Vegetable Fats and Oils

Preface
Contents
Introduction
	1	 Definitions
		Vegetable Fats
		Waxes
	2	 Historical Summary
	3	 The Production of Vegetable Oils and Fats Today
		Mechanical Extraction
			Machines for the Cold Pressing of Vegetable Oils
				Open Presses
				Closed Discontinuous Presses
				Closed Continuous Presses
		Extraction
		Cleaning/Refining
	4	 Advantages of Cold-Pressed Oil
	5	 Disadvantages of Cold-Pressed Oil
	6	 Character of the Selected Vegetable Oils
		Principles of Sensory Analysis
			Sensory Evaluation of Vegetable Oils – Odour Testing
		Instrumental Analysis in the Research on Odorous Substances
			Aroma Extraction Dilution Analysis (AEDA)
			Headspace Analysis (HDA)
			SPME-GC-MS Analysis
	7	 Physical and Chemical Key Figures
	8	 Shelf Life and Storage
		Fat Spoilage
		Storage
			Antioxidants
	9	 Use of Vegetable Fat Oils
		As Food
			Evaluation of Vegetable Oils in Nutritional Physiology
		Use of Fat Vegetable Oils in Pharmacy and Medicine
			In Pharmaceutical Preparations
			Therapeutic Use
		Fats and Oils in Cosmetics
	10	 The Most Important Ingredients of Fat Vegetable Oils
		Fatty Acids in Vegetable Oils
			Oleic Acid
			Omega-6 Fatty Acids
			Omega-3 Fatty Acids
		Possible Undesirable Components of Vegetable Fats
			Trans-fatty Acids
			Phthalates
		The Most Important Vitamins in Vegetable Oils
			Vitamin E (α-tocopherol)
			Vitamin A (Retinol)
			The EU Novel Food Regulation
Ajowan Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Volatile Compounds
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Physical Key Figures of Ajowan Oil
		Shelf Life
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
			In Treatments for Fungi, Bacteria and Worms
			To Treat Indigestion
			To Treat Colds
			To Treat Arthritis and Rheumatism
			To Treat Diseases of the Skin
		In Folk Medicine
		In Industry
		In Cosmetics
	6	 Possible Unwanted Side Effects
Algae Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids in Extracts of Algae
		Composition of Tocopherols (Content Given in ppm)
		Characteristics of the Oil
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine Animal Experiment as Tumour Therapy
		In Formulations for Babies
		In the Pharmaceutical Industry
		In Cosmetics
		In the Food Industry
		As Diesel Oil
Almond Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Volatile Compounds
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Composition of Triglycerides
		Demanded Composition of the Sterol Fraction of Almond Oil
		Composition of Sterols
		Composition of Tocopherols
		Other Ingredients
		Physical Key Figures of Almond Oil
		Shelf Life
		Characteristics of the Oil
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
		As Food
		In Cosmetics
		Technical Uses
		In the Food Industry
		In Folk Medicine
Amaranth Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Composition of Triglycerides
		Composition of Sterols
		Composition of Tocopherols
		Other Ingredients: (Leon-Camacho et al. 2001)
		Physical Key Figures of Amaranth Oil: (Singhal and Kulkarni 1990)
		Nutritional Value of Amaranth Oil per 100 g: (Martirosyan et al. 2007)
		Shelf Life
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
		In Cosmetics
		As Food
Andiroba Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Other Ingredients
		Physical Key Figures of Andiroba Oil
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
		As Insect Repellent
		In Cosmetics
		In Folk Medicine
	6	 Possible Unwanted Side Effects
Apple Seed Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Composition of Triglycerides
		Tocopherol Content
		Physical Codes of Apple Seed Oil
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
		Other Uses
Apricot Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Volatile Compounds
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Composition of Sterols
		Composition of Tocopherols
		Other Ingredients
		Physical Key Figures of Apricot Oil
		Shelf Life
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
			For the Treatment of Skin Diseases
			To Treat Migraines
			In Cases of Anginal Complaints and Cirrhosis of the Liver
		In Cosmetics
			As a Mild Laxative
		In the Sweets Industry
		As Food
Argan Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
			Hand-pressed Argan Oil
			Extraction with Mechanical Presses
			Extraction with Solvents
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Composition of Triglycerides
		Composition of Sterols
		Composition of Tocopherols
		Other Ingredients
		Physical Key Figures of Argan Oil
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
			Effects on the Cholesterol Level
			As an Antioxidant
			Antihypertensive Effects
		In Cosmetics
		As Food
Artichoke Seed Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Composition of Triglycerides
		Composition of Sterols
		Composition of Tocopherols
		Physical Key Figures of Artichoke Seed Oil
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
		Technical Uses
		As Food
		Other Applications
Avocado Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Volatile Compounds
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Composition of Triglycerides
		Composition of Sterols
		Composition of Tocopherols
		Other Ingredients
		Physical Key Figures of Avocado Oil
		Shelf Life
		Characteristics of the Oil
	5	 Application
		In Cosmetics
		Technical Uses
		In Medicine
		As Food
Babassu Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Physical Key Figures of Babassu Oil
		Shelf Life
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
			Production of Lipase, Protease and Amylase by Penicillium Restrictum
			To Treat Skin Diseases
		In Cosmetics
			As Massage Oil
			In Skincare and Hair-Care Products
		As Food
Balanos Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Physical Key Figures of Balanos Oil
	5	 Application
		As Food
		As Fuel
		In Folk Medicine
		As Insecticide
Baobab Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Composition of Sterols
		Physical Key Figures of Baobab Oil
		Shelf Life
	5	 Application
		In Folk Medicine
		In Cosmetics
		As Food
	6	 Possible Unwanted Side-Effects
Basil Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Composition of Triglycerides
		Composition of Tocopherols
		Physical Key Figures
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
		In Cosmetics
		As Food
		Other Uses
Beechnut Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Physical Key Figures of Beechnut Oil
		Shelf Life
	5	 Application
	6	 Possible Unwanted Side Effects
Ben Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat and Description
			Moringa oleifera Lam
			Moringa peregrina (Forssk.) Fiori
			Moringa concanensis Nimmo
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
			Composition of Fatty Acids in % Acc. To Le Poole (1996)
		Composition of Fatty Acids in %
			Acc. To Anwar and Bhanger (2003) and Tsaknis et al. (1999)
		Oil Content of Ben Oil
		Composition of Sterols
		Composition of Tocopherols
		Physical Key Figures of Ben Oil
		Other Ingredients
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
		In Folk Medicine
		In Cosmetics
		As Antioxidant
		As Food
		Other Uses
Blackberry Seed Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Composition of Sterols
		Composition of Tocopherols
		Other Ingredients
		Physical Key Figures
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
		In cosmetics
Black Cumin Seed Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Composition of Triglycerides of Black Cumin Seed Oil
		Composition of Tocopherols
		Other Ingredients
		Physical Key Figures of Black Cumin Seed Oil
	5	 Application
		In Medicine and Folk Medicine
		In Veterinary Medicine
		As Food
Blackcurrant/Redcurrant Seed Oil
	1	 Source Plants
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
			Blackcurrant
			Redcurrant
		Composition of Triglycerides
			Via GC
			Via HPLC
			Distribution of Fatty Acids at the Positions 1,2,3 of the Triglycerides
		Composition of Sterols
		Composition of Tocopherols
		Physical Key Figures of Blackcurrant Seed Oil
		Shelf Life
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
			Against Rheumatoid Arthritis
			Benefits of γ-Linolenic Acid
			Benefits of Tocopherols
			Influence on Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular Reactivity
			Protection against the Effects of Alcohol
			Positive Influence on the Lipid Metabolism
			No Mutagenicity
		In Cosmetics
			Structure of the Stratum Corneum
		As a Dietary Supplement
Borage Seed Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Composition of Sterols
		Composition of Tocopherols
		Other Ingredients
		Physical Key Figures of Borage Seed Oil
		Shelf Life
		Characteristics of the Oil
	5	 Application
		As a Dietary Supplement
		To Treat Skin Diseases
		For Treatment of Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)
		To Treat Rheumatic Arthritis
		As a Substitute for Breast Milk
Borneo Tallow Nut Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Composition of Triglycerides
		Composition of Sterols
		Physical Key Figures
	5	 Application
		Technical Uses
		In Cosmetics
		As Food
Brazil Nut Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
			Extraction with Solvents
			Pressing
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Composition of Sterols
		Other Ingredients
		Physical Key Figures of Brazil Nut Oil
		Shelf Life
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
		In Cosmetics
		As Food
	6	 Possible Unwanted Side Effects
Cactus Pear Seed Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Composition of Sterols
		Composition of Tocopherols
		Other Ingredients: (Ramadan and Mörsel 2003a, b [1])
		Physical Key Figures: (Ennouri et al. 2005)
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
		In Cosmetics
		As Food
Capsicum Seed Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Physical Key Figures of Capsicum Seed Oil
	5	 Application
Caraway Seed Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Other Ingredients
		Physical Key Figures of Caraway Seed Oil
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
		Technical Uses
		In the Food Industry
Carnauba Wax
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition
		Other Ingredients
		Physical Key Figures of Carnauba Wax
		Shelf Life
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
		In Cosmetics
		Industrial Uses
		Other Uses
	6	 Possible Unwanted Side Effects
Carrot Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Composition of Sterols
		Composition of Tocopherols
		Other Ingredients
		Physical Key Figures of Carrot Oil
			Carrot Extract Mixed with Soya Bean Oil
			Extracted Carrot Oil
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
		In Cosmetics
		Industrial Uses
	6	 Possible Unwanted Side Effects
Cashew Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Composition of Triglycerides
		Composition of Sterols
		Composition of Tocopherols
		Physical Key Figures of Cashew Oil
		Characteristics of the Oil
			Hot Oil Bath-Method
			Extraction with Supercritical Gas
	5	 Application
		As Food
		In Cosmetics
		In Industry
	6	 Possible Unwanted Side-Effects
		Precancerous Diseases
		CNSL
Castor Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Volatile Compounds
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Composition of Sterols
		Composition of Tocopherols
		Physical Key Figures of Castor Oil
		Shelf Life
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
			As an Oil for Injections
			For Eye Drops
			As a Solvent
			As a Laxative
			Topically
		In Cosmetics
		Technical Uses
		In Folk Medicine
	6	 Possible Unwanted Side Effects
Catappa L. Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Composition of Lipids
		Physical Key Figures of Catappa L. Oil
		Shelf Life
	5	 Application
		In Folk Medicine
		As Fuel
		As Food
		In Cosmetics
	6	 Possible Unwanted Side Effects
Cedar Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Composition of Triglycerides
		Composition of Sterols
		Composition of Tocopherols
		Other Ingredients
		Physical Key Figures of Cedar Oil (Khanturgaev et al. 2003)
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
		In Cosmetics
		As Food
Charlock Mustard Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Volatile Compounds
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Composition of Sterols
		Other Ingredients (Hänsel et al. 1994, volume 6, p. 715)
		Physical Key Figures of Charlock Mustard Oil
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
			As Mustard Plaster in Cases of Acute Cardiac Pain and Angina Pectoris
			To Treat Arthritis, Rheumatism, Neuralgia, Gout and Inflammation
			To Improve the Appetite and for Digestive Purposes
			In Cases of Constipation and Poisoning with Barbiturates
			For Use against Bacteria, for Example Bacillus anthracis
		In Cosmetics
			As Massage Oil
		As Food
	6	 Possible Unwanted Side-Effects
		Skin Irritation
		Inflammatory Reactions
		Gastrointestinal Disorders
Chaulmoogra Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Volatile Compounds
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Composition of Fatty Acids in Chaulmoogra Oil
		Physical Key Figures of Chaulmoogra Oil
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
			In Cases of Hypopigmentation
			To Treat Mycobacterium Leprae
			As a Vulnerary Drug
		In Folk Medicine
	6	 Possible Unwanted Side Effects
Cherry Kernel Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Composition of Triglycerides
		Composition of Sterols
		Physical Key Figures
		Shelf Life
	5	 Application
		In Cosmetics
		As Food
Chia Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Composition of Triglycerides
		Composition of Tocopherols
		Other Ingredients: (Ixtaina et al. 2011a)
		Physical Key Figures: (Palma et al. 1947)
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
		In Cosmetics
		Technical Uses
		As Food
		As Forage
Cocoa Butter
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Composition of Triglycerides
		Composition of Sterols
		Composition of Tocopherols
		Physical Key Figures of Cocoa Butter
		Shelf Life
		Characteristics of the Fat
			Cocoa Butter Equivalents
			Cocoa Butter Substitutes
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
			For the Production of Suppositories and as an Ointment Base
			For the Production of Patches
			For the Production of Pastilles
		In Cosmetics
			In Soaps
			In Lip Balms and Body Care Products
			Other Cosmetic Uses
		In the Food Industry
		In Perfumery
		As a Repellent
	6	 Possible Unwanted Side Effects
Coconut Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Volatile Compounds
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Composition of Sterols
		Composition of Tocopherols
		Other Ingredients
		Physical Key Figures of Coconut Oil
		Shelf Life
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
			In Pharmaceutical Technology
			In Parenteral Nutrition
		As Food
		Technical Uses
		In Cosmetics
Coffee Seed Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Composition of Sterols
		Physical Key Figures of Coffee Seed Oil
		Shelf Life
	5	 Application
		In Cosmetics
		In the Chemical Industry
	6	 Possible Unwanted Side Effects
Cohune Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Physical Key Figures
	5	 Application
		Industrial Uses
		As Food
Coriander Seed Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Composition of Sterols
		Composition of Tocopherols
		Other Ingredients
		Physical Key Figures of Coriander Seed Oil
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
			As a Source of Antioxidants
		Technical Uses
		As Food
Corn Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Volatile Compounds
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Composition of Sterols
		Composition of Tocopherols and Tocotrienols
		Other Ingredients
		Physical Key Figures of Corn Oil
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
		Industrial Uses
			In the Cosmetics Industry
		As a Raw Material
		In the Food Industry
		As Food
			As Dietary Oil
Cottonseed Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Volatile Compounds
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Composition of Triglycerides
		Composition of Sterols
		Composition of Tocopherols
		Other Ingredients
		Physical Key Figures of Cotton Seed Oil
		Characteristics of the Oil
			The Toxicology of Gossypol
	5	 Application
		Technical Uses
		As a Raw Material for the Production of Hardened Cotton Seed Oil
		As a Source of Vitamin E
		As Food
Crambe Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Triglycerides
		Phospholipids
		Other Ingredients
		Physical Key Figures
	5	 Application
		Industrial Uses
		In Cosmetics
Croton Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Other Ingredients
		Key Figures of Croton Oil
		Characteristics of the Oil
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
			As a Laxative
			In Homoeopathy
		In Folk Medicine
			Baunscheidtism
		In Cosmetics
	6	 Possible Unwanted Side Effects
		Tumour-Promoting Potential (See Characteristics of the Oil)
		Damage to Epithelial Cells
		Pro-Inflammatory Effect
Cupuacu Butter
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Composition of Sterols
		Composition of Tocopherols
		Physical Key Figures of Cupuaçu Butter
	5	 Application
		In Cosmetics
		In the Food Industry
Esparto Wax
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Ingredients of Esparto Wax
		Physical Key Figures of Esparto Wax
	5	 Application
		Industrial Uses
	6	 Possible Unwanted Side Effects
Evening Primrose Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Composition of Sterols
		Composition of Tocopherols
		Other Ingredients
		Physical Key Figures of Evening Primrose Oil
		Shelf Life
		Characteristics of the Oil
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
			As Dietary Food
			External Application
			Internal Application
			Adjuvant in Cancer Therapy
		In Cosmetics
		As Food
	6	 Possible Unwanted Side Effects
False Flax Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Volatile Compounds
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Composition of Triacylglycerides in False Flax Oil from Austria, Content in % (Krist et al. 2006b)
		Composition of Sterols
		Composition of Tocopherols
		Other Ingredients (Zubr 2002)
		Physical Key Figures of False Flax Oil
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
			Possible Cholesterol-Lowering Properties
			Production of Wax Esters
			Source of ω-3 Fatty Acids
		In Folk Medicine
		Industrial Uses
Fennel Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Other Ingredients
		Physical Key Figures of Fennel Oil
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
			As an Expectorant
			As a Carminative
			External Application
		Industrial Uses
	6	 Possible Unwanted Side Effects
		Fenchone
		Allergic Reactions
Gevuina Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Composition of Tocopherols and Tocotrienols
	5	 Application
		In Cosmetics
		As a Diet Oil
Grapeseed Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Volatile Compounds
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Composition of Triglycerides
		Composition of Sterols
		Composition of Tocopherols
		Other Ingredients
		Physical Key Figures of Grapeseed Oil
		Shelf Life
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
			OPC Ingredients
			Favourable Composition of Fatty Acids
			Other Ingredients and their Characteristics
			Additional Applications
		In Cosmetics
		Technical Uses
		As Food
Hazelnut Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Volatile Compounds
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
			Composition of Fatty Acids in Unroasted Hazelnuts, Classified According to Countries of Production
			Composition of Fatty Acids in Roasted Hazelnuts, Classified According to Countries of Production
		Composition of Triglycerides
		Composition of Sterols
		Composition of Tocopherols
		Other Ingredients
		Physical Key Figures of Hazelnut Oil
		Shelf Life
	5	 Application
		As Food
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
			Applications for the Nose
			Vasoconstrictive Properties
			Lowering the Cholesterol Level
		In Cosmetics
		In the Food Industry
	6	 Possible Unwanted Side Effects
Hempseed Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Composition of Sterols
		Other Ingredients
		Physical Key Figures of Hempseed Oil
		Shelf Life
		Characteristics of the Oil
			δ-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
			γ-Linolenic Acid (GLA)
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
			To Treat Vascular Diseases
			Positive Effects of GLA
			Spasmolytic Properties of Hempseed Oil
		As Food
		Industrial Uses
		In Cosmetics
	6	 Possible Unwanted Side Effects
Illipe Butter
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Composition of Triglycerides
		Composition of Sterols
		Composition of Tocopherols
		Other Ingredients
		Physical Key Figures
		Physical Key Figures of Illipe Butter (Roth and Kormann 2000, p. 125)
		Shelf Life
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
			Against Skin Complaints
			Component of the Indian Pharmaceutical Codex
			Ayurveda
		In Folk Medicine (India)
			Internal Application
			External Application
		In Cosmetics
		As Food
		In the Food Industry
		As Fuel
		Industrial Uses
		Other Uses
		Possible Unwanted Side Effects
Indian Butter
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Physical Key Figures of Indian Butter
	5	 Application
		In Cosmetics
		In the Food Industry
Japan Tallow
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Physical Key Figures of Japan Tallow
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
		Industrial Uses
	6	 Possible Unwanted Side Effects
Jatropha Seed Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Composition of Sterols
		Physical Key Figures of Jatropha Seed Oil
		Characteristics of the Oil
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
		In Folk Medicine
		Technical Uses of Jatropha Seed Oil
		Other Applications
	6	 Possible Unwanted Side Effects
Jojoba Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Wax Esters
		Composition of Sterols
		Composition of Tocopherols
		Other Ingredients
		Physical Key Figures of Jojoba Seed Oil
		Shelf Life
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
			In Pharmaceutical Technology
			In Dermatotherapy
		In Cosmetics
			All-Purpose Jojoba Seed Oil
			As a Moisturiser
		Industrial Uses
			As a Lubricant
			As a Hard Wax
			As a Fuel
		As Food
	6	 Possible Unwanted Side Effects
Kapok Seed Oil
	1	 Source Plants
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Volatile Compounds
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Composition of Sterols
		Physical Key Figures of Kapok Seed Oil
	5	 Application
Kiwi Seed Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Composition of Tocopherols
		Physical Key Figures of Kiwi Seed Oil
	5	 Application
		In Cosmetics
Kokum Butter
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Composition of Triglycerides
		Composition of Sterols
		Physical Key Figures of Kokum Butter
		Shelf Life
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
		In Cosmetics
		As Food
			In Chocolate Production
		Technical Uses
Kukui Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Physical Key Figures of Kukui Oil
			Shelf Life
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
		In Cosmetics
			Skin-Tightening Oil
			Moisture Control
		Industrial Uses
		As Food
Kusum Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Physical Key Figures of Kusum Oil
		Characteristics of the Oil
	5	 Application
Lallemantia Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Physical Key Figures
	5	 Application
		Technical Uses
		As Food
Laurel Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour and Texture
		Odour
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids of Laurel Oil
		Other Ingredients
		Physical Key Figures of Laurel Oil
		Characteristics of the Oil
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
		In Veterinary Medicine
		In Cosmetics
		Industrial Uses
	6	 Possible Unwanted Side Effects
Linseed Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Volatile Compounds
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Composition of Triglycerides
		Composition of Sterols
		Composition of Tocopherols
		Other Ingredients
		Physical Key Figures of Linseed Oil
		Shelf Life
		Characteristics of the Oil
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
			Lipid-Lowering Properties
			Regulating Blood Pressure
			Antibacterial and Anticarcinogenic Properties
			In Formulations
		As Food
		In Folk Medicine
		In Veterinary Medicine
		Industrial Uses
			Linseed Oil in Chemical Engineering
			For Impregnation
			As an Additive
	6	 Possible Unwanted Side Effects
Macadamia Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Composition of Sterols
		Composition of Tocopherols
		Physical Key Figures of Macadamia Oil
		Shelf Life
		Characteristics of the Oil
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
		In Cosmetics
		As Food
	6	 Possible Unwanted Side Effects
Madia Seed Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Physical Key Figures of Madia Seed Oil
		Shelf Life
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
		In Cosmetics
		As Food
		Industrial Uses
Mango Seed Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Composition of Sterols
		Physical Key Figures of Mango Seed Oil
		Shelf Life
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
		In Cosmetics
			As a Substitute for Paraffin Wax
		As Food
	6	 Possible Unwanted Side Effects
Marigold Seed Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Composition of Tocopherols
		Physical Key Figures
	5	 Application
		Industrial Uses
		In Cosmetics
Marula Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Composition of Sterols
		Composition of Tocopherols
		Other Ingredients
		Physical Key Figures of Marula Oil
	5	 Application
		As Food
		In Cosmetics
		In Folk Medicine
Mustard Seed Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour (Vaughan and Hemingway 1959)
		Flavour (Roth and Kormann 2005, p. 135)
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Composition of Sterols
		Composition of Tocopherols
		Other Ingredients: (Ryan et al. 2007)
		Physical Key Figures: (Roth and Kormann 2005, p. 135)
		Shelf Life
	5	 Application
		Technical Uses
		In Cosmetics
		As Food
Myrica Wax
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction
			By Cooking in Hot Water
			Extraction with Benzene
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Physical Key Figures of Myrica Wax
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
		In Folk Medicine
		In Cosmetics
		Additional Uses
			Candle Production
			Industrial Uses
	6	 Possible Unwanted Side Effects
Neem Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Volatile Compounds
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Other Ingredients
		Physical Key Figures of Neem Oil
		Characteristics of the Oil
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
			Stimulating the Immune System
			Spermicidal Effect
			Antibacterial Effect
		In Folk Medicine
		As an Insecticide
		Other Applications
	6	 Possible Unwanted Side Effects
		Effects on Humans
		Effects on Animals
		Mutagenic Potential
Niger Seed Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Composition of Triglycerides
		Composition of Sterols
		Composition of Tocopherols
		Other Ingredients
		Physical Key Figures of Niger Seed Oil
		Shelf Life
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
		In Folk Medicine
		In Cosmetics
		Industrial Uses
		As Food
		In Painting
	6	 Possible Unwanted Side Effects
Oil of Nutmeg
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Physical Key Figures: (Roth and Kormann 2005 p. 136)
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
		In Cosmetics
	6	 Possible Unwanted Side Effects
Oilseed Radish Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Physical Key Figures
	5	 Application
		Industrial Uses
		As Food
Olive Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
			Extraction of Olive Oil in Antiquity
			Obtaining Olive Oil of Different Quality
			Categories of Olive Oil
			Virgin Olive Oils
			Refined Olive Oil
			Olive Oil
			Crude Olive-Residue Oil
			Refined Olive-Residue Oil
			Olive-Residue Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Volatile Compounds
			Analysis of the Volatile Compounds of Olive Oil by Means of Liquid Extraction, Liquid and Gas Chromatography
			Analysis of the Volatile Compounds of Olive Oil Using Flavour Extract-Dilution Analysis
			Aroma Analysis of the Most Important Volatile Compounds in Commercially Available Australian Olive Oil with SPME and GC-MS
			Aroma Analysis of the Volatile Compounds in Olive Oil with SPME and GC-MS
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Composition of Triglycerides
		Composition of Sterols
		Composition of Tocopherols
		Other Ingredients
		Physical Key Figures of Olive Oil
		Shelf Life
	5	 Application
		In Antique Medicine
		In Modern Medicine
		In Pharmacy
		In Cosmetics
		Technical Uses
		In Folk Medicine
		As Food
Oiticica Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
		Hot-Water Flotation
		Pressing
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Physical Key Figures of Oiticica Oil
	5	 Application
		In Folk Medicine
		In Cosmetics
		As Food
		Industrial Uses
	6	 Possible Unwanted Side Effects
Ootanga Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
	2	 Description
	3	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	4	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Flavour
	5	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Composition of Tocopherols
		Other Ingredients
		Physical Key Figures of Ootanga Oil
	6	 Application
		In Cosmetics
		As Food
		Other Uses
Palm Kernel Oil/Palm Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
			Palm Kernel Oil
			Palm Oil
		Odour
			Palm Kernel Oil
			Palm Oil
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
			Palm Kernel Oil
			Palm Oil
		Composition of Triglycerides
			Palm Kernel Oil
			Palm Oil
		Composition of Sterols
			Palm Kernel Oil
			Palm Oil
		Composition of Tocopherols and Tocotrienols
			Palm Kernel Oil
			Palm Oil
		Other Ingredients
			Palm Oil
		Physical Key Figures of the Oil
			Palm Kernel Oil
			Palm Oil
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
		Industrial Uses
			In Food Production
			In Oleochemistry
			In the Aluminium Industry
		Industrial Uses
		As Food
		Possible Unwanted Side Effects
Papaya Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Composition of Triglycerides
		Composition of Sterols
		Physical Key Figures: (Chan and Heu 1978)
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
	6	 Possible Unwanted Side Effects
Parsley Seed Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Volatile Compounds
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Physical Key Figures of Parsley Seed Oil
		Characteristics of the Oil
	5	 Application
		In Folk Medicine
			As a Dehydrating Agent
			Other Uses
		In Ayurvedic Medicine
		In Cosmetics
		As Food
	6	 Possible Unwanted Side Effects
Passion Fruit Seed Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Volatile Compounds
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Physical Key Figures of Passion Fruit Seed Oil
		Shelf Life
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
		In Cosmetics
		As Food
		In the Food Industry
Peach Kernel Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Composition of Triglycerides
		Composition of Sterols
		Composition of Tocopherols
		Physical Key Figures of Peach Kernel Oil
		Shelf Life
	5	 Application
		In Research
		Industrial Uses
		In Cosmetics
Peanut Oil/African Peanut Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Volatile Compounds
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Composition of Triglycerides in Peanut Oil
		Composition of Sterols
		Composition of Tocopherols
		Other Ingredients
		Physical Key Figures
			Peanut Oil
			African Peanut Oil
		Shelf Life
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
			In Pharmaceutical Technology
			In Dermatology
			In Magistral Formulae
		In Cosmetics
			As a Massage Oil
			As Protection for the Skin
		As Food
		Industrial Uses
		In Folk Medicine
	6	 Possible Unwanted Side Effects
		Skin Irritations
		Allergic Reactions
		Carcinogen Potential
Pear Seed Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Odour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Composition of Triglycerides
		Phospholipids
		Physical Key Figures
	5	 Application
		In Cosmetics
		As Food
Pecan Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Composition of Triglycerides
		Composition of Sterols
		Composition of Tocopherols
		Physical Key Figures of Pecan Oil
		Shelf Life
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
		In Cosmetics
		As Food
	6	 Possible Unwanted Side Effects
		Deficiency Syndromes
		Allergenic Potential
Pepper Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Other Ingredients
		Physical Key Figures of Pepper Oil
	5	 Application
Pequi Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Composition of Triglycerides
		Other Ingredients
		Physical Key Figures
		Shelf Life
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
		As Food
		In Cosmetics
Perilla Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Volatile Compounds
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Composition of Sterols
		Composition of Tocopherols
		Physical Key Figures of Perilla Oil
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
			Adjuvant Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus
			As a Dietary Supplement
			To Treat Allergies
			Positive Effects on Lipid Metabolism
			Perilla Oil as Osteoporosis Prophylaxis
			Advantages of Linolenic Acid
		In Traditional Chinese Medicine
		As Food
		Industrial Uses
Pine Kernel Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
			Pinus pinea
			Pinus sylvestris
			Pinus pinaster
			Pinus koraiensis
		Composition of Triglycerides in Pinus pinea Seed Oil
		Physical Key Figures of Pine Kernel Oil
			Pinus pinea
			Pinus sylvestris
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
			Influence on the Lipid Level
			In Dietetics
Pistachio Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Volatile Compounds
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Composition of Sterols
		Composition of Tocopherols
		Other Ingredients
		Physical Key Figures of Pistachio Oil
		Shelf Life
		Characteristics of the Oil
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
		In Cosmetics
		As Food
Plum Kernel Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Composition of Triglycerides
		Composition of Tocopherols
		Physical Key Figures of Plum Kernel Oil
		Shelf Life
	5	 Application
		In Cosmetics
		As Food
Pomegranate Seed Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Physical Key Figures of Pomegranate Oil
		Shelf Life
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
			Effect
			Tumour Prophylaxis
			Inhibition of Enzymes
			As an Antioxidant
			Oestrogen Properties
		In Cosmetics
Poppyseed Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Volatile Compounds
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Composition of Triglycerides
		Composition of Sterols
		Other Ingredients
		Physical Key Figures of Poppyseed Oil
		Shelf Life
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
		In Cosmetics
		As Food
		In Painting
		Industrial Uses
	6	 Possible Unwanted Side Effects
Pumpkin Seed Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Volatile Compounds
			Volatile Compounds in Pumpkinseed Oil via Aroma Extract Dilution Analysis and Gas Chromatography Olfactory Methods
			Analysis of the Volatile Compounds in Pumpkinseed Oil via HS-SPME GC-MS
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Composition of Triglycerides
		Composition of Sterols
		Composition of Tocopherols
		Other Ingredients
		Physical Key Figures of Pumpkin Seed Oil
		Shelf Life
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
		In Cosmetics
		In Folk Medicine
		As Food
Quinoa Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Composition of Triglycerides
		Composition of Sterols: (Content in %)
		Composition of Tocopherols
		Other Ingredients: (Ryan et al. 2007)
		Physical Key Figures of Quinoa Oil: (Koziol 1993)
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
		In Cosmetics
		Other Uses
Rapeseed Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Volatile Compounds
			Aroma Analysis of the Volatile Compounds of Rapeseed Oil Using Capillary Gas Chromatography
			Aroma Analysis of the Volatile Compounds of Cold Pressed Rapeseed Oil Using h-SPME-GC-MS
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Composition of Sterols
		Composition of Tocopherols
		Other Ingredients
		Physical Key Figures of Rapeseed Oil
		Nutritional Values of Rapeseed Oil per 100 g
		Shelf Life
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
		In Cosmetics
		Technical Uses
			As a Lubricant
			As an Anti-corrosion Agent
		Industrial Uses
			As a Raw Material
			As a Pesticide
		As Fuel
		As Food
	6	 Possible Unwanted Side Effects
Rice Bran Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Composition of Sterols
		Composition of Tocopherols
		Other Ingredients
		Physical Key Figures of Rice Bran Oil
		Shelf Life
		Characteristics of the Oil
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
		In Cosmetics
		Technical Uses
		As Food
Rose Hip Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Composition of Tocopherols
		Physical Key Figures of Rose Hip Oil
		Shelf Life
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
		In Cosmetics
Sacha Inchi Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Composition of Triglycerides
		Composition of Tocopherols
		Other Ingredients
		Physical Key Figures
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
		Industrial Uses
		In Cosmetics
		As Food
Safflower Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Volatile Compounds
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Composition of Sterols
		Composition of Tocopherols
		Other Ingredients
		Physical Key Figures of Safflower Oil
		Shelf Life
		Characteristics of the Oil
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
			For Prophylaxis and for the Treatment of Hypercholesterolemia
			To Treat Cardiovascular Diseases
			Topically
		As Food
		In Skincare and Body Care
		Technical Uses
Sea Buckthorn Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
			Sea Buckthorn Oil from the Seeds
			Sea Buckthorn Oil from the Fruit Pulp
			Composition of Fatty Acids Compared
		Composition of Sterols in Sea Buckthorn Oil Made from Fruit Pulp
		Composition of Tocopherols
			Sea Buckthorn Oil from the Seeds
			Sea Buckthorn Oil from the Fruit Pulp
		Other Ingredients
		Physical Key Figures of Sea Buckthorn Oil
		Shelf Life
		Characteristics of the Oil
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
			To Treat Inflammation in the Gastrointestinal Tract
			In Radiotherapy
			In Cancer Therapy
			To Treat Inflammation in the Genital Area (Vagina, Uterus, Cervix)
			As Adjunctive Therapy in Cases of Mycosis
			To Treat Inflammation of the Oral Mucosa
			In Cases of Bedsores, Burns and Frostbite
			Inhibiting Blood Coagulation
			To Treat Skin Diseases
		In Cosmetics
		In the Food Industry
		In Folk Medicine
Sesame Oil/Sesame Oil from Roasted Seeds
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Volatile Compounds
			Sesame Oil from Roasted Seeds
			Sesame Oil
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
			Sesame Oil
			Sesame Oil from Roasted Seeds
		Composition of Triglycerides in Sesame Oil
		Composition of Sterols in Sesame Oil
		Composition of Tocopherols in Sesame Oil
		Physical Key Figures
			Sesame Oil
			Sesame Oil from Roasted Seeds
		Shelf Life
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
		As Food
		In Folk Medicine
		Industrial Uses
		In Agriculture
		Other Applications
	6	 Possible Unwanted Side Effects
Shea Butter
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Volatile Compounds
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Composition of Triglycerides
		Composition of Sterols
		Composition of Triterpene Alcohols
		Physical Key Figures of Shea Butter
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
			In Dermatotherapy
			Lowering Cholesterol Levels
		In Cosmetics
		In the Food Industry
		Other Applications
Sour Cherry Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Composition of Triglycerides
		Composition of Sterols
		Composition of Tocopherols
		Other Ingredients
		Physical Key Figures
		Shelf Life
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
		In Cosmetics
		As Food
Soya Bean Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Volatile Compounds
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Composition of Triglycerides
		Composition of Sterols
		Composition of Tocopherols
		Other Ingredients
		Physical Key Figures of Soya Bean Oil
		Shelf Life
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
		As Food
		Technical Uses
		In Naturopathy
		In Cosmetics
Stillingia Tallow/Stillingia Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction
			Extraction of Stillingia Tallow
			Extraction of Stillingia Oil
			A Mixture of Both Methods Is Also Possible
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
			Stillingia Oil
			Stillingia Tallow
		Composition of Sterols
		Physical Key Figures of Stillingia Tallow and Stillingia Oil
			(Roth and Kormann 2000, p. 153)
			Stillingia Tallow
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
			Stillingia Tallow
		In Folk Medicine
			Stillingia Oil
		In Cosmetics
			Stillingia Tallow
		As Food
			Stillingia Tallow
		Other Uses
			Stillingia Tallow
				In Candle Production
				As Lamp Oil
				In the Technical Industry
			Stillingia Oil
	6	 Possible Unwanted Side Effects
St. John’s Wort Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Flavour
		Ingredients
		Physical Key Figures of St. John’s Wort Oil
	4	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
			External Application
			Internal Application
			Effectiveness
		In Folk Medicine
		In Cosmetics
		Possible Unwanted Side Effects
			Interactions
			Photosensitisation
Sunflower Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Volatile Compounds
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Composition of Triglycerides
			Composition of Triglycerides of Sunflower Oil from Different Countries of Origin
		Composition of Sterols
		Composition of Tocopherols
		Other Ingredients
		Physical Key Figures of Sunflower Oil
		Shelf Life
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
		As Food
		Industrial Uses
		In Folk Medicine
Tamanu Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Composition of Tocopherols and Tocotrienols
		Physical Key Figures of Tamanu Oil
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
			Effects of the Coumarins and Neoflavonoids Contained in Tamanu Oil
			In Cases of Acne Vulgaris
			Other Uses
		As Fuel
Taramira Seed Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Physical Key Figures
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
		Industrial Uses
		As Food
Tea Seed Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Other Ingredients
		Physical Key Figures of Tea Seed Oil
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
		In Cosmetics
		As Food
		Technical Uses
Tiger Nut Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Volatile Compounds
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Composition of Sterols
		Physical Key Figures of Tiger Nut Oil
		Shelf Life
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
		In Folk Medicine
		In Cosmetics
		As Food
		In Industry
	6	 Possible Unwanted Side Effects
Tobacco Seed Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Composition of Triglycerides
		Composition of Sterols
		Composition of Tocopherols
		Other Ingredients
		Physical Key Figures
	5	 Application
		Technical Uses
		As Food
Tomato Seed Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Composition of Sterols
		Composition of Tocopherols
		Physical Key Figures of Tomato Seed Oil
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
		As Food
		In Cosmetics
Tung Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
			Aleurites fordii
			Aleurites montana
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids in Aleurites fordii
		Composition of Tocopherols and Tocotrienols in Aleurites montana
		Other Ingredients
		Physical Key Figures of Tung Oil
		Characteristics of the Oil
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
		In Folk Medicine
		Technical Uses
	6	 Possible Unwanted Side Effects
Walnut Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Volatile Compounds
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
			Composition of Fatty Acids in Walnut Oil from Different Countries of Origin
			Composition of Fatty Acids at Position 2 of the Triglycerides
		Composition of Sterols
			Composition of Sterols in Walnut Oil from Different Countries of Origin
		Composition of Tocopherols
			Composition of Tocopherols in Walnut Oil from Different Countries of Origin
		Other Ingredients
		Physical Key Figures of Walnut Oil
		Shelf Life
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
		In Cosmetics
		Technical Uses
		As Food
		In Folk Medicine
	6	 Possible Unwanted Side Effects
Wheat-Germ Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
		Flavour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Composition of Sterols
			Comparison of the Composition of Sterols in Oils made from Spring and Winter Wheat
		Composition of Tocopherols and Tocotrienols
		Other Ingredients
		Physical Key Figures of Wheat-Germ Oil
		Shelf Life
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
		In Cosmetics
			In Pregnancy
			Skincare and Hair-Care
			The Cosmetics Industry
		As Food
White Lupin Seed Oil
	1	 Source Plant
		Habitat
		Description
	2	 Cultivation and Extraction
		Cultivation
		Extraction of the Oil
	3	 Character
		Colour
		Odour
	4	 Ingredients
		Composition of Fatty Acids
		Composition of Sterols
		Composition of Tocopherols
		Other Ingredients
		Physical Key Figures
	5	 Application
		In Pharmacy and Medicine
		Industrial Uses
		In Cosmetics
Abbrevations
Picture Credits
About the Author
Bibliography