Vector-Borne Diseases: Understanding the Environmental, Human Health, and Ecological Connections, Workshop Summary (Forum on Microbial Threats)

Cover Page......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
ISBN 0309108977......Page 3
Reviewers......Page 10
ABOUT THE WORKSHOP......Page 12
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 13
Contents......Page 16
TABLES......Page 19
FIGURES......Page 20
BOXES......Page 23
Summary and Assessment......Page 24
THE VECTOR-BORNE DISEASE THREAT: PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE......Page 26
Impact of Vector-Borne Animal and Plant Diseases......Page 31
Back to the Future......Page 32
HALLMARKS OF VECTOR-BORNE DISEASE......Page 33
Dynamics of Disease Transmission......Page 34
Disease Prevention Strategies......Page 36
A Pandemic of Epidemics......Page 38
Land Use......Page 40
Weather, Climate, and Prediction......Page 42
Surveillance and Detection......Page 47
Outbreak Prediction......Page 49
Vector Control......Page 50
Multidisciplinary Research and Management......Page 51
Integrating Disciplines and Systems......Page 53
Knowledge Gaps......Page 54
Barriers to Implementation......Page 55
REFERENCES......Page 57
OVERVIEW......Page 64
Introduction......Page 66
The Reemergence of Epidemic Vector-Borne Diseases as Public Health Problems......Page 67
Bacterial Diseases......Page 68
Why Has There Been Such a Dramatic Resurgence of Vector-Borne Diseases?......Page 83
Lessons Learned and Challenges to Reverse the Trend......Page 85
WHY WE DO NOT UNDERSTAND THE ECOLOGICAL CONNECTIONS BETWEEN THE ENVIRONMENT AND HUMAN HEALTH: THE CASE FOR VECTOR-BORNE DISEASE......Page 88
Emerging Vector-Borne Diseases......Page 93
Human Health, Environmental Change, and Plant Diseases......Page 94
Contrasting Plant and Animal Vector-Borne Diseases......Page 95
The Plant Pathogenic Bacterium Xylella fastidiosa as a Case Study......Page 96
Concluding Remarks......Page 99
Effect of Ecology on Vector-Borne Diseases......Page 102
Knowledge of Global Climate and Ecology to Forecast Disease......Page 107
Disease Forecasting to Reduce Impact and Limit Spread......Page 109
CLIMATE CHANGE AND HEALTH: GLOBAL TO LOCAL INFLUENCES ON DISEASE RISK......Page 111
Non-Infectious Diseases......Page 113
Infectious Diseases......Page 116
Conclusions......Page 125
Introduction......Page 127
West Nile Virus......Page 128
OVERVIEW......Page 150
Introduction......Page 155
Dengue Epidemiology and Ecology......Page 156
Dengue Control......Page 157
Recommendations for Improved Vector Control......Page 166
Conclusions......Page 172
Introduction......Page 173
New Initiatives, Approaches, and Tools for Vector-Borne Disease Prediction, Prevention, and Control......Page 174
Acknowledgments......Page 184
WEST NILE VIRUS......Page 185
Outcomes and Impact of WNV Illness......Page 192
Risk Factors for Infection and Illness......Page 193
Summary and Conclusions......Page 194
Epidemiology and Ecology......Page 196
Clinical Disease and Therapy......Page 199
Vaccines......Page 200
THE IMPLICATIONS OF ENTOMOLOGICAL MONITORING AND EVALUATION FOR ARTHROPOD VECTOR-BORNE DISEASE CONTROL PROGRAMS......Page 201
Entomological Surveillance......Page 202
Models......Page 207
Decision Support Systems......Page 209
Disease Surveillance......Page 210
Summary......Page 212
The Disease......Page 213
The Viruses......Page 214
The Vectors......Page 215
Distribution......Page 218
Case Study: Progression of Bluetongue Disease in Europe......Page 220
Summary......Page 222
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS INFLUENCE TRANSMISSION OF SIN NOMBRE HANTAVIRUS BETWEEN RODENTS (AND TO HUMANS?)......Page 223
Introduction to the Hantaviruses......Page 224
Discovery of Sin Nombre Virus and of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome......Page 226
Longitudinal Studies of Sin Nombre Virus in Colorado......Page 227
Major Findings Concerning Sin Nombre Virus Transmission and Maintenance at Colorado Sites......Page 228
Determining Relative Risk (Incidence of Infection)......Page 230
Generalized Risk Factor Associations......Page 231
What Data Are Necessary and Sufficient to Establish Predictive Models?......Page 236
Conclusions......Page 237
REFERENCES......Page 240
OVERVIEW......Page 264
Summary......Page 266
The Extraordinary Burden of Vector-Borne Diseases......Page 267
Factors Contributing to the Resurgence and Emergence of Vector-Borne Diseases......Page 269
Acknowledgments......Page 285
Multidisciplinary Teams and Collaborative Responses......Page 286
Integration of Systems......Page 287
Linking Vector-Borne Disease to a Broader Public Health Agenda......Page 288
SURVEILLANCE, DIAGNOSIS, AND RESPONSE: INTEGRATION OF STRATEGIES......Page 291
Integration of Systems......Page 294
Research Directions to Enhance Prediction and Control of Vector-Borne Diseases......Page 295
Effective Training of Research and Operational Professionals for the Future......Page 296
Introduction......Page 297
The Scope of the Problem......Page 298
Looking Backward in Time......Page 305
Vector Biology Portfolio......Page 307
REFERENCES......Page 310
Appendix A Agenda......Page 320
Appendix B Acronyms......Page 324
Appendix C Forum Member Biographies......Page 328