Variationist Sociolinguistics: Change, Observation, Interpretation (Language in Society)

Variationist Sociolinguistics: Change, Observation, Interpretation......Page 5
Contents......Page 9
Acknowledgments......Page 12
Foreword......Page 14
Series Editor\'s Preface......Page 15
Preface......Page 16
List of Figures......Page 19
List of Tables......Page 22
Sociolinguistics......Page 25
The Linguistic Variable......Page 27
Linguistic Change......Page 32
The Principle of Accountability......Page 33
Circumscribing the Variable Context......Page 34
Evolution of the Linguistic Variable......Page 39
The Importance of Accountability......Page 43
Language Variation and Change and Linguistic Theory......Page 45
Exercises......Page 46
Social Class......Page 49
Sex (or Gender)......Page 56
Style and Register......Page 58
Mobility in Space and Mobility in Class......Page 59
Social Network, Communities of Practice......Page 60
Ethnicity and Culture......Page 62
The Mass Media......Page 65
Age......Page 67
Types of Change......Page 80
Principles of Linguistic Change......Page 86
Summary......Page 89
Exercises......Page 90
3 Linguistic Patterns......Page 95
Sound Change......Page 98
Morphological Change......Page 100
Syntactic Change......Page 104
Semantic Change......Page 108
Grammaticalization......Page 111
Lexical Effects......Page 115
Exemplar Theory......Page 118
Exercises......Page 121
The Speech Community......Page 124
Corpus Building......Page 125
Creating Sociolinguistic Corpora......Page 126
The Individual and the Group......Page 132
Constructing an LVC Study......Page 134
Research Ethics......Page 139
The Gold – Your Data......Page 140
The Real World......Page 141
The Quantitative Paradigm......Page 144
Statistical Modeling......Page 145
The Three Lines of Evidence......Page 146
The Case Study – Variable (that)......Page 148
Goldvarb Logistic Regression......Page 150
Challenging the Variable Rule Program......Page 153
Drawbacks to the Variable Rule Program......Page 161
New Toolkits for Variationist Sociolinguistics......Page 162
Summary......Page 180
Exercises......Page 181
Comparison......Page 186
The Comparative Method......Page 187
Comparison in Origins......Page 189
Comparison in Language Contact......Page 190
Standards for Comparison......Page 191
Variable (did)......Page 192
Exercises......Page 197
7 Phonological Variables......Page 201
Variable (t,d)......Page 203
Variable (ing)......Page 211
Tips for Studying Phonological Variables......Page 219
Exercises......Page 227
8 Morpho-Syntactic Variables......Page 230
Verbal (s)......Page 231
Adverb (ly)......Page 241
Modal (have to)......Page 252
Studying Morpho-Syntactic Variables......Page 259
Exercises......Page 265
Quotative (be like)......Page 271
General Extenders......Page 282
Studying the Discourse/Pragmatic Variable......Page 293
Exercises......Page 301
10 Tense/Aspect Variables......Page 303
Grammaticalization and Tense/Aspect Variables......Page 304
Future (going to)......Page 305
Perfect (have)......Page 320
Studying Tense/Aspect Variables......Page 332
Exercises......Page 335
11 Other Variables......Page 338
Variable (come)......Page 339
Variable (Intensifiers)......Page 344
Language and the Internet......Page 360
Studying Unusual Variables......Page 366
Exercises......Page 369
What Are the Constraints on Change?......Page 373
How Is a Change Embedded in Social and Linguistic Systems?......Page 374
Evaluation of a Change......Page 375
Statistical Modeling......Page 377
Traditional Explanations......Page 378
The Principle of Interaction......Page 379
Appendix A: Corpora Cited......Page 382
Appendix B: Time Periods in the History of English......Page 383
References......Page 384
Subject Index......Page 416
Index of Linguistic Variables......Page 424