Using Information Technology (9th Complete Edition)

Tittle
Contents
INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY : YOUR DIGITAL WORLDY
	1.1 The Practical User: How Becoming Computer Savvy Benefits You
	1.2 Information Technology & Your Life: The Future Now
		The Two Parts of IT: Computers & Communications
		Education: The Promise of More Interactive & Individualized Learning
		Health: High Tech for Wellness
		Money: Toward the Cashless Society
		Leisure: Infotech in Entertainment & the Arts
		Government & Electronic Democracy: Participating in the Civic Realm
		Jobs & Careers
	1.3 Infotech Is All Pervasive: Cellphones, Email, the Internet, & the E-World
		The Phone Grows Up
		“You’ve Got Mail!” Email’s Mass Impact
		Practical Action Box: Managing Your Email
		The Internet, the World Wide Web, & the “Plumbing of Cyberspace”
		College Students & the E-World
	1.4 The “All-Purpose Machine”: The Varieties of Computers
		All Computers, Great & Small: The Categories of Machines
		Supercomputers
		Mainframe Computers
		Workstations
		Microcomputers
		Microcontrollers
		Servers
	1.5 Understanding Your Computer: How Can You Customize (or Build) Your Own PC?
		How Computers Work: Three Key Concepts
		Pretending to Order (or Build) a Custom-Built Desktop Computer: Basic Knowledge of How a Computer Works
		Input Hardware: Keyboard & Mouse
		Processing & Memory Hardware: Inside the System Cabinet
		Storage Hardware: Hard Drive & CD/DVD Drive
		Output Hardware: Video & Sound Cards, Monitor, Speakers, & Printer
		Communications Hardware: Modem
		Software
		Is Getting a Custom-Built PC Worth the Effort?
	1.6 Where Is Information Technology Headed?
		Three Directions of Computer Development: Miniaturization, Speed, & Affordability
		Three Directions of Communications Development: Connectivity, Interactivity, & Multimedia
		When Computers & Communications Combine: Convergence, Portability, Personalization, Collaboration, & Cloud Computing
		“E” Also Stands for Ethics
		Experience Box: Better Organization & Time Management: Dealing with the Information Deluge in College—& in Life
2 THE INTERNET & THE WORLD WIDE WEB : EXPLORING CYBERSPACE
	2.1 Connecting to the Internet: Narrowband, Broadband, & Access Providers
		Narrowband (Dial-Up) Modem: Low Speed but Inexpensive & Widely Available
		High-Speed Phone Lines: More Expensive but Available in Most Cities
		Problem for Telephone Internet Connections: The Last Mile
		Cable Modem: Close Competitor to DSL
		Satellite Wireless Connections
		Other Wireless Connections: Wi-Fi & 3G
		Internet Access Providers: Three Kinds
		Practical Action Box: Looking for an Internet Access Provider: Questions to Ask at the Beginning
	2.2 How Does the Internet Work?
		Internet Connections: POPs, NAPs, Backbone & Internet2
		Internet Communications: Protocols, Packets, & Addresses
		Who Runs the Internet?
	2.3 The World Wide Web
		The Face of the Web: Browsers, Websites, & Web Pages
		How the Browser Finds Things: URLs
		The Nuts & Bolts of the Web: HTML & Hyperlinks
		Using Your Browser to Get around the Web
		Web Portals: Starting Points for Finding Information
		Search Services & Search Engines, & How They Work
		Four Web Search Tools: Individual Search Engines, Subject Directories, Metasearch Engines, & Specialized Search Engines
		Smart Searching: Three General Strategies
		Practical Action: Evaluating & Sourcing Information Found on the Web
		Multimedia Search Tools: Image, Audio, & Video Searching
		Practical Action Box: Serious Web Search Techniques
		Desktop Search: Tools for Searching Your Computer’s Hard Disk
		Tagging: Saving Links for Easier Retrieval Later
	2.4 Email & Other Ways of Communicating over the Net
		Two Ways to Send & Receive Email
		How to Use Email
		Sorting Your Email
		Attachments
		Instant Messaging
		FTP—for Copying All the Free Files You Want
		Newsgroups—for Online Typed Discussions on Specific Topics
		Listservs: Email-Based Discussion Groups
		Real-Time Chat—Typed Discussions Among Online Participants
		Netiquette: Appropriate Online Behavior
	2.5 The Online Gold Mine: Telephony, Multimedia, Webcasting, Blogs, E-Commerce, & the Social Web
		Telephony: The Internet Telephone & Videophone
		Multimedia on the Web
		The Web Automatically Comes to You: Webcasting, Blogging, & Podcasting
		E-Commerce: B2B Commerce, Online Finance, Auctions, & Job Hunting
		Relationships: Matchmaking Websites
		Web 2.0 & the Social Web: Social Networking, Media Sharing, Social Network Aggregation, & Microblogging
	2.6 The Intrusive Internet: Snooping, Spamming, Spoofing, Phishing, Pharming, Cookies, & Spyware
		Snooping on Your Email: Your Messages Are Open to Anyone
		Spam: Electronic Junk Mail
		Practical Action Box: Tips for Fighting Spam
		Spoofing, Phishing, & Pharming: Phony Email Senders & Websites
		Cookies: Convenience or Hindrance?
		Spyware—Adware, Browser & Search Hijackers, & Key Loggers: Intruders to Track Your Habits & Steal Your Data
		Practical Action Box: Tips for Avoiding Spyware
		Experience Box: Web Research, Term Papers, & Plagiarism
3  SOFTWARE : TOOLS FOR PRODUCTIVITY & CREATIVITY
	3.1 System Software: The Power Behind the Power
	3.2 The Operating System: What It Does
		Booting
		CPU Management
		File Management
		Task Management
		Security Management
	3.3 Other System Software: Device Drivers & Utility Programs
		Device Drivers: Running Peripheral Hardware
		Utilities: Service Programs
		Practical Action: Utility Programs
	3.4 Common Features of the User Interface
		Using Keyboard & Mouse
		The GUI: The Graphical User Interface
		The Help Command
	3.5 Common Operating Systems
		Macintosh Operating System
		Microsoft Windows
		Network Operating Systems: NetWare, Windows NT/2000/2003, Microsoft .NET, Unix, & Linux
		Practical Action Box: Get a PC or Get a Mac? Dealing with Security Issues
		Embedded Operating Systems for Handhelds: Palm OS & Windows CE
	3.6 Application Software: Getting Started
		Application Software: For Sale, for Free, or for Rent?
		Tutorials & Documentation
		A Few Facts about Files & the Usefulness of Importing & Exporting
		Types of Application Software
	3.7 Word Processing
		Creating Documents
		Editing Documents
		Formatting Documents with the Help of Templates & Wizards
		Output Options: Printing, Faxing, or Emailing Documents
		Saving Documents
		Web Document Creation
		Tracking Changes & Inserting Comments
	3.8 Spreadsheets
		The Basics: How Spreadsheets Work
		Analytical Graphics: Creating Charts
	3.9 Database Software
		The Benefits of Database Software
		The Basics: How Databases Work
		Personal Information Managers
	3.10 Specialty Software
		Presentation Graphics Software
		Financial Software
		Desktop Publishing
		Drawing & Painting Programs
		Video/Audio Editing Software
		Animation Software
		Multimedia Authoring Software
		Web Page Design/Authoring Software
		Practical Action Box: Help in Building Your Web Page
		Project Management Software
		Portable Document Format (PDF)
		Computer-Aided Design
		Experience Box: The Mysteries of Tech Support
4 HARDWARE: THE CPU & STORAGE : HOW TO CHOOSE A MULTIMEDIA COMPUTER SYSTEM
	4.1 Microchips, Miniaturization, & Mobility
		From Vacuum Tubes to Transistors to Microchips
		Miniaturization Miracles: Microchips, Microprocessors, & Micromachines
		Mobility
		Choosing an Inexpensive Personal Computer: Understanding Computer Ads
	4.2 The System Unit: The Basics
		The Binary System: Using On/Off Electrical States to Represent Data & Instructions
		Machine Language
		The Computer Case: Bays, Buttons, & Boards
		Power Supply
		Practical Action Box: Power Issues: Problems with Electrical Power to Your Computer
		The Motherboard & the Microprocessor Chip
		Processing Speeds: From Megahertz to Picoseconds
	4.3 More on the System Unit
		How the Processor or CPU Works: Control Unit, ALU, Registers, & Buses
		How Memory Works: RAM, ROM, CMOS, & Flash
		How Cache Works
		Other Methods of Speeding Up Processing
		Ports & Cables
		Expandability: Buses & Cards
		4.4 Secondary Storage
		Floppy Disks
		Hard Disks
		Optical Disks: CDs & DVDs
		Magnetic Tape
		Smart Cards
		Flash & Solid State Memory
		Online Secondary Storage
	4.5 Future Developments in Processing & Storage
		Practical Action Box: Starting Over with Your Hard Drive: Erasing, Reformatting, & Reloading
		Future Developments in Processing
		Future Developments in Secondary Storage
		Experience Box: How to Buy a Laptop
5 HARDWARE: INPUT & OUTPUT : TAKING CHARGE OF COMPUTING & COMMUNICATIONS
	5.1 Input & Output
	5.2 Input Hardware
		Keyboards
		Pointing Devices
		Scanning & Reading Devices
		Audio-Input Devices
		Webcams & Video-Input Cards
		Digital Cameras
		Speech-Recognition Systems
		Sensors
		Radio-Frequency Identification Tags
		Human-Biology-Input Devices
	5.3 Output Hardware
		Traditional Softcopy Output: Display Screens
		Traditional Hardcopy Output: Printers
		Practical Action Box: Buying a Printer
		Mixed Output: Sound, Voice, & Video
	5.4 Input & Output Technology & Quality of Life: Health & Ergonomics
		Health Matters
		Ergonomics: Design with People in Mind
	5.4 The Future of Input & Output
		Toward More Input from Remote Locations
		Toward More Source Data Automation
		Toward More Output in Remote Locations
		Toward More Realistic Output
		Experience Box: Good Habits: Protecting Your Computer System, Your Data, & Your Health
6 COMMUNICATIONS, NETWORKS, & SAFEGUARDS : THE WIRED & WIRELESS WORLD
	6.1 From the Analog to the Digital Age
		The Digital Basis of Computers: Electrical Signals as Discontinuous Bursts
		The Analog Basis of Life: Electrical Signals as Continuous Waves
		Purpose of the Dial-Up Modem: Converting Digital Signals to Analog Signals & Back
		Converting Reality to Digital Form
	6.2 Networks
		The Benefits of Networks
		Types of Networks: WANs, MANs, LANs, HANs, PANs, & Others
		How Networks Are Structured: Client/Server & Peer-to-Peer
		Intranets, Extranets, & VPNs
		Components of a Network
		Network Topologies: Bus, Ring, & Star
		Two Ways to Prevent Messages from Colliding: Ethernet & Token Ring
	6.3 Wired Communications Media
		Wired Communications Media: Wires & Cables
		Wired Communications Media for Homes: Ethernet, HomePNA, & HomePlug
		Practical Action Box: Telecommuting & Telework: The Nontraditional Workplace
	6.4 Wireless Communications Media
		The Electromagnetic Spectrum, the Radio- Frequency (RF) Spectrum, & Bandwidth
		Four Types of Wireless Communications Media
		Long-Distance Wireless: One-Way Communication
		Long-Distance Wireless: Two-Way Communication
		Short-Range Wireless: Two-Way Communications
	6.5 Cyber Threats, Hackers, & Safeguards
		Cyber Threats: Denial-of-Service Attacks, Worms, Viruses, & Trojan Horses
		Practical Action Box: Ways to Minimize Virus Attacks
		Some Cyber Villains: Hackers & Crackers
		Online Safety: Antivirus Software, Firewalls, Passwords, Biometric Authentication, & Encryption
		Practical Action Box: How to Deal with Passwords
		Experience Box: Virtual Meetings: Linking Up Electronically
7 PERSONAL TECHNOLOGY : THE FUTURE IS YOU
	7.1 Convergence, Portability, & Personalization
		Convergence
		Portability
		Personalization
		Popular Personal Technologies
	7.2 Portable Media Players
		How MP3 Players Work
		The Societal Effects of PMPs Players
		Using PMPs in College
	7.3 High-Tech Radio: Satellite, HD, & Internet
		Satellite Radio
		HD Radio
		Internet Radio
		Podcasting
	7.4 Digital Cameras: Changing Photography
		How Digital Cameras Work
		Practical Action Box: Online Viewing & Sharing of Digital Photos
		The Societal Effects of Digital Cameras
	7.5 Personal Digital Assistants & Tablet PCs
		How a PDA Works
		The Future of PDAs
		Tablet PCs
	7.6 The New Television
		Internet-Ready, & Mobile TV
		Three Kinds of Television: DTV, HDTV, SDTV
		Practical Action Box: Buying the Right Flat-Panel TV
		The Societal Effects of the New TV
	7.7 E-BOOK READERS: The New Reading Machines
		How an E-Book Reader Works
		The Benefits of E-Book Readers
		The Drawbacks of E-Book Readers
	7.8 Smartphones: More Than Talk
		How a Mobile Phone Works
		Smartphone Services
		The Societal Effects of Cellphones
	7.9 Videogame Systems: The Ultimate Convergence Machine?
		Microsoft’s Xbox 360
		Sony’s PlayStation3
		Nintendo’s Wii
		The Results of Personal Technology: The “Always On” Generation
		The Experience Box: The “Always On” Generation
8 DATABASES & INFORMATION SYSTEMS : DIGITAL ENGINES FOR TODAY’S ECONOMY
	8.1 Managing Files: Basic Concepts
		How Data Is Organized: The Data Storage Hierarchy
		The Key Field
		Types of Files: Program Files & Data Files
		Compression & Decompression: Putting More Data in Less Space
	8.2 Database Management Systems
		The Benefits of Database Management Systems
		Three Database Components
		Practical Action Box: Storing Your Stuff: How Long Will Digitized Data Last?
		The Database Administrator
	8.3 Database Models
		Hierarchical Database
		Network Database
		Relational Database
		Object-Oriented Database
		Multidimensional Database
	8.4 Data Mining
		The Process of Data Mining
		Some Applications of Data Mining
	8.5 Databases & the Digital Economy: E-Business & E-Commerce
		E-Commerce: Online Buying & Selling
		Types of E-Commerce Systems: B2B, B2C, & C2C
	8.6 Information Systems in Organizations: Using Databases to Help Make Decisions
		Information Flow within an Organization: Horizontally between Departments & Vertically between Management Levels
		Computer-Based Information Systems
		Office Information Systems
		Transaction Processing Systems
		Management Information Systems
		Decision Support Systems
		Executive Support Systems
		Expert Systems
	8.7 Artificial Intelligence
		Expert Systems
		Natural Language Processing
		Intelligent Agents
		Pattern Recognition
		Fuzzy Logic
		Virtual Reality & Simulation Devices
		Robotics
		Two Approaches to Artificial Intelligence: Weak versus Strong AI
		Artificial Life, the Turing Test, & AI Ethics
	8.8 The Ethics of Using Databases: Concerns about Privacy & Identity Theft
		The Threat to Privacy
		Identity Theft
		Experience Box: Preventing Your Identity from Getting Stolen
9 THE CHALLENGES OF THE DIGITAL AGE : SOCIETY & INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY TODAY
	9.1 Truth Issues: Manipulating Digital Data
		Manipulation of Sound
		Manipulation of Photos
		Manipulation of Video & Television
		Accuracy & Completeness
	9.2 Security Issues: Threats to Computers & Communications Systems
		Errors & Accidents
		Natural Hazards
		Computer Crimes
		Computer Criminals
		Practical Action Box: Is the Boss Watching You? Trust in the Workplace
	9.3 Security: Safeguarding Computers & Communications
		Deterrents to Computer Crime
		Identification & Access
		Encryption
		Protection of Software & Data
		Disaster-Recovery Plans
	9.4 Quality-of-Life Issues: The Environment, Mental Health, Child Protection, & the Workplace
		Environmental Problems
		Mental-Health Problems
		Protecting Children: Pornography, Sexual Predators, & Online Bullies
		Workplace Problems: Impediments to Productivity
		Practical Action: When the Internet Isn’t Productive: Online Addiction & Other Time Wasters
	9.5 Economic & Political Issues: Employment & the Haves/Have-Nots
		Technology, the Job Killer?
		Gap between Rich & Poor
		Whom Does the Internet Serve?
		In a World of Breakneck Change, Can You Still Thrive?
		Experience Box: Student Use of Computers: Some Controversies
10 SYSTEMS ANALYSIS & PROGRAMMING : SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT, PROGRAMMING, & LANGUAGES
	10.1 Systems Development: The Six Phases of Systems Analysis & Design
		The Purpose of a System
		Getting the Project Going: How It Starts, Who’s Involved
		The Six Phases of Systems Analysis & Design
		The First Phase: Conduct a Preliminary Investigation
		The Second Phase: Do an Analysis of the System
		The Third Phase: Design the System
		The Fourth Phase: Develop the System
		The Fifth Phase: Implement the System
		The Sixth Phase: Maintain the System
	10.2 Programming: A Five-Step Procedure
		The First Step: Clarify the Programming Needs
		The Second Step: Design the Program
		The Third Step: Code the Program
		The Fourth Step: Test the Program
		The Fifth Step: Document & Maintain the Program
	10.3 Five Generations of Programming Languages
		First Generation: Machine Language
		Second Generation: Assembly Language
		Third Generation: High-Level or Procedural Languages
		Fourth Generation: Very-High-Level or Problem-Oriented Languages
		Fifth Generation: Natural Languages
	10.4 Programming Languages Used Today
		FORTRAN: The Language of Mathematics & the First High-Level Language
		COBOL: The Language of Business
		BASIC: The Easy Language
		Pascal: The Simple Language
		C: For Portability & Scientific Use
		LISP: For Artificial Intelligence Programs
	10.5 Object-Oriented & Visual Programming
		Object-Oriented Programming: Block by Block
		Three Important Concepts of OOP
		Visual Programming: The Example of Visual BASIC
	10.6 Markup & Scripting Languages
		HTML: For Creating 2-D Web Documents & Links
		VRML: For Creating 3-D Web Pages
		XML: For Making the Web Work Better
		JavaScript: For Dynamic Web Pages
		ActiveX: For Creating Interactive Web Pages
		Perl: For CGI Scripts
		CGI (Common Gateway Interface)
		Tcl (Tool Command Language)
		PHP(Personal Home Page, or PHP Hypertext Pre processor) & R
		Ruby
		Experience Box: Critical Thinking Tools
Notes
Credits
Index