VANET Vehicular Applications and Inter-Networking Technologies

Contents......Page 9
Foreword......Page 17
About the Editors......Page 21
Preface......Page 23
Acknowledgments......Page 27
List of Contributors......Page 29
1.1 Basic Principles and Challenges......Page 33
1.2 Past and Ongoing VANET Activities......Page 36
1.2.1 From the beginning to the mid 1990s......Page 37
1.2.2 From the mid 1990s to the present......Page 39
1.2.3 Examples of current project results......Page 42
1.3 Chapter Outlines......Page 46
References......Page 49
2.1.1 Motivation......Page 53
2.1.2 Chapter outline......Page 54
2.2.2 Vehicular positioning......Page 55
2.2.3 Vehicle sensors......Page 57
2.3 Cooperative System Architecture......Page 58
2.4 Mapping for Safety Applications......Page 60
2.4.1 Non-parametric path prediction......Page 62
2.4.2 Parametric path prediction......Page 63
2.4.3 Stochastic path prediction......Page 67
2.5 VANET-enabled Active Safety Applications......Page 69
2.5.1 Infrastructure-to-vehicle applications......Page 72
2.5.2 Vehicle-to-vehicle applications......Page 73
2.5.3 Pedestrian-to-vehicle applications......Page 79
References......Page 80
3.1 Introduction......Page 81
3.2 Obtaining Local Measurements......Page 82
3.3.1 Protocols for information transport......Page 86
3.3.2 Improving network connectivity......Page 91
3.3.3 What to transport......Page 93
3.4 Summarizing Measurements......Page 95
3.5 Geographical Data Aggregation......Page 98
3.6 Conclusion......Page 107
References......Page 108
4.1 Introduction......Page 113
4.2.1 Capacity......Page 114
4.2.2 Connectivity......Page 115
4.3 Applications......Page 119
4.4.1 Centralized client/server systems......Page 121
4.4.2 Infrastructure-based peer-to-peer communication......Page 122
4.4.3 VANET communication......Page 124
4.5 Probabilistic, Area-based Aggregation......Page 125
4.5.2 Using sketches for data aggregation in VANETs......Page 126
4.5.4 Forming larger area aggregates......Page 128
4.5.5 Application study......Page 129
4.6.1 Landmark-based aggregation......Page 131
4.6.3 Hierarchical landmark aggregation......Page 133
4.6.4 Evaluation......Page 135
4.7 Conclusion......Page 136
References......Page 137
5.1 Introduction......Page 139
5.2 Notation Description......Page 144
5.3 Random Models......Page 145
5.4 Flow Models......Page 147
5.4.1 Microscopic flow models......Page 148
5.4.2 Macroscopic flow models......Page 153
5.4.3 Mesoscopic flow models......Page 155
5.4.4 Lane changing models......Page 156
5.4.5 Intersection management......Page 160
5.4.6 Impact of flow models on vehicular mobility......Page 161
5.5 TrafficModels......Page 163
5.5.1 Trip planning......Page 164
5.5.2 Path planning......Page 165
5.5.4 Impact of traffic models on vehicular mobility......Page 166
5.6 BehavioralModels......Page 167
5.7 Trace or Survey-based Models......Page 169
5.8.1 Network simulators......Page 171
5.8.3 Embedded mobility models......Page 173
5.8.4 Federated mobility models......Page 175
5.8.5 Application-centric versus network-centric simulations......Page 177
5.8.6 Discussion......Page 178
5.9.1 Motion constraints......Page 179
5.9.2 Traffic generator......Page 180
5.9.3 Application-based level of realism......Page 181
5.10 Discussion and Outlook......Page 182
5.11 Conclusion......Page 183
References......Page 184
6 Physical Layer Considerations for Vehicular Communications......Page 189
6.1.1 A brief history......Page 190
6.1.2 Technical alterations and operation......Page 191
6.2 Previous Work......Page 197
6.3.1 Deterministic multipath models......Page 198
6.3.2 Statistical multipath models......Page 203
6.3.3 Path loss modeling......Page 205
6.4.1 Delay spread......Page 206
6.4.2 Coherence bandwidth......Page 207
6.4.3 Doppler spread......Page 211
6.4.4 Coherence time......Page 213
6.4.5 Impact on OFDM systems......Page 214
6.5 Measurement Theory......Page 216
6.6.1 Highway environments......Page 220
6.6.2 Urban environments......Page 225
6.6.3 Rural LOS environments......Page 231
6.6.4 Results summary......Page 232
6.6.5 Analysis......Page 233
6.7 Future Directions......Page 238
6.8 Conclusion......Page 239
6.9.1 Complex baseband channel representation – continuous time......Page 240
6.9.2 Complex baseband channel representation – discrete time......Page 241
6.10 Appendix: LTV Channel Response......Page 242
6.11.2 Generation of LTI channel estimates......Page 244
6.11.3 Generation of Ricean K-factor estimates......Page 246
References......Page 247
7.1 Introduction: Challenges and Requirements......Page 251
7.2 A Survey on Proposed MAC Approaches for VANETs......Page 253
7.2.1 Time-division multiple access based approaches......Page 254
7.2.2 Space-division multiple access based approaches......Page 255
7.2.3 Code-division multiple access based approaches......Page 256
7.3.1 The IEEE 802.11 standard......Page 257
7.3.2 IEEE 802.11p: towards wireless access in vehicular environments......Page 260
7.3.3 Modeling and simulation of IEEE 802.11p-based networks......Page 264
7.4 Performance Evaluation and Modeling......Page 269
7.4.1 Performance results of IEEE 802.11p-based active safety communications......Page 270
7.4.3 Analytical models for performance of IEEE 802.11 networks......Page 273
7.4.4 An empirical model for performance of IEEE 802.11p networks......Page 277
7.5 Aspects of Congestion Control......Page 287
7.5.1 The need for congestion control......Page 288
7.5.2 Congestion control by means of transmit power control......Page 290
7.5.3 Congestion control by means of rate control......Page 297
7.6 Open Issues and Outlook......Page 299
References......Page 301
8 Efficient Application Level Message Coding and Composition......Page 305
8.1.1 Safety applications and data requirements......Page 306
8.1.2 Desirable architectural features......Page 308
8.1.3 Broadcast characteristics......Page 309
8.2 Message Dispatcher......Page 310
8.2.1 Data element dictionary......Page 311
8.2.3 What and when to send......Page 312
8.3.2 Intersection violation warning......Page 313
8.3.3 Message composition......Page 316
8.3.5 Analysis......Page 317
8.4 Data Sets......Page 318
8.5 Predictive Coding......Page 319
8.5.1 Linear predictive coding......Page 320
8.5.3 Tolerable error......Page 321
8.5.4 Predictive coding transmission policies......Page 322
8.5.5 Predictive coding results......Page 323
8.6 Architecture Analysis......Page 326
References......Page 328
9.1 Introduction......Page 331
9.1.2 State of the art......Page 333
9.2 Challenges of Data Security in Vehicular Networks......Page 334
9.3.1 Network model......Page 336
9.3.2 Applications model......Page 337
9.3.3 Attacker model......Page 341
9.4.1 Cryptography services......Page 345
9.4.2 Key management......Page 348
9.5.1 Certificate verification......Page 357
9.5.2 Encryption......Page 358
9.5.3 Key agreement......Page 359
9.5.4 Authentication......Page 361
9.5.5 Secure positioning......Page 366
9.5.6 Identification of misbehaving nodes......Page 367
9.6 Privacy Protection Mechanisms......Page 369
9.6.1 Properties......Page 372
9.6.2 Key assignment......Page 376
9.6.3 Tracking vehicles......Page 386
9.6.4 Evaluation......Page 387
9.7.1 Cryptographic schemes and key length......Page 388
9.7.2 Physical security......Page 389
9.7.4 Update of software and renewal of certificates......Page 391
References......Page 392
10.1 Introduction......Page 397
10.2.1 General concepts and definitions......Page 398
10.2.2 A protocol stack for DSRC......Page 399
10.3 DSRC Regulations......Page 401
10.3.1 DSRC in the United States......Page 402
10.3.2 DSRC in Europe......Page 406
10.4 DSRC Physical Layer Standard......Page 408
10.4.1 OFDM physical medium dependent (PMD) function......Page 409
10.4.2 OFDM physical layer convergence procedure (PLCP) function......Page 413
10.5.1 Medium access control (MAC) sublayer......Page 415
10.5.2 Logical link control (MAC) sublayer......Page 424
10.6 DSRCMiddle Layers......Page 425
10.6.1 MAC extension for multi-channel operation: IEEE 1609.4......Page 427
10.6.2 Network services for DSRC: network and transport layers, IEEE 1609.3......Page 431
10.6.3 WSA length summary......Page 439
10.6.4 Middle layer security: IEEE 1609.2......Page 441
10.7.1 SAE J2735 DSRC message sets......Page 446
10.7.2 Case study: The basic safety message......Page 449
10.8 Summary......Page 454
10.9 Abbreviations and Acronyms......Page 457
References......Page 460
Index......Page 463