Veterinary embryology

Title Page
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
	1 Division, Growth and Differentiation of Cells
	The cell cycle
	Mitosis
	Meiosis
	2 Gametogenesis
	Spermatogenesis
	Oogenesis
	3 Fertilisation
	Capacitation
	Cellular events in the process of fertilisation
	Barriers to polyspermy
	Ovum activation
	In vitro fertilisation
	Comparative fertilisation rates
	Sex determination
	Parthenogenesis
	Sex ratio
	Chromosomes of domestic animals
	4 Cleavage
	Cleavage in primitive chordates, amphibians, avian species and mammals
	Stem cells
	5 Gastrulation
	Primitive chordates
	Amphibians
	Avian species
	Mammals
	Establishment of left–right symmetry in vertebrates
	Twinning
	6 Aspects of Cell Signalling and Gene Functioning During Development
	Cellular messengers and receptors
	Types of signalling
	Induction and competence
	Paracrine signalling during development
	Apoptosis
	Morphogens
	Differentiation
	Gene structure and organisation
	X-chromosome inactivation
	DNA methylation and parental imprinting in mammals
	Promoters, enhancers and silencers
	Transcription factors
	Gene systems essential for development
	Experimental measurement of gene expression
	Experimental evaluation of gene function
	Concluding comments
	7 Establishment of the Basic Body Plan
	8 Coelomic Cavities
	Pleural and pericardial cavities
	Diaphragm
	Peritoneal cavity
	Omenta
	9 Foetal Membranes
	Development of the foetal membranes
	Birds
	Mammals
	10 Forms of Implantation and Placentation
	Implantation
	Placentation in mammals
	Functional aspects of the placenta
	11 Cardiovascular System
	Development of the cardiac tubes
	Molecular aspects of cardiac development
	Formation of the cardiac chambers
	Conducting system of the heart
	Developmental anomalies of the cardiovascular system
	12 Embryological and Post-natal Features of Haematopoiesis
	Embryological aspects of haematopoiesis
	Cell differentiation and maturation during haematopoiesis
	Stem cells in human adults and mature animals
	Immunodeficiency
	Inherited defects in natural immunity
	13 Nervous System
	Dorsal–ventral patterning of the neural tube
	Neural crest
	Differentiation of the cellular components of the neural tube
	Spinal nerves
	Myelination of peripheral nerve fibres
	Changes in the relative positions of the spinal cord and the developing vertebral column
	Anomalies of the spinal cord
	Differentiation of the brain sub-divisions
	Ventricular system of the brain and cerebrospinal fluid circulation
	Molecular aspects of brain development
	Brain anomalies
	Brain stem and spinal cord
	Cranial nerves
	Peripheral nervous system
	Autonomic nervous system
	Enteric nervous system
	Meninges
	14 Muscular and Skeletal Systems
	Differentiation of somites
	Muscular system
	Skeletal muscle
	Cytodifferentiation of muscle
	Skeletal system
	Skeletal anomalies
	15 Digestive System
	Molecular regulation of alimentary tract development
	Oesophagus
	Stomach
	Liver
	Pancreas
	Spleen
	Development and rotation of the intestines in domestic animals
	Comparative features of the intestines
	Hindgut
	Developmental anomalies of the alimentary tract
	16 Respiratory System
	Formation of the larynx
	Trachea, bronchi and lungs
	Molecular aspects of respiratory development
	Anomalies of the respiratory system
	17 Urinary System
	Kidney
	Molecular basis of metanephros development
	Unilobar kidneys
	Multilobar kidneys
	Bladder
	Developmental anomalies of the urinary system
	18 Male and Female Reproductive Systems
	Primordial germ cells
	Undifferentiated stage of gonad formation
	Differentiation and maturation of the testes
	Differentiation and maturation of the ovaries
	Features of equine gonadal development
	Genital ducts
	Formation of the genital fold
	External genitalia
	Factors which influence sexual differentiation in mammals
	Sex determination
	Molecular aspects of gonadogenesis
	Influence of hormones on development of genital ducts and external genitalia
	Sexual differentiation, associated brain function and subsequent sexual behaviour at puberty
	Anomalies of sexual development
	Descent of the testes
	Ovarian migration
	Cryptorchidism
	Development of the mammary gland
	Comparative features of mammary gland development in domestic animals
	19 Structures in the Head and Neck
	Pharyngeal region
	Derivatives of the pharyngeal apparatus
	Face
	Nasal cavities
	Oral cavity
	Tongue
	Salivary glands
	Teeth
	Comparative aspects of dentition
	Molecular aspects of tooth development
	Development of the skull
	Congenital malformations of face and oral cavity
	20 Endocrine System
	Pituitary gland
	Pineal gland
	Adrenal glands
	Thyroid gland
	Parathyroid glands
	Thymus
	Pancreatic islets
	21 Eye and Ear
	Eye
	Ear
	22 Integumentary System
	Epidermis
	Dermis
	Hypodermis
	Hair
	Mammalian skin glands
	Avian skin
	Congenital and inherited defects of the skin
	Hooves and claws
	Horns and related structures
	23 Age Determination of the Embryo and Foetus
	24 Genetic, Chromosomal and Environmental Factors Which Adversely Affect Pre-natal Development
	Mutations
	Chromosomal abnormalities
	Teratogens
	Therapeutic drugs and chemicals
	Cytotoxic drugs used for treating neoplastic diseases
	Poisonous plants
	Infectious agents
	Assessing the aetiology of congenital disease
Glossary
Index