Valorisation of Agro-industrial Residues – Volume I: Biological Approaches (Applied Environmental Science and Engineering for a Sustainable Future)

Contents
Contributors
Chapter 1: Dark Fermentation and Bioelectrochemical Systems for Enhanced Biohydrogen Production from Palm Oil Mill Effluent: C...
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 POME as a Substrate for Biohydrogen Production
	1.3 Challenges Associated with Dark Fermentation Process
	1.4 Approaches to Improving Biohydrogen Yield Under Dark Fermentation Process
	1.5 Operational Conditions
		1.5.1 Reactor Design
		1.5.2 Fermentation Temperature
		1.5.3 Enrichments of Biohydrogen-Producing Microbial Communities
		1.5.4 POME Pre-treatment Methods
	1.6 Integration of Dark Fermentation with Other Processes
		1.6.1 Dark Fermentation and Anaerobic Digestion
		1.6.2 Dark Fermentation and Photo-Fermentation
		1.6.3 Dark Fermentation and Bioelectrochemical Systems
	1.7 Challenges in Using Hydrogen as an Energy Carrier
	1.8 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 2: Spent Mushroom Substrate as Biofertilizer for Agriculture Application
	2.1 Introduction
		2.1.1 Microbial Community in Spent Mushroom Substrate
			2.1.1.1 Isolation and Identification of Bacteria from SMS
			2.1.1.2 Isolation and Identification of Fungi from SMS
	2.2 Application of SMS in Agriculture
		2.2.1 SMS as Composting Material
		2.2.2 The Use of SMS as Soil Amendment
		2.2.3 Application of SMS for Soil Remediation
		2.2.4 Evaluation of SMS as Biocontrol Agents in Agricultural Application
		2.2.5 SMS in Enhancing Accumulation of Health Beneficial Secondary Metabolites in Plants
	2.3 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 3: Biological Treatment of Agro-Industrial Waste
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Biological Treatment
		3.2.1 Fungal Treatment
		3.2.2 Yeast Treatment
		3.2.3 Bacterial Treatment
		3.2.4 Fermentation Technology
			3.2.4.1 Submerged Fermentation
			3.2.4.2 Solid-State Fermentation
	3.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Biological Treatments
	3.4 Products from the Biological Treatments of Agro-Industrial Wastes
	3.5 Creating a Sustainable Practice for Industries Producing Agricultural Waste
		3.5.1 Improve Plant Profitability
		3.5.2 Suggestions and Recommendations
	3.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 4: Proteomics of Lignocellulosic Substrates Bioconversion in Anaerobic Digesters to Increase Carbon Recovery as Methane
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Anaerobic Digestion of Lignocellulosic Substrates
	4.3 Recognizing Important Pathways of AD
	4.4 Metaproteomics in AD of Lignocellulosic Substrates
		4.4.1 Hydrolysis
		4.4.2 Nutrient Transport
		4.4.3 Acidogenesis
		4.4.4 Acetogenesis
		4.4.5 Interspecies Hydrogen Transfer in Syntrophs
		4.4.6 Methanogenesis
	4.5 Stress Responses and Biomarkers
	4.6 Challenges and Future Perspectives
	References
Chapter 5: Circular Economy and Agro-Industrial Wastewater: Potential of Microalgae in Bioremediation Processes
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Use of C. vulgaris for the Treatment of Dairy and Swine Effluents
	5.3 Use of C. vulgaris for the Treatment of Agrochemicals Effluents
		5.3.1 Proposal of a Clean Remediation Technology for Water Contaminated with Glyphosate: The Advanced Oxidation Process (AOPs)...
		5.3.2 Added Value to Microalgae Biomass
	References
Chapter 6: Utilization of Agro-Waste as Carbon Source for Biohydrogen Production: Prospect and Challenges in Malaysia
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Biohydrogen Production Via Dark Fermentation Process
	6.3 Agro-Waste in Malaysia: Quantity Versus Quality
		6.3.1 Locally Produced Agro-Waste in Malaysia
		6.3.2 Utilization of Agro-Waste as Carbon Source: How and Challenges
	6.4 Prospect of Biohydrogen Production in Malaysia
		6.4.1 Strategy to Purify Biohydrogen Gas Via Chemical Absorption Process
	6.5 Biohydrogen in Malaysia: Prospect and Impact
	6.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 7: Agro-Industrial Waste as Substrates for the Production of Bacterial Pigment
	7.1 Introduction
		7.1.1 Agro-Industrial Waste: A Scenario
	7.2 Microbial Fermentation
	7.3 Pigment Production
	7.4 Application of Bacterial Pigments
		7.4.1 Pharmaceutical Industry
		7.4.2 Food Industry
		7.4.3 Textile Industry
	7.5 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 8: Analysis of Termite Microbiome and Biodegradation of Various Phenolic Compounds by a Bacterium Isolated from the Te...
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Bacterial Diversity
	8.3 Stability of Termite Microbiome
	8.4 Eusociality in Termites
	8.5 Metabolic Function of Termite Gut Bacteria
	8.6 Termite Gut Microbiome Analysis
	8.7 Degradation of Phenolic Compounds
	8.8 Statistics
	8.9 Bacterial Diversity in Termites of Various Geographical Locale and Wood Types
	8.10 Phenol Degradation by a Termite Gut Bacterium
	8.11 Degradation of Nitroaromatics and Toluene
	8.12 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 9: Compatible Technologies to Anaerobic Digestion for the Integral Valorization of Organic Waste
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Current State of Anaerobic Digestion
		9.2.1 Worldwide State
		9.2.2 Latin America Landscape
	9.3 Bioprospecting in Tropical Countries
		9.3.1 Processes That Can Be Coupled to Anaerobic Digestion
			9.3.1.1 Biogas
			9.3.1.2 Liquid Effluent
			9.3.1.3 Solid Digestate
	9.4 Biofactory Model-Based on Anaerobic Digestion
	9.5 Challenges and Perspectives
	9.6 Opportunities for Tropical and Developing Countries: Colombian Case
	9.7 Challenges
	References
Chapter 10: Recycling and Reuse of Ayurvedic Pharma Industry Wastes
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Ayurvedic Pharma Industry Wastes
	10.3 Solid Wastes
		10.3.1 Vermicomposting
		10.3.2 Windrow Composting
		10.3.3 Spent Black Pepper: A Thrown Away Residue
	10.4 Liquid Waste
		10.4.1 Integrated Microbial-Vermifiltration Technique
		10.4.2 Electrocoagulation
		10.4.3 Treatment of Wastewater Using Algae
	10.5 Medicinal Oil Waste
	10.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 11: Production of Unicellular Biomass as a Food Ingredient from Agro-Industrial Waste
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Fermentation
		11.2.1 Liquid or Submerged Fermentation
		11.2.2 Solid-State Fermentation
	11.3 Carbon Sources
	11.4 Agro-Industrial Waste Used as Carbon Source
	11.5 Composition of Agro-Industrial Waste
		11.5.1 Cellulose
		11.5.2 Hemicellulose
		11.5.3 Lignin
	11.6 Sources of Nitrogen
	11.7 Types of Biomass
		11.7.1 Biomass from Microalgae
		11.7.2 Biomass of Algae as a Food Supplement
		11.7.3 Biomass of Algae as Fuel
		11.7.4 Microalgae Biomass Production
	11.8 Fungal Biomass Production
	11.9 Yeast Biomass
		11.9.1 Yeast Biomass as Food
		11.9.2 Biofuels Obtained by Yeast Fermentation
	11.10 Biomass of Bacteria
		11.10.1 Biomass of Bacteria as Food
	11.11 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 12: Cyanobacterial Degradation of Organophosphorus Pesticides
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Pesticides
	12.3 Organophosphorus Pesticides
		12.3.1 Toxicology of Organophosphorus Pesticides
		12.3.2 Conventional Techniques to Remediate Organophosphorus Pollution
		12.3.3 Biodegradation Organophosphorus Pesticides
	12.4 Cyanobacteria
		12.4.1 Cyanobacteria as a Tool for Bioremediation
		12.4.2 Organophosphorus Pesticide Degradation by Cyanobacteria
			12.4.2.1 Chlorpyrifos
			12.4.2.2 Malathion
			12.4.2.3 Fenamiphos
			12.4.2.4 Methyl Parathion
		12.4.3 Recombinant Cyanobacteria for Biodegradation
	12.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 13: Microbial Identification and Extracellular Polymeric Substances Characterization of Aerobic Granules Developed in ...
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Materials and Methods
		13.2.1 Wastewater Collection
		13.2.2 Seed Sludge Sampling
		13.2.3 Experimental Setup
		13.2.4 Characteristics of Extracellular Polymeric Substances
	13.3 Results and Discussion
		13.3.1 Microbial Diversity in Seed Sludge and Aerobic Granular Sludge
		13.3.2 Comparison of Bacterial Community in Seed Sludge and Aerobic Granules
			13.3.2.1 Abundant Bacterial Species of Seed Sludge and Aerobic Granular Sludge
			13.3.2.2 Role of Bacteria in Sludge Granulation
			13.3.2.3 Role of Bacteria in Organic and Nutrients Biodegradation
		13.3.3 EPS Contents of Aerobic Granular Sludge
		13.3.4 EEM Fluorescence Spectra of the EPS of Aerobic Granular Sludge
	13.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 14: Granulation and Biodegradation by Microbial Species in Granular Sequencing Batch Reactor for Soy Sauce Wastewater ...
	14.1 Introduction
		14.1.1 Wastewater and Sludge Collection
		14.1.2 Laboratory-Scale Reactor Design
		14.1.3 Microbial Identification
		14.1.4 Microbial Community Shift During Granulation
		14.1.5 Shifting of Bacterial Community in Seed Sludge to Aerobic Granular Sludge
		14.1.6 Abundance of Bacterial Population in GSBR
		14.1.7 Role of Bacteria in Sludge Granulation
		14.1.8 Role of Bacteria in Organic and Nutrients Biodegradation
	14.2 Conclusions
	References