US Navy Diving Manual: Revision 4

VOL 5 MENU......Page 0
12 SURFACE-SUPPLIED AIR DIVING......Page 81
12.1 Breathing Tubes......Page 82
12.4 Diving Dress Designs......Page 83
12.5 Caissons......Page 85
12.6 Physiological Discoveries......Page 86
12.7 Armored Diving Suits......Page 87
13 SCUBA DIVING......Page 88
13.1 Open-Circuit Scuba......Page 89
13.2 Closed-Circuit Scuba......Page 90
13.3 Hazards of Using Oxygen in Scuba......Page 91
13.4 Semiclosed-Circuit Scuba......Page 92
13.5 Scuba Use During World War II......Page 93
14.1 Nonsaturation Diving......Page 96
14.2 Diving Bells......Page 100
14.3 Saturation Diving......Page 101
14.4 Deep Diving Systems (DDS)......Page 104
15.1 USS F-4......Page 106
15.3 USS S-4......Page 107
15.5 USS Thresher......Page 108
16.1 World War II Era......Page 109
17 OPEN-SEA DEEP DIVING RECORDS......Page 110
18 SUMMARY......Page 111
23.3 Molecules......Page 113
24.1 Measurement Systems......Page 114
24.3 Gas Measurements......Page 115
25 ENERGY......Page 116
26.1 Refraction......Page 117
27 MECHANICAL ENERGY IN DIVING......Page 118
27.2 Water Depth and Sound......Page 119
27.3 Underwater Explosions......Page 120
28.1 Conduction, Convection, and Radiation......Page 122
28.3 Diver Body Temperature......Page 123
29.2 Terms Used to Describe Gas Pressure......Page 124
29.4 Buoyancy......Page 125
210.2 Oxygen......Page 126
210.4 Helium......Page 127
210.9 Kinetic Theory of Gases......Page 128
211.1 Boyle’s Law......Page 129
211.2 Charles’/Gay-Lussac’s Law......Page 131
211.3 The General Gas Law......Page 133
212 GAS MIXTURES......Page 136
212.1 Dalton’s Law......Page 137
212.2 Gas Diffusion......Page 139
212.6 Henry’s Law......Page 140
32 THE NERVOUS SYSTEM......Page 149
33.2 Circulatory Function......Page 150
33.3 Blood Components......Page 151
34.2 Respiration Phases......Page 153
34.4 The Respiratory Apparatus......Page 154
34.5 Respiratory Tract Ventilation Definitions......Page 155
34.6 Alveolar/Capillary Gas Exchange......Page 157
34.8 Oxygen Consumption......Page 158
35.1 Oxygen Deficiency (Hypoxia)......Page 159
35.2 Carbon Dioxide Toxicity (Hypercapnia)......Page 163
35.3 Asphyxia......Page 164
35.4 Breathing Resistance and Dyspnea......Page 165
35.5 Carbon Monoxide Poisoning......Page 166
36.2 Hazards of Breathhold Diving......Page 167
38 EFFECTS OF BAROTRAUMA AND PRESSURE ON THE HUMAN BODY......Page 168
38.3 Middle Ear Squeeze......Page 169
38.4 Sinus Squeeze......Page 171
38.6 External Ear Squeeze......Page 172
38.9 Middle Ear Overpressure (Reverse Middle Ear Squeeze)......Page 173
38.12 Inner Ear Dysfunction......Page 174
39 PULMONARY OVERINFLATION SYNDROMES......Page 176
39.1 Arterial Gas Embolism......Page 177
39.3 Pneumothorax......Page 178
310.1 Nitrogen Narcosis......Page 180
310.2 Oxygen Toxicity......Page 182
310.4 Saturation of Tissues......Page 186
310.5 Desaturation of Tissues......Page 189
310.6 Decompression Sickness......Page 190
311 PHYSIOLOGICAL HAZARDS FROM MUNITIONS......Page 193
312 THERMAL PROBLEMS AND OTHER PHYSIOLOGICAL PROBLEMS IN DIVING......Page 194
312.2 Excessive Heat Loss (Hypothermia)......Page 195
312.3 Excessive Heat (Hyperthermia)......Page 197
312.4 Dehydration......Page 199
312.5 Hypoglycemia......Page 200
42.2 Equipment Authorized For Navy Use (ANU)......Page 203
42.6 Operating and Emergency Procedures......Page 204
43.2 Diver’s Breathing Oxygen......Page 206
44 DIVER’S AIR SAMPLING PROGRAM......Page 207
44.1 Maintenance Requirements......Page 208
44.2 General Air Sampling Procedures......Page 210
44.3 CSS Air Sampling Services......Page 211
45.3 Lubrication......Page 212
46.2 Calibrating and Maintaining Gauges......Page 213
46.3 Helical Bourdon Tube Gauges......Page 214
47 COMPRESSED GAS HANDLING AND STORAGE......Page 215
53 RECORD KEEPING AND REPORTING DOCUMENTS......Page 217
55 RECOMPRESSION CHAMBER LOG......Page 218
57 DIVING MISHAP/CASUALTY REPORTING......Page 225
510 ACCIDENT/INCIDENT EQUIPMENT INVESTIGATION REQUIREMENTS......Page 226
512 ACTIONS REQUIRED......Page 227
512.2 Shipment of Equipment......Page 229
1A2 BACKGROUND......Page 231
1A4.1 General Information/Introduction......Page 232
1A4.2 Directions for Completing the Sonar Diving Distances Worksheet......Page 233
1A6 GUIDANCE FOR DIVER EXPOSURE TO ULTRASONIC SONAR (250 KHz AND GREATER)......Page 246
APP 1B References......Page 247
APP 1C Telephone Numbers......Page 251
APP 1D List of Acronyms......Page 253
62.1 Identifying Available Resources......Page 290
64.1 Underwater Ship Husbandry (UWSH).......Page 291
64.3 Search Missions......Page 292
64.5 Explosive Ordnance Disposal......Page 293
64.6 Underwater Construction......Page 294
65 COLLECT AND ANALYZE DATA......Page 295
65.2 Planning Data.......Page 296
65.3 Data Required for All Diving Operations.......Page 297
66.3 Contaminated Water......Page 304
66.8 Underwater Obstacles......Page 306
66.9 Electrical Shock Hazards......Page 307
66.11 Sonar......Page 308
67 SELECT DIVING TECHNIQUE......Page 309
67.1 Factors to Consider when Selecting the Diving Technique......Page 311
67.2 Operational Characteristics of Scuba......Page 313
68.2 Air Supply......Page 314
68.3 Diving Craft and Platforms......Page 315
69.1 Manning Levels......Page 316
69.4 Master Diver......Page 318
69.5 Diving Supervisor......Page 319
69.7 Diving Personnel......Page 320
69.8 Standby Diver......Page 321
69.12 Medical Personnel......Page 322
69.15 Physical Condition.......Page 323
610.1 Scuba Diving (Air) Restriction......Page 324
611.1 Task Planning and Scheduling.......Page 325
611.2 Postdive Tasks.......Page 326
612.5 Assistance and Emergencies.......Page 327
613 AIR DIVING EQUIPMENT REFERENCE DATA......Page 340
72 REQUIRED EQUIPMENT FOR SCUBA OPERATIONS......Page 344
72.2 Open-Circuit Scuba......Page 345
72.3 Minimum Equipment.......Page 350
73 OPTIONAL EQUIPMENT FOR SCUBA OPERATIONS......Page 353
73.1 Protective Clothing......Page 354
74 AIR SUPPLY......Page 356
74.1 Duration of Air Supply......Page 357
74.2 Compressed Air from Commercial Sources......Page 359
74.3 Methods for Charging Scuba Cylinders......Page 360
74.4 Operating Procedures for Charging Scuba Tanks......Page 361
74.5 Safety Precautions for Charging and Handling Cylinders......Page 363
75.1 Equipment Preparation......Page 364
75.3 Donning Gear......Page 367
75.4 Predive Inspection......Page 368
76.1 Water Entry......Page 369
76.2 Predescent Surface Check......Page 371
76.4 Descent......Page 372
77.3 Hose and Mouthpiece Clearing......Page 373
77.5 Diver Communications......Page 374
77.6 Buddy Diver Responsibilities......Page 375
77.7 Buddy Breathing Procedure......Page 378
77.8 Tending......Page 379
77.10 Adapting to Underwater Conditions......Page 380
78.1 Emergency Free-Ascent Procedures......Page 381
78.3 Decompression......Page 382
79 POSTDIVE PROCEDURES......Page 383
82.2 Air Supply......Page 386
83.1 Operation and Maintenance......Page 390
84.1 MK 3 MOD 0 Lightweight Dive System (LWDS)......Page 391
84.2 MK 3 MOD 1 Lightweight Dive System......Page 392
84.4 Flyaway Dive System (FADS) I......Page 394
84.5 Flyaway Dive System (FADS) II......Page 395
85 ACCESSORY EQUIPMENT FOR SURFACE-SUPPLIED DIVING......Page 397
86.1 Requirements for Air Supply......Page 398
86.2 Primary and Secondary Air Supply......Page 400
87.1 Diver Intercommunication Systems......Page 405
87.2 Line-Pull Signals......Page 406
88.8 Diving Supervisor Predive Checklist......Page 408
89.2 Descent......Page 409
810.2 Movement on the Bottom......Page 410
810.3 Searching on the Bottom......Page 411
810.4 Enclosed Space Diving......Page 412
810.7 Working With or Near Lines or Moorings......Page 413
810.9 Job Site Procedures......Page 414
810.10 Safety Procedures......Page 415
810.12 Monitoring the Diver’s Movements......Page 416
811 ASCENT PROCEDURES......Page 417
813.1 Personnel and Reporting......Page 418
813.2 Equipment......Page 419
92 THEORY OF DECOMPRESSION......Page 420
93.6 Depth.......Page 421
94 DIVE RECORDING......Page 422
95.1 Decompression Tables Available.......Page 424
95.2 Selection of Decompression Schedule......Page 425
96.1 Rules During Ascent.......Page 426
96.2 Variations in Rate of Ascent......Page 427
97.2 Solution.......Page 430
98.1 Example.......Page 431
99.1 Residual Nitrogen Timetable for Repetitive Air Dives......Page 433
910.1 Surface Decompression Table Using Oxygen......Page 441
910.2 Surface Decompression Table Using Air......Page 447
911.1 Surface Decompression Procedures for Exceptional Exposure Dives.......Page 453
911.2 Oxygen System Failure (Chamber Stop).......Page 457
912.1 Altitude Correction Procedure.......Page 458
912.4 Equilibration at Altitude.......Page 459
912.5 Diving At Altitude Worksheet.......Page 461
912.6 Repetitive Dives.......Page 464
913 ASCENT TO ALTITUDE AFTER DIVING/FLYING AFTER DIVING.......Page 468
102 EQUIVALENT AIR DEPTH......Page 490
103 OXYGEN TOXICITY......Page 491
104.1 NITROX Diving Using Equivalent Air Depths......Page 492
104.2 Scuba Operations.......Page 493
106 NITROX DIVE CHARTING......Page 494
108.1 Open-Circuit Scuba Systems......Page 496
109 EQUIPMENT CLEANLINESS......Page 497
1011 NITROX MIXING......Page 498
1012 NITROX MIXING, BLENDING, AND STORAGE SYSTEMS......Page 501
112.2 Navigational Considerations......Page 504
112.4 Scuba Regulators.......Page 505
112.5 Life Preserver......Page 506
112.8 Surface-Supplied Diving System (SSDS) Considerations......Page 507
112.9 Suit Selection......Page 508
112.10 Clothing......Page 509
113.2 Dive Site Selection Considerations......Page 510
113.7 Lifelines......Page 511
114.1 Buddy Diving......Page 512
115.1 General Precautions.......Page 513
115.4 On-Surface Precautions.......Page 514
115.6 Postdive Precautions......Page 515
116.3 Hypothermia......Page 516
117 ADDITIONAL REFERENCES......Page 517
122 BOYLE’S LAW......Page 537
123 CHARLES’/GAY-LUSSAC’S LAW......Page 540
124 THE GENERAL GAS LAW......Page 543
125 DALTON’S LAW......Page 547
126 HENRY’S LAW......Page 550
131.5 Medical Considerations......Page 551
133 SELECT DIVING METHOD AND EQUIPMENT......Page 552
133.3 Depth......Page 553
133.5 Environment......Page 554
133.7 Equipment Selection.......Page 555
133.9 Support Equipment and ROVs.......Page 556
134.1 Diver Training......Page 558
135 BRIEFING THE DIVE TEAM......Page 559
138 MIXED-GAS DIVING EQUIPMENT......Page 561
138.2 MK 21 MOD 1 Lightweight Surface-Supplied Helium-Oxygen Description......Page 562
138.3 Flyaway Dive System III Mixed Gas System (FMGS)......Page 563
142.3 Gas Mixtures......Page 565
143 SURFACE-SUPPLIED HELIUM-OXYGEN DESCENT AND ASCENT PROCEDURES......Page 566
143.1 Surface-Supplied Helium-Oxygen Decompression Table......Page 567
143.2 Special Procedures for Descent with Less than 16 Percent Oxygen......Page 568
143.6 Surface Decompression Procedures (SUR D)......Page 569
143.7 Normal SUR D Procedures Using Oxygen......Page 572
143.9 Aborted Dive During Descent......Page 575
143.10 Variation in Rate of Ascent......Page 578
143.11 Special Procedures for Diving with an Oxygen Partial Pressure Greater Than 1.3 ata.......Page 579
144.2 Loss of Helium-Oxygen Supply on the Bottom......Page 581
144.4 Loss of Oxygen Supply at 50 fsw......Page 583
144.5 Loss of Oxygen Supply at the 40-fsw Stop......Page 584
144.7 Central Nervous System (CNS) Oxygen Toxicity Symptoms (Nonconvulsive) at the 50-fsw Stop......Page 585
144.9 CNS Oxygen Convulsion at the 50-fsw Stop or 40-fsw Stop......Page 586
144.10 Omitted Decompression......Page 587
144.12 Unconscious Diver on the Bottom......Page 590
144.13 Decompression Sickness in the Water......Page 592
153.1 Personnel Transfer Capsule......Page 601
153.2 Deck Decompression Chamber (DDC)......Page 603
153.3 PTC Handling Systems......Page 604
154.1 Navy Experimental Diving Unit (NEDU), Panama City, FL......Page 605
155 INTRODUCTION......Page 606
156.2 Inspired Gas Heating......Page 609
157 SATURATION DIVING UNDERWATER BREATHING APPARATUS......Page 610
158.1 Specific Dives.......Page 611
158.2 Emergency Gas Supply Duration......Page 612
158.3 Gas Composition.......Page 613
1510.2 Mission Training.......Page 614
1511 SELECTION OF STORAGE DEPTH......Page 615
1512.3 Chamber Atmosphere Data Sheet......Page 616
1513 LOGISTICS......Page 617
1515 GAS SUPPLY REQUIREMENTS......Page 618
1516 ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL......Page 619
1517 FIRE ZONE CONSIDERATIONS......Page 620
1518.2 Prevention of External Ear Infections......Page 621
1519.2 Initial Unmanned Screening Procedures.......Page 622
1520.2 Compression to Storage Depth......Page 624
1521 STORAGE DEPTH......Page 625
1521.1 Excursion Table Examples.......Page 628
1521.2 PTC Diving Procedures......Page 629
1522.1 Loss of Chamber Atmosphere Control.......Page 631
1522.3 Fire in the DDC.......Page 632
1523.4 Rest Stops.......Page 633
1523.6 Atmosphere Control at Shallow Depths.......Page 634
1523.7 Saturation Dive Mission Abort......Page 635
1523.8 Decompression Sickness (DCS)......Page 637
1524 POSTDIVE PROCEDURES......Page 639
162.1 Mixing by Partial Pressure......Page 641
162.2 Ideal-Gas Method Mixing Procedure......Page 642
162.3 Adjustment of Oxygen Percentage.......Page 645
162.5 Mixing by Volume......Page 647
163 GAS ANALYSIS......Page 648
163.2 Techniques for Analyzing Constituents of a Gas......Page 649
172 PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION......Page 666
172.1 Recirculation and Carbon Dioxide Removal......Page 667
172.2 Gas Addition, Exhaust, and Monitoring.......Page 669
173.3 Housing System.......Page 670
173.6 Electronics System.......Page 671
174 OPERATIONAL PLANNING......Page 673
174.1 Operating Limitations.......Page 674
174.2 Equipment Requirements......Page 678
174.4 Diving Procedures for MK 16.......Page 680
175.2 Diving Supervisor Check......Page 682
177.2 At Depth.......Page 684
1710.2 Monitoring ppO2.......Page 686
1710.3 Rules for Using 0.7 ata Constant ppO2 in Nitrogen and inHelium Decompression Tables.......Page 687
1710.4 PPO2 Variances.......Page 688
1710.5 Emergency Breathing System (EBS)......Page 694
1710.6 Omitted Decompression......Page 700
1711.1 Central Nervous System (CNS) Oxygen Toxicity.......Page 702
1711.3 Carbon Dioxide Toxicity (Hypercapnia)......Page 704
1711.4 Chemical Injury......Page 705
1711.5 Decompression Sickness in the Water......Page 706
182 MEDICAL ASPECTS OF CLOSED-CIRCUIT OXYGEN DIVING......Page 730
182.1 Oxygen Toxicity.......Page 731
182.2 Oxygen Deficiency (Hypoxia)......Page 733
182.3 Carbon Dioxide Toxicity (Hypercapnia)......Page 735
182.4 Chemical Injury......Page 736
182.5 Middle Ear Oxygen Absorption Syndrome......Page 737
183.1 Gas Flow Path......Page 738
183.2 Operational Duration of the MK 25 UBA......Page 740
183.5 References.......Page 741
184.4 Individual Oxygen Susceptibility Precautions.......Page 742
184.5 Transit with Excursion Limits.......Page 743
184.7 Exposure Limits for Successive Oxygen Dives......Page 745
184.12 References for Additional Information.......Page 747
185.2 Maximizing Operational Range......Page 748
185.4 Personnel Requirements......Page 749
185.6 Transport and Storage of Prepared UBA.......Page 750
185.7 Predive Precautions......Page 751
186.3 Diving Supervisor Check......Page 752
187.1 Purge Procedure......Page 753
187.4 References for Additional Information.......Page 754
188.1 General Guidelines.......Page 755
1810 POSTDIVE PROCEDURES AND DIVE DOCUMENTATION......Page 756
192.1 Oxygen Deficiency (Hypoxia)......Page 775
192.3 Carbon Dioxide Toxicity (Hypercapnia)......Page 776
192.4 Oxygen Toxicity.......Page 777
192.7 Shortness of Breath (Dyspnea)......Page 779
193.1 Mediastinal and Subcutaneous Emphysema......Page 780
193.3 Prevention of Pulmonary Overinflation Syndrome......Page 781
194.1 Squeeze.......Page 782
194.3 Ear Barotrauma.......Page 784
195.1 Vertigo.......Page 785
195.2 Unconscious Diver on the Bottom......Page 786
196.2 Treatment......Page 787
197.2 Hypothermia......Page 788
197.3 Physiological Effects of Exposure to Cold Water......Page 789
198.2 Otitis Externa......Page 790
198.5 Communicable Diseases and Sanitization......Page 791
199 MEDICATIONS AND DIVING......Page 792
202.1 Arterial Embolism Development.......Page 793
202.5 Neurological Examination Guidelines.......Page 794
202.7 Prevention of Arterial Gas Embolism......Page 795
203.1 Initial Episode of Decompression Sickness.......Page 796
203.3 Type I Decompression Sickness......Page 797
203.4 Type II Decompression Sickness......Page 798
203.5 Time Course of Symptoms.......Page 799
203.6 Altitude Decompression Sickness......Page 800
211.4 Emergency Consultation.......Page 801
211.6 Recompression Treatment for Non-Diving Disorders.......Page 802
211.7 Primary Objectives.......Page 803
211.8 Guidance on Recompressed Treatment.......Page 804
213.1 Planned and Unplanned Omitted Decompression.......Page 805
213.2 Treating Omitted Decompression with Symptoms.......Page 806
213.6 Ascent from Deeper than 20 Feet (Uncontrolled Ascent)......Page 807
214 RECOMPRESSION TREATMENTS WHEN NO RECOMPRESSION CHAMBER IS AVAILABLE......Page 808
214.2 In-Water Recompression......Page 809
215.1 Symptoms During Decompression and Surface Decompression (Recompression Chamber Available).......Page 811
215.4 Recompression Treatments When Oxygen Is Available.......Page 812
215.5 Tending the Patient.......Page 818
215.6 Recompression Chamber Life-Support Considerations.......Page 821
215.8 Use of High-Oxygen Mixes.......Page 826
215.9 Treatment at Altitude - Tender Considerations......Page 827
216.4 Flying After Treatments.......Page 828
216.6 Returning to Diving after Treatment Table 5.......Page 829
218.3 Impending Natural Disasters or Mechanical Failures.......Page 830
219.2 Emergency Kits.......Page 831
219.3 Use of Emergency Kits.......Page 832
222.1 Basic Requirements......Page 851
222.4 Fly Away Recompression Chamber (FARCC).......Page 856
222.5 Standard Features.......Page 857
224 GAS SUPPLY......Page 860
224.1 Capacity.......Page 861
225.2 Safety Precautions......Page 862
225.3 General Operating Procedures......Page 865
225.4 Ventilation......Page 866
226.2 Scheduled Maintenance......Page 869
227.3 Procedure.......Page 876
5A2 INITIAL ASSESSMENT OF DIVING INJURIES......Page 877
5A3 NEUROLOGICAL ASSESSMENT......Page 878
5A3.2 Coordination (Cerebellar/Inner Ear Function)......Page 881
5A3.3 Cranial Nerves......Page 882
5A3.4 Motor.......Page 883
5A3.5 Sensory Function......Page 884
5A3.6 Deep Tendon Reflexes......Page 886
5B3.3 Pressure Points.......Page 891
5B3.4 Tourniquet......Page 894
5B4.1 Signs and Symptoms of Shock......Page 896
5B4.2 Treatment......Page 897
5C2.1 Sharks......Page 899
5C2.2 Killer Whales......Page 901
5C2.4 Moray Eels......Page 902
5C2.5 Sea Lions......Page 903
5C3.1 Venomous Fish (Excluding Stonefish, Zebrafish, Scorpionfish)......Page 904
5C3.2 Highly Toxic Fish (Stonefish, Zebra-fish, Scorpionfish)......Page 905
5C3.4 Coelenterates......Page 907
5C3.5 Coral......Page 909
5C3.6 Octopuses......Page 910
5C3.7 Segmented Worms (Annelida) (Examples: Bloodworm, Bristleworm)......Page 911
5C3.8 Sea Urchins......Page 912
5C3.9 Cone Shells......Page 913
5C3.10 Sea Snakes......Page 914
5C4.1 Ciguatera Fish Poisoning......Page 916
5C4.2 Scombroid Fish Poisoning......Page 917
5C4.4 Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) (Red Tide)......Page 918
5C4.5 Bacterial and Viral Diseases from Shellfish......Page 919
5C5 REFERENCES FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION......Page 920
MAIN INDEX......Page 927