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
				Acute (Pulmonary) Horse Sickness (Dunkop)
				Subacute (Cardiac) Horse Sickness (Dikkop)
				Horse Sickness Fever
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
				Prevention of Introduction
				Slaughter of Sick or Viremic Animals
				Reduce Exposure to Biting Midges
				Vaccination
			References
		Equine Encephalosis
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Signs
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			References
		Getah Virus Infection
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Signs
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Control
			References
		Classical Swine Fever (Hog Cholera)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Morbidity and Case Fatality
				Methods of Transmission
				Risk Factors
					Animal Risk Factors
					Pathogen Risk Factors
						Virulence Characteristics
					Resistance of Virus
				Immune Mechanisms
				Economic Importance
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
				Diagnosis
				Peracute and Acute Disease
				Nervous Manifestations
				Chronic Disease
				Reproductive Failure
			Clinical Pathology
				Hematology
				Diagnostic Tests
				Detection of Virus
				Fluorescent Antibody Techniques
				Antigen-Capture ELISA
				Agar Gel Precipitation Test
				Differentiation of Swine Fever Virus From Other Pestiviruses
					PCR Tests
				Serologic Tests
				Samples for Laboratory
			Necropsy Findings
			Diagnosis
				Detection of Antigen
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
				Serology
			Treatment
			Control
				Control of Outbreaks in Hog Cholera–Free Areas
				Control Where Hog Cholera Is Endemic
				Hog Cholera Eradication
				Immunization Methods
					Serum–Virus Vaccination
					Attenuated Vaccines
					Inactivated Vaccines
			Further Reading
			References
		African Swine Fever
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Geographic Occurrence
					Africa
					Europe
				The Recent Disease Outbreak
				Species Affected
				Morbidity and Case Fatality
				Methods of Transmission
				Risk Factors
					Pathogen Factors
				Immune Mechanisms
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
				Hematology
				Diagnosis
				Detection of the Virus
				Serologic Tests
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Serology
			Treatment
			Control
				Vaccines
			Further Reading
			References
		Porcine Circovirus–Associated Disease
			Etiology
			Genome Studies
			Transcription
			Embryo Infectivity
			Virus Import
			Replication
			Genotypes
			Epidemiology
				Wild Boar
				Prevalence
				Environmental Survival
				Transmission
					Horizontal Transmission
					Vertical Transmission
				Risk Factors
				Occurrence
				Breeding
				Concurrent Infections
			Pathogenesis
				Host–Virus Interactions
				Cytokine Studies
				Interferons
			Immunity
			Necropsy Findings
				Gross Pathology
					Fetal Pathology
					Pathology in Piglets and Pigs
				Histopathology
					Porcine Dermatitis and Nephropathy Syndrome
					Ultrastructural Changes
			Clinical Signs
			Clinical Pathology
				Diagnosis
				Serology
				Diagnosis in Boars
				Virus Detection
				Detection of Viral Antigen by Immunohistochemistry
				Oral Fluids
			Control
				Vaccination
					The Vaccines
					Vaccine Effects
					Sow Compared with Piglet Vaccination
					Sow Vaccination
					Semen Shedding in Boars
					Piglet Vaccination
					Maternally Derived Antibodies
					Experimental Vaccines
					Vectored Vaccines
			Further Reading
			References
		Torque Teno Virus
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Signs
			Diagnosis
			Further Reading
			References
		Nipah
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Signs
			Necropsy Findings
			Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
			References
		Tioman Virus
			Reference
		Porcine Retroviruses
			Further Reading
			References
		Menangle
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Signs
			Necropsy Findings
			Diagnosis
			Differential Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Japanese B Encephalitis (Japanese Encephalitis)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Signs
			Necropsy Findings
			Diagnosis
			Control
			Further Reading
		Reston Virus
			Reference
		Bungowannah Virus
		Porcine Parvovirus
		Novel Porcine Parvoviruses
			References
		Multi-Organ Diseases Due to Protozoal Infection
			Sarcocystosis (Sarcosporidiosis)
				Etiology
				Epidemiology
					Occurrence
					Source of Infection
					Risk Factors
						Climate
						Species of Sarcocystis
						Farm Dogs
						Cats
						Stocking Density
					Economic Importance
				Pathogenesis
				Clinical Findings
					Cattle
					Sheep
					Swine
					Abortion and Perinatal Fatality
				Clinical Pathology
				Necropsy Findings
					Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
				Treatment
				Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Toxoplasmosis
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Source of Infection
					Cat Feces
					Other Sources
				Risk Factors
					Pathogen Risk Factors
					Environmental and Management Risk Factors
				Experimental Studies
					Sheep
					Cattle
					Other Ruminants
					Pigs
					Horses
				Economic Importance
				Zoonotic Implications
			Pathogenesis
				Pregnant Sheep and Goats
			Clinical Findings
				Sheep
				Goats
				Pigs
				Cattle
				Horses
			Clinical Pathology
				Abortion
			Necropsy Findings
				Abortion
				Samples for Diagnostic Testing
			Treatment
			Control
				Cat Control
				Serologic Monitoring
				Prophylaxis
				Vaccination
				Reduction of Zoonotic Risk From Food and Water
			Further Reading
			References
		Theilerioses
			References
		East Coast Fever (ECF)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Morbidity and Case Fatality
				Methods of Transmission
				Risk Factors
				Environmental Factors
				Immune Mechanisms
				Experimental Reproduction
				Economic Importance
				Biosecurity Concerns
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Tropical Theileriosis (Mediterranean Coast Fever)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence and Methods of Transmission
				Risk Factors and Immune Mechanisms
				Economic Importance
				Biosecurity Concerns
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Multi-Organ Diseases Due to Trypanosome Infection
			Nagana (Samore, African Trypanosomaisis, Tsetse Fly Disease)
				Etiology
				Epidemiology
					Occurrence
					Prevalence
					Morbidity and Case Fatality
					Methods of Transmission
						Cyclical
						Noncyclical
						The Carrier State
					Risk Factors
						Host Factors
						Environmental Factors
						Pathogen Factors
					Immune Mechanisms
					Experimental Reproduction
					Economic Importance
					Zoonotic Implications
					Biosecurity Concerns
				Pathogenesis
				Clinical Findings
				Clinical Pathology
				Necropsy Findings
					Gross Pathology
					Histology
					Specimens for Pathology
				Treatment
				Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Surra (Mal de Caderas, Murrina)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Morbidity and Case Fatality
				Method of Transmission
				Immune Mechanisms
				Zoonotic Implications
				Economic Importance
				Biosecurity Concerns
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Multi-Organ Diseases Due to Fungal Infection
			Protothecosis and Chlorellosis (Algal Bacteremia)
			References
		Coccidioidomycosis
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			References
		Paracoccidioidomycosis (Paracoccidioides Infection)
			References
		Rhodotorulua spp. Infection
			References
		Histoplasmosis
			References
		Cryptococcosis (European Blastomycosis, Torulosis)
			References
		North American Blastomycosis
			Further Reading
			References
		Multi-Organ Diseases Due to Metabolic Deficiency
			Sodium and/or Chloride Deficiency
			Magnesium Deficiency
			Further Reading
			References
		Copper Deficiency
			Etiology
				Primary Copper Deficiency
				Secondary Copper Deficiency
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Geographic Distribution
					Primary Copper Deficiency
					Secondary Copper Deficiency
				Seasonal Occurrence
				Risk Factors
					Animal Factors
						Age
						Breed and Species Susceptibility
						Fetal Liver Copper
					Dietary Factors
						Pasture Composition
						Molybdenum and Sulfur
						Copper in the Diet
						Dietary Iron
						Stored Feeds
						Soil Characteristics
							Copper Deficiency.
							Molybdenum Excess.
			Pathogenesis
				Effects on Tissues
					Changes in Gene Expression
					Wool
					Body Weight
					Diarrhea
					Anemia
					Bone
					Connective Tissue
					Heart
					Blood Vessels
					Pancreas
					Nervous Tissue
					Reproductive Performance
					Immune System
				Development of Clinical Signs
				Copper–Molybdenum– Sulfate Relationship
					Copper Utilization
					Hepatic Storage
					Phases of Copper Deficiency
			Clinical Findings
				Cattle
					Subclinical Hypocuprosis
					General Syndrome
						Primary Copper Deficiency
						Secondary Copper Deficiency
					Falling Disease
					Peat Scours (“Teart”)
					Unthriftiness (Pine) of Calves
				Sheep
					General Syndrome
						Primary Copper Deficiency
					Swayback and Enzootic Ataxia in Lambs and Goat Kids
				Goats
				Other Species
					Deer
					Pigs
					Horses
			Clinical Pathology
				Herd Diagnosis.
				Treatment Response Trial.
				Copper Status of Herd or Flock.
				Laboratory Diagnosis
					Interpretation of Laboratory Results
					Cattle and Sheep
					Horses
					Farmed Red Deer (Cervus Elaphus)
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
				Dietary Requirements
				Copper Toxicity
				Copper Supplementation
					Oral Dosing
					Dietary Supplementation
				Removal of Sulfates
				Parenteral Injections of Copper
				Slow-Release Treatments
					Glass Bolus
					Copper Oxide Needles
					Sheep
					Cattle
					Farmed Red Deer
				Genetic Selection
				Summary and Guidelines
			Further Reading
			References
		Riboflavin Deficiency (Hyporiboflavinosis)
		Choline Deficiency (Hypocholinosis)
			References
		Multi-Organ Diseases Due to Toxicity
			Snakebite
				Etiology
				Epidemiology
					Risk Factors
						Animal Risk Factors
				Pathogenesis
				Clinical Findings
				Clinical Pathology
				Necropsy Findings
				Treatment
				Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Bee and Wasp Stings (Hymenoptera)
			Further Reading
			Reference
		Red Fire Ant Stings (Solenopsis invicta)
			Further Reading
			References
		Moths
		Sweating Sickness (Tick Toxicosis)
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			Reference
		4-Aminopyridine Toxicosis
			Further Reading
			References
		Cadmium Toxicosis
			Further Reading
			References
		Chromium Toxicosis
			Further Reading
			References
		Cobalt Toxicosis
			Further Reading
			References
		Primary Copper Toxicosis
			Etiology
				Causes of Acute Oral Poisoning
				Causes of Acute Injectable Poisoning
				Causes of Chronic Oral Poisoning
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
					Sheep
					Calves (Preruminant)
					Cattle
					Goats
					Horses
					Swine
				Risk Factors
					Animal Risk Factors
						Species Susceptibility
						Breed Susceptibility
							Sheep.
							Cattle.
					Environmental Factors
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
				Acute Intoxication
				Chronic Intoxication
			Clinical Pathology
				Acute Ingestion
				Chronic Ingestion
			Necropsy Findings
				Acute Intoxication
				Chronic Intoxication
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Toxicosis From Dried Poultry Wastes
		Toxicosis from Defoliants
			Further Reading
		Toxicosis from Fungicides
			Fungistatic Agents
			Grain Fumigants
			Further Reading
			Reference
		Toxicosis from Herbicides
			Bipyridyl Derivatives
			Carbamates, Thiocarbamates, Dithiocarbamates
			Dinitrophenol Compounds
			Inorganic Herbicides
				Sodium Chlorate
			Organophosphorus Compounds
			Phenoxy Acid Derivatives
			Triazines/Triazoles
			Ureas/Thioureas
			Others
				Triclopyr
				Delrad
			Further Reading
			References
		Hydrocarbon Toxicosis
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings (Oil Ingestions)
				Natural Cases
				Experimental Cases
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Further Reading
			Reference
		Iron Toxicosis
			Neonatal Pigs
			Foals/Horses
			Cattle
			Further Reading
			References
		Toxicosis From Feed Additives
			Bronopol
			Carbadox
			Pluronics
			Tin Poisoning
			Further Reading
			References
		Toxicosis from Miscellaneous Farm Chemicals
			Formalin
			Methyl Bromide
			Polybrominated Biphenyls
			Clinical Signs
				Cattle
				Pigs
			Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers
			Polychlorinated Biphenyls
			Sodium Fluorosilicate
			Superphosphate Fertilizers
			Further Reading
			References
		Toxicosis from Seed Dressings
		Toxicosis from Miscellaneous Rodenticides
			Bromethalin
			Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3)
			Red Squill (Sea Onion)
			Phosphides
			Further Reading
			References
		Sulfur Toxicosis
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Risk Factors
					Animal Risk Factors
					Environmental Risk Factors
				Transmission
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
				Ruminants
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Vanadium Toxicosis
			Further Reading
			Reference
		Toxicosis from Wood Preservatives
			Chromated Copper Arsenate
			Pentachlorophenol
			Creosote (Coal Tar Creosote)
			Further Reading
			References
		Zinc Toxicosis
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Risk Factors
					Animal Risk Factors
					Farm Risk Factors
				Transmission
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
				Acute Poisoning
					Cattle
					Pigs
				Chronic Poisoning
					Dairy Cattle
					Pigs
					Horses
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
				Samples for Confirmation of Diagnosis
					Tissue Assay
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Diterpenoid Alkaloid Toxicosis
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Risk Factors
					Animal Risk Factors
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Ergot Alkaloid Toxicosis
			Ergotism
				Etiology
				Epidemiology
				Pathogenesis
				Clinical Findings
					Peripheral Gangrene (Classical Ergotism)
					Hyperthermia Form
					Reproductive Form
				Clinical Pathology
				Necropsy Findings
				Treatment
				Control
			Neotyphodium (Acremonium) spp. Toxicosis
			Fescue Toxicosis
				Clinical Findings
					Fescue Summer Toxicosis (Summer Slump, Epidemic Hyperthermia)
					Fescue Foot
					Fat Necrosis (Lipomatosis)
					Reproductive Abnormalities in Mares
				Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Fumonisin Toxicosis
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Risk Factors
					Animal Risk Factors
					Environmental Risk Factors
			Pathogenesis
			Equine Toxicosis
				Equine Leukoencephalomalacia (Moldy Corn Disease)
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Swine Toxicosis
			Porcine Pulmonary Edema
				Clinical Signs
				Necropsy Findings
				Hepatosis/Hepatic Effects
				Clinical Pathology
				Necropsy Findings
		Ruminant Toxicosis
			Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Glucosinolate Toxicosis
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Risk Factors
					Animal Risk Factors
					Human Risk Factors
					Plant Factors
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
				Goiter
				Enteritis
				Acute Pulmonary Emphysema and Interstitial Pneumonia
				Polioencephalomalacia (Rape Blindness)
				Other Unrelated Diseases
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Miscellaneous Mycotoxins
			Cyclopiazonic Acid
			Patulin
			Sterigmatocystin
			Further Reading
			References
		Mushroom Toxicosis
			Amatoxins
			Ramaria Flavo-Brunnescens
			Scleroderma Citrinum
			Cortinarius Speciocissimus
			Inocybe and Clitocybe spp.
			Further Reading
			References
		Phalaris spp. (Canary Grass) Toxicosis
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
				Occurrence
				Risk Factors
					Animal Factors
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Treatment
			Control
			Further Reading
			References
		Toxicosis from Plant Phenols (Gossypol and Tannins)
		Gossypol
			Etiology
			Epidemiology
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Findings
			Clinical Pathology
			Necropsy Findings
			Control
		Tannins
			Oak (Quercus spp.)
			Yellow-Wood Tree (Terminalia Oblongata spp.)
			Further Reading
			References
		Miscellaneous Plant Toxicosis
			Aesculin
			Alcohol (Complex Plant)
			Aliphatic Acetogenin (Monoglyceride)
			Amine Toxicity
			Amino Acid Toxicity
				Indospicine/Canavanine
				Mimosine
			Aristolochine
			Crepenynic Acid
			Cycad Glycosides
			Grayanotoxins
			Isoquinoline Alkaloids
			Juniperine
			Rhoeadine
			Saponin Poisoning
				Triterpene Saponins
				Steroidal Saponins
			Sesquiterpenes
			Furanoid Sesquiterpenes (Furanosesquiterpenoid) Poisoning
				Ipomeanol
				Sesquiterpene Lactones
					Vomiting Syndrome
					Encephalomalacia Syndrome
			Selenocompounds
			Steroidal Alkaloids (Solanum spp.)
			Vellein
			Veratrine
			Zigadine (Zigadenine)
			Further Reading
			References
		Toxicosis From Brewer’s Residues
		Trichothecene Toxicosis
			Macrocyclic Trichothecenes
				Stachybotryotoxicosis
				Myrotheciotoxicosis
			Nonmacrocyclic Trichothecenes
				T-2 Toxin and HT-2 Toxin
				Deoxynivalenol
				Fusaritoxicosis Syndromes Without Specified Toxins
			Further Reading
			References
		Triterpene Plant Toxicosis
			Further Reading
			References
	Appendices
		Appendix 1 Conversion Tables
			Conversion Factors for Old and SI Units
			Conversions
			Temperature
			Mass
			Capacity
			Length
				Metric
				US/Imperial
				Pressure
		Appendix 2 Reference Laboratory Values
			Hematology
				Hematology (International units, SI)
				Serum constituents (U.S. units)
				Serum constituents (International units, SI)
		Appendix 3 Drug doses and intervals for horses and ruminants
		Appendix 4 Drug doses and intervals for pigs
	Index
		A
		B
		C
		D
		E
		F
		G
		H
		I
		J
		K
		L
		M
		N
		O
		P
		Q
		R
		S
		T
		U
		V
		W
		X
		Y
		Z
	How to Use This Book
		For Example
		Guidelines for Selection and Submission of Necropsy Specimens for Confirmation of Diagnosis




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