Venus and Mars: Atntospheres, Ionospheres, and Solar Wind Interactions

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Copyright\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0......Page 6
Contents\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0......Page 7
Foreword\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0......Page 9
Introduction\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0......Page 10
References\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0......Page 13
Evolution of the Atmospheres of Venus and Mars......Page 14
Chemistry Of Atmosphere?Surface Interactions On Venus And Mars......Page 19
INTRODUCTION......Page 20
Carbon Dioxide and Carbon Compounds......Page 21
Sulfur-Bearing Gases and Minerals......Page 42
Hydrogen Halides and Halogen-Bearing Minerals......Page 51
Nitrogen and Nitrogen Compounds......Page 60
Thermochemical Weathering Reactions......Page 62
Photochemical Weathering Reactions......Page 72
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE WORK......Page 74
REFERENCES......Page 76
The Evidences of Wavesin the Atmospheres of Venus and Mars......Page 84
INTRODUCTION......Page 101
Waves and Response Characteristics......Page 104
Assumptions and Mathematical Formulation......Page 105
Model Organization......Page 106
Transfer Function and Source Spectra......Page 107
Propagation Characteristics of Wave Modes......Page 109
Impulsive Perturbations......Page 110
Modeling......Page 112
Transfer Functions......Page 114
Wave Simulation......Page 115
MARS......Page 117
Transfer Function......Page 118
CONCLUSION......Page 119
REFERENCES......Page 120
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 122
2. UV REMOTE SENSING......Page 124
2.1 UT/Emission Mechanisms......Page 130
3.1 The Solar Flux......Page 132
3.2.1 Models of planetary neutral atmospheres......Page 133
3.3 The Planetary Ionosphere......Page 135
3.3.1 Models of planetary ionospheres......Page 136
3.4 Cross Sections......Page 137
4.1 Venus......Page 140
4.2 Mars......Page 142
5. HI 1216......Page 143
5.1 Venus......Page 146
5.2 Mars......Page 148
5.3 Hot Hydrogen......Page 151
5.4 D/H Ratio......Page 155
6.1 Thermospheric Atomic Oxygen......Page 157
6.1.1 Venus......Page 158
6.1.2 Mars......Page 162
6.2.1 Hot oxygen atom production......Page 163
6.2.2 Model calculations......Page 166
6.2.3 The hot oxygen corona of Venus......Page 168
7. CO FOURTH PosnivE GROUP BANDS......Page 169
7.1 Venus......Page 170
8. CI 1657 and 1561......Page 171
8.2 Mars......Page 172
9. EUV EMISSIONS......Page 173
10.1 Constraints on Missions......Page 176
10.2 Design Advances......Page 178
10.2.1 Imaging spectrographs......Page 179
10.2.2 Detector development......Page 180
10.2.3 Data compression for planetary missions......Page 182
10.2.4 Composite materials......Page 186
11. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 187
REFERENCES......Page 188
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 199
2. BASIC STRUCTURE OF THE THERMOSPHERES OF VENUS AND MARS......Page 200
3. SPACECRAFT AND OTHER MEASUREMENTS OF EMISSIONS FROM MARS AND VENUS......Page 201
4.1 Atomic oxygen features......Page 203
4.2 CO emissions......Page 210
4.3 CO eemmiissssiioonnss......Page 214
4.4 Atomic carbon emissions......Page 215
4.5 02 emissions......Page 217
4.6 N2 emissions......Page 218
4.7 Lyman alpha......Page 219
5. NIGHTGLOW......Page 222
6. AURORA......Page 223
REFERENCES......Page 224
INTRODUCTION......Page 231
THE PIONEER VENUS MISSION......Page 232
THE PROBE MISSION......Page 233
Surface Processes......Page 234
Atmospheric Processes......Page 235
Upper Atmosphere and Ionosphere......Page 236
The Solar Wind Interaction......Page 238
DISCUSSION......Page 239
REFERENCES......Page 241
INTRODUCTION......Page 243
OVERVIEW......Page 244
lonopause......Page 246
Density and Composition......Page 249
Energetics......Page 253
Velocity Field......Page 255
Nightside Ionospheric Holes......Page 256
Suprathermal Electrons......Page 258
Nightside Ionization Sources......Page 260
Nightside Density Variability......Page 262
Strong Solar Cycle Control of the lonopause Altitude......Page 263
The Dayside Ionosphere......Page 264
The Nightside Ionosphere......Page 265
REFERENCES......Page 267
INTRODUCTION......Page 270
TYPES OF RADIO OCCULTATION OBSERVATIONS......Page 271
ELECTRON DENSITY STRUCTURE......Page 272
BEHAVIOR OF THE DAYSIDE PEAK......Page 274
BEHAVIOR OF THE IONOPAUSE......Page 276
SCALE HEIGHTS AND PLASMA PROPERTIES......Page 277
REFERENCES......Page 280
1. Introduction......Page 282
2.1 Theory......Page 283
2.2 Types of Theoretical Models......Page 285
3.3 Hydrodynamic Model......Page 287
3.4 Kinematic Dynamo Model......Page 288
3.6 MHD Models of the Ionosphere of Mars......Page 289
References......Page 292
An Interpretation Of TheLarge Scale Ionospheric Magnetic Fields And The Altitude Distribution Of The Ionospheric Plasma On The Dayside Of Venus And Mars\r......Page 294
INTRODUCTION......Page 315
Bow SHOCK......Page 316
DAYSIDE OBSTACLF......Page 318
THE TAIL......Page 320
INTERPRETATIONS......Page 325
REFERENCES......Page 328
INTRODUCTION......Page 331
2. ORBrrs......Page 332
3.1 Magnetic Field......Page 333
3.3. Particles......Page 335
3.4 Discussion......Page 336
4.1 Martian Magnetotail......Page 339
4.4 Plasma Sheet......Page 341
4.5 Plasma Escape......Page 342
5. INTRINSIC MAGNETIC FIELD OF MARS......Page 343
6. SOLAR WIND INTERACTION WITH MARS - BOUNDARIES......Page 345
REFERENCES......Page 346
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 349
2.4 Magnetohydrodynamic Models......Page 351
2.5 Gasdynamic Convected Magnetic Field Models......Page 352
3. Magnetohydrodynamic and Gasdynamic Modeling......Page 354
3.2 Some Fundamental Considerations of Magnetohydrodynamic Modeling......Page 355
3.3 Simplifications of the Magnetohydrodynamic Model......Page 357
3.4 Methodology of Gasdynamic Convected Field Modeling......Page 358
3.5 Current Status of Our Model Development Program......Page 359
4. Basic Gasdynamic Convected Magnetic Field Model......Page 360
4.1 Comparisons of Basic Model results with Observations......Page 361
4.2 Some Notable Differences Between Results of the Basic Model and Observations......Page 362
4.3 Enhancements of Basic Model to Improve Correspondence with Observations......Page 365
5. The Three-Dimensional Gasdynamic Convected Field Model......Page 366
6. Magnetic Barrier Interpretation of the Gasdynamic Convected Field Results......Page 368
7. Exact Magnetohydrodynamic Solution for Aligned Magnetic Field......Page 370
8. Enhancement of Gasdynamic Model to Allow for Effects of Ion Pickup......Page 373
10. Concluding Remarks......Page 379
Appendix A Comments on the Newtonian Pressure Formula......Page 381
References......Page 384
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 388
2. THE SOLAR WIND INTERACTION INTRINSIC MAGNETOSPHERE OF MARS: PHYSICAL EFFECTS AND EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE......Page 389
3. THE IONOSPHERIC OBSTACLE HYPOTHESIS OR THE INDUCED MAGNETOSPHERE AT MARS......Page 392
4.1 Comet-like interaction of the solar wind with Venus......Page 394
4.2 Lessons from comet Halley and Venus from the viewpoint of Phobos-2 results......Page 397
5. SOLAR WIND INTERACTION WITH MARS DURING THE SOLAR ACTIVITY CYCLE: SUMMARY......Page 399
APPENDIX......Page 401
REFERENCES......Page 403
INTRODUCTI0N......Page 405
OBSERVATIONS AND MODELS......Page 406
SYNTHESIS......Page 412
REFERENCES......Page 414
Loss PROCESSES......Page 416
a. Ion removal above the ionopause......Page 417
b. Ion removal at and below the ionopause......Page 420
c. Loss of neutrals due to solar wind interaction......Page 423
a. History of the intrinsic magnetic fields of Mars and Venus......Page 424
b. History of the Sun......Page 425
c. History of the solar wind......Page 426
REFERENCES......Page 427