Using Korean: A Guide to Contemporary Usage

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Series-title......Page 4
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Acknowledgements......Page 11
Style and usage......Page 13
1.1 Statements and questions......Page 15
1.1.1 Distance versus politeness......Page 16
1.1.2 Formal versus casual – some general guidelines......Page 17
1.1.4.…......Page 18
1.2 What about commands?......Page 19
1.3 What about proposals?......Page 20
1.4 Speech samples......Page 21
1.5 When it comes to writing......Page 23
1.6 Writing samples......Page 25
1.7 A few minor styles......Page 27
2.1.1… in statements and questions – general guidelines......Page 29
2.1.2 The subject honorific… and hearer-related sentence endings......Page 32
2.1.3… in commands and proposals......Page 33
2.1.4 Special subject-honorific verbs......Page 34
2.1.5 Tricky subjects......Page 36
2.1.6 Complex verbs and…......Page 37
2.2 Object honorification......Page 38
2.3 Honorific nouns......Page 41
2.5 Use of honorifics in several basic expressions......Page 42
2.6 Non-use of honorific expressions in impersonal language......Page 43
3.1.1 Addressing an unfamiliar person or a stranger......Page 44
3.1.2 Addressing a non-family member who you already know......Page 45
3.1.3 Addressing a family member......Page 47
3.2 Pronouns and related words......Page 49
3.2.2 Second person pronouns and their equivalents......Page 50
3.2.3 Third person pronouns and their equivalents......Page 52
3.2.4 Reflexive pronouns......Page 55
3.2.5 Indefinite pronouns......Page 56
4.1 Greetings......Page 58
4.2 Leave-taking......Page 59
4.3 Expressing and responding to gratitude......Page 60
4.4 Apologies and regrets......Page 62
4.5 ‘Excuse me but…'......Page 63
4.6 Expressing condolences and encouragement......Page 64
4.8 Telephone expressions......Page 65
4.9 Congratulations and good wishes......Page 67
5.1 Fillers......Page 68
5.2 Transition expressions......Page 70
5.3 Interjections......Page 76
6.1 Use of questions in place of commands and proposals......Page 79
6.2.1 The verb:…......Page 80
6.2.3 The verb:…......Page 81
6.2.5 The verb:…......Page 82
6.3.2…gentle questions and suggestions......Page 83
6.3.4…gentle questions......Page 84
6.4.3…......Page 85
6.4.5…......Page 86
7.2 Cholla dialect…......Page 87
7.3 Kyongsang dialect…......Page 88
7.6 P’yong’an dialect…......Page 89
8.1.2 Particles......Page 90
8.2 Vocabulary differences......Page 91
8.3.1 Contraction......Page 92
8.3.2 Gaps between spelling and pronunciation......Page 93
Vocabulary......Page 95
9.1 Native Korean and Sino-Korean words......Page 97
9.2 Loan words......Page 101
9.2.1 Innovations in loan words......Page 102
9.2.2 Phonetic changes to loan words......Page 103
9.2.3 The grammar of loan words......Page 104
10.1.1 Compound nouns......Page 105
10.1.2 Compound verbs: noun + verb......Page 106
10.2 Reduplication......Page 107
10.3 Prefixation......Page 108
10.4.1 Suffixes that create a noun......Page 112
10.4.2 Suffixes that create a descriptive verb......Page 113
10.4.3 Suffixes that create an adverb......Page 114
10.4.4 Suffixes relating to address terms......Page 116
10.4.5 Suffixes relating to people......Page 117
10.4.6 Suffixes relating to place or institution......Page 120
10.4.7 Suffixes relating to classification......Page 121
10.4.8 Suffixes relating to monetary transactions......Page 123
10.4.9 Suffixes relating to language and writing......Page 124
10.4.10 Suffixes relating to the speaker’s perception and emotion......Page 125
10.4.11 Suffixes relating to quantity/approximation......Page 126
10.5 Abbreviations......Page 127
10.6 Some recently created expressions......Page 129
11.1.1 Depending on the body part that is covered......Page 131
11.1.2 Depending on the manner of putting something on......Page 132
11.2 Verbs of taking off......Page 134
11.3 Verbs of playing......Page 135
11.4 Verbs of cleaning......Page 136
12.1.1 Proverbs with identical English equivalents......Page 138
12.1.2 Proverbs with approximate English equivalents......Page 139
12.1.3 Proverbs that are more or less unique to Korean......Page 140
12.1.4 How to use proverbs......Page 141
12.2.1 Four-syllable Sino-Korean idioms......Page 148
12.2.2 Idioms based on body parts......Page 151
12.2.3 Idioms based on food, taste, eating, and cooking......Page 155
12.2.4 Idioms based on animals and insects......Page 157
12.2.5 Idioms based on miscellaneous other factors......Page 158
12.2.6 Figurative uses of verbs......Page 160
13.1 How sound symbolism works......Page 162
13.2.2 Human sounds......Page 164
13.2.3 Sounds involving inanimate objects and forces......Page 167
13.3.1 Impressions of appearance......Page 169
13.3.2 Impressions of behavior/motion/manner......Page 172
13.4.1 Impressions of feeling......Page 175
13.4.2 Impressions of touch......Page 177
14.1.2 Native Korean ordinal numbers......Page 178
14.2.1 Sino-Korean cardinal numbers......Page 179
14.2.2 Sino-Korean ordinal numbers......Page 180
14.3.1 Counting......Page 181
14.3.2 Units of measurement......Page 185
14.3.3 Time, date, and age......Page 187
14.3.5 Money and currency......Page 189
14.4.2 Non-numerical expressions of quantity......Page 190
14.4.3 Markers of plurality......Page 192
Grammar......Page 193
15.1.1 How to distinguish between the two types of verbs......Page 195
15.1.2 How to convert descriptive verbs into action verbs......Page 196
15.2 Intransitive verbs versus transitive verbs......Page 197
15.2.1 A difference between English and Korean......Page 198
15.2.2 Noun verb compounds......Page 199
15.3.1 Intransitive verbs with the suffix…......Page 200
15.3.2 Intransitive verbs with…......Page 202
15.3.3 Intransitive verbs with…......Page 204
15.3.4 Other special intransitive verbs......Page 205
15.4.1 Transitive verbs with the suffix…......Page 206
15.4.2 Transitive verbs with…......Page 209
15.4.4 Transitive verbs with…......Page 210
16.1.1 The basic form......Page 211
16.1.3…......Page 212
16.1.4…......Page 213
16.1.5…......Page 216
16.1.6…......Page 217
16.1.7…......Page 219
16.1.8…......Page 220
16.1.9 Only…......Page 221
16.2.2 Adnominal constructions......Page 223
16.3.1 Beginning/changing into......Page 226
16.3.3 Completion......Page 227
16.3.4 Completion followed by an enduring result......Page 228
16.3.5 Experience......Page 229
16.3.7 Repetition......Page 230
17.1.1 Requests......Page 231
17.1.3 Permission......Page 232
17.1.4 Prohibition......Page 233
17.2.2 Ability......Page 234
17.2.3 Possibility......Page 235
17.3.1 Regret......Page 236
17.4.1 ‘Nearly/almost’......Page 237
17.5.1 They say… (hearsay)......Page 238
17.5.2 Seems like; feels like; I think…......Page 239
17.5.3 Looks like; appears; I get the impression that…......Page 240
17.5.5 Summary of evidential patterns......Page 241
17.6.1 Explanatory/emphatic......Page 242
17.6.2 Exclamatory and beyond......Page 243
18.1.1 Short versus long negation......Page 245
18.1.3 Fixed expressions in which the choice of negative is frozen......Page 246
18.1.4 How to negate complex verb constructions......Page 247
18.2 How to negate commands and proposals......Page 248
18.3 Negative form, but positive meaning......Page 249
18.4 Expressions that require negative verbs......Page 250
19.1 Omission of particles......Page 252
19.2.1 Use of…to mark subjects......Page 253
19.2.2 Use of… to mark non-subjects......Page 254
19.3…......Page 255
19.3.1 Uses of … when it marks a topic......Page 256
19.3.2 Uses of … when it marks a contrast......Page 257
19.4.1 Use of … to mark direct objects......Page 258
19.4.3 Some fixed patterns involving…......Page 259
19.5…......Page 260
19.6…......Page 261
19.7.1 Uses of … involving space......Page 262
19.7.2 Uses of … involving time, cause/means, and per/for......Page 263
19.7.3 Some fixed patterns involving…......Page 264
19.8…......Page 265
19.9.1…......Page 266
19.10…......Page 267
19.10.1…involving direction, change, and choice......Page 268
19.10.2 Uses of … involving means, cause, time, and manner......Page 269
19.11.1 ‘And’ type coordination......Page 270
19.11.2 Accompaniment......Page 271
19.12.1…‘only; just’......Page 272
19.12.3…‘(nothing) but’......Page 273
19.13…......Page 274
19.14…......Page 275
19.15…......Page 276
19.16…......Page 277
19.17 Miscellaneous other particles......Page 278
20.1.1 ‘As…as’......Page 281
20.1.3 ‘Be similar; be much the same’......Page 283
20.1.4 ‘Be no less than’......Page 284
20.2 How to express differences......Page 285
20.3 How to express superlatives......Page 286
20.4 How to express proportions and gradation......Page 287
21.1.2 ‘And whatever’......Page 288
21.1.3 ‘Or’......Page 289
21.1.4 ‘Not only…but also’......Page 290
21.2.1 Background......Page 291
21.2.2 Time: simultaneity......Page 293
21.2.3 Time: sequentiality......Page 294
21.2.4 Time: before, after, until......Page 297
21.2.5 Cause/reason......Page 298
21.2.6 Intention/purpose......Page 302
21.2.7 Purpose/result......Page 303
21.2.8 Condition......Page 305
21.2.9 Concession (‘even if; even though’)......Page 306
21.2.10 Contrast......Page 309
22.1.1 Direct quotes......Page 311
22.1.2 Indirect quotes......Page 312
22.1.3… and indirect quotes......Page 314
22.1.4 Various types of quoting verbs......Page 316
22.1.5 Reduction of indirect quotes in colloquial speech or hearsay......Page 317
22.1.6 Special patterns involving indirect quotes......Page 319
22.2.1 Types of adnominal clauses based on the noun described......Page 320
22.2.2 Adnominal clauses involving quotes......Page 323
22.3…clauses......Page 324
22.3.1 What’s inside … clauses......Page 325
22.3.2 What’s outside … clauses......Page 326
22.4.2 By attaching…......Page 327
English Index......Page 330
Korean Index......Page 333