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ویرایش: 4 نویسندگان: Liang Cheng, Greg T. MacLennan, David G. Bostwick سری: ISBN (شابک) : 0323549411, 9780323549417 ناشر: Saunders سال نشر: 2019 تعداد صفحات: 1259 زبان: English فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود) حجم فایل: 134 مگابایت
در صورت تبدیل فایل کتاب Urologic Surgical Pathology به فرمت های PDF، EPUB، AZW3، MOBI و یا DJVU می توانید به پشتیبان اطلاع دهید تا فایل مورد نظر را تبدیل نمایند.
توجه داشته باشید کتاب آسیب شناسی جراحی اورولوژی نسخه زبان اصلی می باشد و کتاب ترجمه شده به فارسی نمی باشد. وبسایت اینترنشنال لایبرری ارائه دهنده کتاب های زبان اصلی می باشد و هیچ گونه کتاب ترجمه شده یا نوشته شده به فارسی را ارائه نمی دهد.
آسیب شناسی جراحی اورولوژی با ارائه پوشش جامع این حوزه که به سرعت در حال تغییر است برای بیش از 20 سال، راهنمای تخصصی برای همه موجودات شایع و نادر در دستگاه تناسلی است. نسخه چهارم شما را به طور کامل با بحث در مورد تومورها و اصطلاحات جدید شناخته شده، آخرین طرح های طبقه بندی، رویکردهای درجه بندی فعلی، تغییرات مولکولی، و تکنیک های رایج تشخیصی کمکی به روز نگه می دارد. این مرجع اوروپاتولوژی که به طور کامل تجدید نظر شده است، با تمرکز بالینی خود بر خروج روزانه پاتولوژی اورولوژی و تأکید بر همبستگی های آسیب شناسی بالینی و رادیوگرافیک- پاتولوژیک، منبعی عالی برای تصمیم گیری های تشخیصی است. شامل پوشش گسترده تشخیص افتراقی برای همه انواع تومورهایی است که در عمل پاتولوژی جراحی اورولوژی با آن مواجه می شوند. دارای آخرین سیستم های طبقه بندی TNM و طبقه بندی WHO، و همچنین نشانگرهای زیستی تشخیصی جدید و کاربرد آنها در تشخیص افتراقی، انواع جدید توصیف شده و موجودیت های بافت شناسی جدید. در مورد پیشرفتها در آزمایشهای تشخیصی مولکولی، قابلیتها و محدودیتهای آن، از جمله درمان هدفمند/پزشکی شخصی بحث میکند. پیشرفت های جدید در ایمونوهیستوشیمی و جدیدترین نشانگرهای تومور تشخیصی را پوشش می دهد. دارای بیش از 1600 تصویر با کیفیت بالا - همه رنگی - از جمله تصاویر ناخالص، تصاویر هیستوپاتولوژیک و سیتوپاتولوژیک، لکه های خاص، سایر لوازم جانبی، نقاشی ها و تصاویر. به شما کمک می کند اطلاعات را به سرعت با یک قالب فصل سازگار پیدا کنید. فراوانی جداول، نمودارها و فلوچارت ها؛ لیست های جعبه ای انواع و علل بیماری ها؛ تشخیص های افتراقی؛ ویژگی های مشخصه بیماری ها؛ عوارض؛ طبقه بندی ها و صحنه سازی نسخه کتاب الکترونیکی پیشرفته همراه با خرید. کتاب الکترونیکی پیشرفته شما به شما امکان می دهد به تمام متن ها، شکل ها و مراجع کتاب در دستگاه های مختلف دسترسی داشته باشید.
Offering comprehensive coverage of this fast-changing field for more than 20 years, Urologic Surgical Pathology is an expert guide to all common and rare entities in the genitourinary system. The 4th Edition keeps you fully up to date with discussions of newly recognized tumors and terminologies, the latest classification schemes, current grading approaches, molecular alterations, and commonly used ancillary diagnostic techniques. With its clinical focus on day-to-day urological pathology sign-out and an emphasis on clinicopathologic and radiographic-pathologic correlations, this thoroughly revised uropathology reference is an excellent resource for diagnostic decision making. Includes expanded coverage of differential diagnosis for all tumor types encountered in urological surgical pathology practice. Incorporates the latest TNM staging and WHO classification systems, as well as new diagnostic biomarkers and their utility in differential diagnosis, newly described variants and new histologic entities. Discusses advances in molecular diagnostic testing, its capabilities, and its limitations, including targeted therapy/personalized medicine. Covers new developments in immunohistochemistry and the latest diagnostic tumor markers. Features more than 1,600 high-quality images - all in color - including gross pictures, histopathologic and cytopathologic images, special stains, other ancillaries, drawings, and illustrations. Helps you find information quickly with a consistent chapter format; an abundance of tables, diagrams and flowcharts; boxed lists of types and causes of diseases; differential diagnosis; characteristic features of diseases; complications; classifications; and staging. Enhanced eBook version included with purchase. Your enhanced eBook allows you to access all of the text, figures, and references from the book on a variety of devices.
Cover Inside Front Cover UROLOGIC SURGICAL PATHOLOGY Copyright Contributors Preface to the Fourth Edition 1 Nonneoplastic Diseases of the Kidney Introduction Embryologic Development and Normal Structure Pronephros Mesonephros Metanephros Nephron Differentiation Gross Anatomy Microscopic Anatomy Parenchymal Maldevelopment and Cystic Kidney Diseases Abnormalities in Form and Position Rotation Anomaly Renal Ectopia Renal Fusion Abnormalities in Mass and Number Supernumerary Kidney Hypoplasia Simple Hypoplasia Oligomeganephronia Cortical Hypoplasia Segmental Hypoplasia (Ask-Upmark Kidney) Renal Agenesis Unilateral Renal Agenesis Bilateral Renal Agenesis (Potter Syndrome) Syndromic Renal Agenesis Renal Dysplasia Polycystic Kidney Disease Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease Cystic Diseases (Without Dysplasia) in Hereditary Syndromes Nephronophthisis Autosomal Dominant Tubulointerstitial Disease Von Hippel-Lindau disease Tuberous Sclerosis Glomerulocystic Kidneys Miscellaneous Diseases Renal Tubular Dysgenesis Acquired Cystic Kidney Disease Localized Cystic Kidney Disease Medullary Sponge Kidney Simple Cortical Cyst Hydrocalyx, Megacalycosis, and Calyceal Diverticulum Vascular Diseases Hypertension-Associated Renal Disease Benign Nephrosclerosis Malignant Nephrosclerosis Thrombotic Microangiopathy Renal Artery Stenosis Atherosclerosis-Related Renal Artery Stenosis Fibromuscular Dysplasia Intimal Fibroplasia Medial Hyperplasia Medial Fibroplasia With Aneurysms Perimedial Fibroplasia Periarterial Fibroplasia Kidney in Renal Artery Stenosis Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura Renal Artery Dissection Renal Artery Aneurysm Saccular Aneurysm Fusiform Aneurysm Intrarenal Aneurysm Arteriovenous Malformation and Fistula Renal Emboli and Infarcts Renal Cortical Necrosis Renal Papillary Necrosis Renal Cholesterol Microembolism Syndrome Renal Artery Thrombosis Renal Vein Thrombosis Bartter syndrome Vasculitis Tubulointerstitial Disease Acute and Chronic Renal Failure Acute Tubular Injury (Necrosis) Acute Tubulointerstitial Nephritis Herbal Remedies, Slimming Agents and Aristocholic Acid Nephropathy Immunoglobulin G4-Related Sclerosing Tubulointerstitial Nephritis Analgesic Nephropathy Bacterial Infection-Associated Tubulointerstitial Disease Acute Pyelonephritis Pyonephrosis Perinephric Abscess Emphysematous Pyelonephritis Chronic Pyelonephritis Reflux Nephropathy (Chronic Nonobstructive Pyelonephritis) Chronic Obstructive Pyelonephritis Viral Infections Granulomatous Tubulointerstitial Disease Sarcoidosis Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis Malakoplakia Tuberculosis Diverse Other Granulomatous Diseases Metabolic Abnormalities, Heavy Metals, and Crystal-Associated Tubulointerstitial Diseases Heavy Metals Hypercalcemic Nephropathy Nephrolithiasis Oxalate-Associated Renal Disease Cystinosis Uric Acid-Associated Renal Disease Diabetic Kidney Disease Amyloidosis and Paraprotein-Associated Tubulointerstitial Disease Amyloidosis Light Chain Cast Nephropathy Immunoglobulin and Light Chain Deposition Disease Light Chain Proximal Tubulopathy Light Chain Crystal Tubulopathy Crystal-Storing Histiocytosis Monoclonal Gammopathy of Renal Significance Renal Transplantation Evaluation of Preimplantation/Procurement and Zero-Hour Implantation Biopsy Evaluation of a Transplant Biopsy Antibody-Mediated Rejection T-Cell-Mediated Rejection Calcineurin Inhibitor Nephrotoxicity References 2 Neoplasms of the Kidney Renal Cell Carcinomas General Considerations Incidence Epidemiology Hereditary Aspects of Renal Cell Neoplasia Grading Renal Cell Carcinoma Staging Renal Cell Carcinoma Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma Multilocular Cystic Renal Neoplasm of Low Malignant Potential Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma Hereditary Leiomyomatosis and Renal Cell Carcinoma-Associated Renal Cell Carcinoma Chromophobe Renal Cell Carcinoma Collecting Duct Carcinoma Renal Medullary Carcinoma MiT Family Translocation Renal Cell Carcinoma Xp11 Translocation Renal Cell Carcinoma t(6;11) Translocation Renal Cell Carcinoma Succinic Dehydrogenase-Deficient Renal Cell Carcinoma Mucinous Tubular and Spindle Cell Carcinoma Tubulocystic Renal Cell Carcinoma Acquired Cystic Disease-Associated Renal Cell Carcinoma Clear Cell Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma Renal Cell Carcinoma, Unclassified Emerging or Provisional Renal Cell Carcinomas Oncocytic Renal Cell Carcinoma Occurring After Neuroblastoma Eosinophilic Solid and Cystic Renal Cell Carcinoma Thyroid-like Follicular Carcinoma of the Kidney ALK Rearrangement-Associated Renal Cell Carcinoma Renal Cell Carcinoma With Angioleiomyoma-like Stroma Benign Epithelial Neoplasms Papillary Adenoma Oncocytoma Metanephric Tumors Metanephric Adenoma Metanephric Adenofibroma Metanephric Stromal Tumor Nephroblastic and Cystic Tumors That Occur Mainly in Children Nephrogenic Rests Nephroblastoma (Wilms Tumor) Cystic Partially Differentiated Nephroblastoma Pediatric Cystic Nephroma Mesenchymal Tumors Mesenchymal Tumors That Occur Mainly in Children Clear Cell Sarcoma Rhabdoid Tumor Congenital Mesoblastic Nephroma Ossifying Renal Tumor of Infancy Mesenchymal Tumors That Occur Mainly in Adults Leiomyosarcoma Angiosarcoma Rhabdomyosarcoma Osteosarcoma Synovial Sarcoma Ewing Sarcoma Angiomyolipoma Epithelioid Angiomyolipoma Leiomyoma Hemangioma Lymphangioma Hemangioblastoma Juxtaglomerular Cell Tumor Renomedullary Interstitial Cell Tumor Schwannoma Solitary Fibrous Tumor Mixed Epithelial and Stromal Tumor Family Adult Cystic Nephroma Mixed Epithelial and Stromal Tumor Neuroendocrine Tumors Well-Differentiated Neuroendocrine Tumor Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma Small Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma Paraganglioma Miscellaneous Tumors Renal Hematopoietic Neoplasms Lymphoma Plasmacytoma Leukemia Germ Cell Tumors Metastatic Tumors References 3 Renal Pelvis and Ureter Development Anatomy Congenital Malformations Abnormalities in Number or Location of Ureters Refluxing Megaureter Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction Primary Megaureter Ureterocele Paraureteral Diverticulum Ureteral Dysplasia Nonneoplastic Proliferative, Metaplastic, and Inflammatory Lesions Hyperplasia, von Brunn Nests, and Ureteropyelitis Cystica and Glandularis Squamous and Glandular Metaplasia Nephrogenic Adenoma Reactive Changes (Reactive Atypia) Malakoplakia Endometriosis Retroperitoneal Fibrosis Neoplasms Benign Epithelial Neoplasms Inverted Papilloma Urothelial Papilloma Malignant Epithelial Neoplasms Urothelial Dysplasia and Carcinoma In Situ Urothelial Carcinoma Squamous Cell Carcinoma Adenocarcinoma Metastases Mesenchymal Neoplasms Fibroepithelial Polyp Leiomyoma and Leiomyosarcoma Hemangioma Other Tumors References 4 Fine Needle Aspiration of the Kidney Introduction Background to Renal Fine Needle Aspiration Indications Specimen Collection and Preparation Complications Accuracy Adequacy Normal Elements Glomeruli Proximal Tubular Cells Distal Tubular Cells Benign Lesions Oncocytoma Papillary Adenoma Angiomyolipoma Metanephric Adenoma Cystic Nephroma/Mixed Epithelial and Stromal Tumor Renal Abscess Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis Renal Infarct Renal Cysts Acquired Cystic Disease and Adult Polycystic Disease Malignant Lesions Renal Cell Carcinoma Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma Chromophobe Renal Cell Carcinoma Sarcomatoid Renal Cell Carcinoma Collecting Duct Carcinoma Translocation-Associated Renal Cell Carcinomas [TFE3-Associated Tumors, Including the MiT Family, Xp11, and t6,11] Mucinous Tubular and Spindle Cell Carcinoma Clear Cell Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma Other Subtypes of Renal Cell Carcinoma Metastases Urothelial Carcinoma Other Rare Tumors Future Trends Fine Needle Aspiration in Pediatric Patients Renal Mass Ablation Conclusions References 5 Nonneoplastic Disorders of the Urinary Bladder Embryology and Anatomy Embryology Gross Anatomy Histology Epithelial Abnormalities von Brunn Nests Cystitis Glandularis and Intestinal Metaplasia Cystitis Glandularis and Cystitis Cystica Intestinal Metaplasia (Cystitis Glandularis, Intestinal Type) Squamous Metaplasia Nephrogenic Adenoma Papillary Hyperplasia Inflammation and Infection Nonspecific Cystitis Polypoid and Papillary Cystitis Follicular Cystitis Giant Cell Cystitis Hemorrhagic Cystitis Special Types of Cystitis Interstitial Cystitis (Bladder Pain Syndrome) Eosinophilic Cystitis Postsurgical Necrobiotic Granulomas Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Granulomas Other Noninfectious Granulomas Radiation Cystitis Reaction to Chemotherapy Calculi Infectious Cystitis Bacterial Cystitis Gangrene Encrusted Cystitis Emphysematous Cystitis Other Rare Lesions Urachal Abscess Malakoplakia Tuberculous Cystitis Fungal and Actinomycotic Cystitis Viral Cystitis Human Papillomavirus Other Viruses Schistosomiasis Polyps and Other Mass Lesions Ectopic Prostate Other Polyps Hamartoma Amyloidosis Proteinoma (Tamm-Horsfall Protein Deposits) Fallopian Tube Prolapse Postoperative Spindle Cell Nodule Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor (Pseudosarcomatous Fibromyxoid Tumor; Inflammatory Pseudotumor) Müllerian Lesions Endometriosis Endocervicosis Müllerian Cyst Malformations Agenesis Exstrophy Duplication and Septation of the Bladder Urachal Cysts and Persistence Diverticulum Other Congenital Malformations and Anomalies References 6 Neoplasms of the Urinary Bladder Benign Urothelial Neoplasms Urothelial Papilloma and Diffuse Papillomatosis Inverted Papilloma Squamous Papilloma Urothelial Proliferation of Uncertain Malignant Potential Papillary Urothelial Hyperplasia/Urothelial Proliferation of Uncertain Malignant Potential Flat Urothelial Hyperplasia/Urothelial Proliferation of Uncertain Malignant Potential Flat Intraepithelial Lesions Histologic Variants of Carcinoma In Situ Large Cell Carcinoma In Situ Small Cell Carcinoma In Situ Denuding and ``Clinging Pattern´´ Carcinoma In Situ Pagetoid and Undermining (Lepidic) Carcinoma In Situ Carcinoma In Situ With Squamous or Glandular Differentiation Carcinoma In Situ With Micropapillary Pattern Carcinoma In Situ With Microinvasion Urothelial Reactive Atypia Reactive Atypia Atypia of Unknown Significance Therapy-Induced Changes in the Urothelium and Mimics of Urothelial Flat Neoplasia Urothelial Dysplasia Primary Dysplasia Secondary Dysplasia Urothelial Carcinoma In Situ (High-Grade Intraurothelial Neoplasia) Microscopic Pathology Urothelial Carcinoma General Features Epidemiology and Risk Factors Signs and Symptoms Field Cancerization and Tumor Multicentricity Molecular Taxonomy Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy Histologic Grading Staging of Invasive Bladder Cancer General Features of Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma Stage pT1 Tumor Histologic Grade Stroma-Epithelial Interface Invading Epithelium Stromal Response Diagnostic Pitfalls Substaging of pT1 Tumors Stage pT2 Tumor Stage pT3 Tumor Stage pT4 Tumor Histologic Grading According to the 1973 World Health Organization Classification Grade 1 Urothelial Carcinoma Grade 2 Urothelial Carcinoma Grade 3 Urothelial Carcinoma Histologic Grading According to the 2004/2016 World Health Organization Classification Papillary Urothelial Neoplasm of Low Malignant Potential Low-Grade Urothelial Carcinoma High-Grade Urothelial Carcinoma Histologic Grading of Urothelial Carcinoma: The Four-Tier Proposal Grade 1 Urothelial Carcinoma (Low Grade) Grade 2 Urothelial Carcinoma (Low Grade) Grade 3 Urothelial Carcinoma (High Grade) Grade 4 Urothelial Carcinoma (High Grade) Other Proposals for Bladder Cancer Grading and Tumor Heterogeneity The ANCONA 2001 Refinement of the 1973 World Health Organization Classification The 1999 World Health Organization Grading Proposal Tumor Heterogeneity: Implications for Grading Histologic Variants of Urothelial Carcinoma Urothelial Carcinoma With Divergent Differentiation Micropapillary Urothelial Carcinoma Plasmacytoid Urothelial Carcinoma Nested Urothelial Carcinoma Microcystic Urothelial Carcinoma Lymphoepithelioma-like Urothelial Carcinoma Lipid-Rich Urothelial Carcinoma Clear Cell (Glycogen-Rich) Urothelial Carcinoma Sarcomatoid Urothelial Carcinoma Giant Cell Urothelial Carcinoma Poorly Differentiated Tumors (Including Those With Osteoclast-like Giant Cells) Other Aspects and Variants of Urothelial Carcinoma Not Included in the Current World Health Organization Classification Urothelial Carcinoma, Inverted Growth (Inverted Papilloma-like) Pseudoangiosarcomatous (Pseudoangiosarcoma-like) Urothelial Carcinoma Urothelial Carcinoma With Chordoid Features Urothelial Carcinoma With Syncytiotrophoblastic Giant Cells Urothelial Carcinoma With Acinar/Tubular Differentiation Undifferentiated Carcinoma (Including Those With Rhabdoid Features) Urothelial Carcinoma With Unusual Stromal Reactions Urothelial Carcinoma in Augmentation Cystoplasties and Neurogenic Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma in Children and Young Adults Urothelial Carcinoma in Bladder Diverticulum Specimen Handling and Reporting Glandular Neoplasms Villous Adenoma Clear Cell Carcinoma (Tumors of Müllerian Type) Adenocarcinoma Hepatoid Adenocarcinoma Urachal Adenocarcinoma Squamous Cell Neoplasms Squamous Papilloma Squamous Cell Carcinoma In Situ Squamous Cell Carcinoma Schistosoma-Associated Squamous Cell Carcinoma Verrucous Squamous Cell Carcinoma Basaloid Squamous Cell Carcinoma Neural and Neuroendocrine Tumors Small Cell Carcinoma Epidemiology and Clinical Features Staging, Treatment, and Outcome Histogenesis and Genetics Pathology Immunohistochemistry Differential Diagnosis Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma Well-Differentiated Neuroendocrine Tumor (Carcinoid) Paraganglioma Clinical Features Histogenesis Genetics Pathology Immunohistochemistry Differential Diagnosis Neurofibroma Schwannoma Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor Sarcomatoid Carcinoma Definition and Terminology Clinical Features Histogenesis and Genetics Pathology Differential Diagnosis and Immunohistochemistry Soft Tissue Tumors Other Rare Soft Tissue Tumors Arising in the Bladder Myofibroblastic Proliferations and Benign Soft Tissue Tumors Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor Postoperative Spindle Cell Nodule Leiomyoma Hemangioma Granular Cell Tumor Solitary Fibrous Tumors Perivascular Epithelioid Cell Tumor Malignant Soft Tissue Tumors Leiomyosarcoma Rhabdomyosarcoma Angiosarcoma Undifferentiated Pleomorphic Sarcoma Osteosarcoma Miscellaneous Tumors Malignant Melanoma Germ Cell Tumors Hematologic Malignancies Metastatic Tumors and Secondary Extension Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma References 7 Urine Cytology Introduction Utility of Urine Cytology Indications Sources Specimen Adequacy Reporting and Classification The Paris System 2013 Normal Components of the Urinary Sediment Superficial (Umbrella) Cells Cells Originating From the Deeper Layers of the Urothelium Columnar Cells Mucus-Containing Epithelial Cells Squamous Cells Renal Epithelial Cells Convoluted Tubular Cells Collecting Duct Cells Other Benign Cells Inflammatory Cells Noncellular Components of the Urinary Sediment Pigment and Pigmented Cells Cytoplasmic Eosinophilic Inclusions (Melamed-Wolinska Bodies) Crystals Casts and Other Findings Attributable to Renal Diseases in Urine Diagnostic Criteria Infections Bacteria Fungi Viruses Trematodes and Other Parasites Reactive Cytologic Changes Lithiasis Drug Effects Effects of Radiation Therapy Degenerative Changes Instrumentation Atypia Laser-Induced Changes and Other Ablation Changes Neobladder and Ileal Conduit Urine Urine Cytology in Renal Transplant Recipients Other Benign Conditions Benign Tumors and Tumor-like Processes Atypical Urothelial Cells Suspicious Low-Grade Urothelial Carcinoma High-Grade Carcinoma Correlation of Urine Cytology and Biopsy Findings (Diagnostic Accuracy) Urinary Cells Originating From Other Sites Prostate Urethra Upper Tract Kidney Medulla and Cortex Secondary Tumors Anticipatory Positive Cytology Other Types of Carcinoma Squamous Cell Carcinoma Adenocarcinoma Small Cell Undifferentiated Carcinoma (Oat Cell Carcinoma) Mixed Carcinoma Rare Variants of Urothelial Carcinoma Major Diagnostic Pitfalls Trauma or Instrumentation Cell Preservation Human Polyomavirus Lithiasis Drugs and Other Therapeutic Procedures Ancillary Studies and Immunocytology Digital Image Analysis and Morphometry Cytochemical Stains Acid Hematoxylin Stain CellDetect Immunocytochemical Stains Telomerase HER2 and Cytokeratins Vimentin ImmunoCyt/uCyt Immunocytology ProExC Other Immunostains Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization The Problem of Hematuria Routine Laboratory Investigation of Hematuria Dysmorphic Red Blood Cells Indicate Glomerular Disease Comprehensive Analysis of Urine for Evaluation of Hematuria References 8 Nonneoplastic Diseases of the Prostate Embryology and Fetal-Prepubertal History Anatomy Zonal Anatomy Prostatic Urethra, Verumontanum, and Bladder Neck Capsule and the Retroprostatic Fascia (Denonvilliers Fascia) Blood Supply Nerve Supply Prostate Sampling Techniques Needle Biopsy Fine Needle Aspiration Transurethral Resection Tissue Artifacts Nonprostatic Tissues in Biopsies Seminal Vesicle and Ejaculatory Duct Tissue in Biopsies Cowper Gland Tissue in Biopsies Rectal Tissue in Biopsies Benign Epithelium Secretory Luminal Cells Basal Cells Neuroendocrine Cells Stem Cells Luminal Products Pigment Immunohistochemistry Prostate-Specific Antigen Prostatic Acid Phosphatase Keratin 34βE12 p63 p40 Racemase c-Myc Panel of Keratin 34βE12, p63, Racemase, and c-Myc NKX3.1 GATA3 ERG Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen Human Glandular Kallikrein 2 Androgen Receptors Other Immunohistochemical Markers Benign Stroma Inflammation Prostatic Immune Response Acute Bacterial Prostatitis Chronic Prostatitis Granulomatous Prostatitis Xanthoma and Xanthogranulomatous Prostatitis Idiopathic Granulomatous Prostatitis Infectious Granulomatous Prostatitis Malakoplakia Iatrogenic Granulomatous Prostatitis Post-TURP Granulomatous Prostatitis Postradiation Granulomatous Prostatitis BCG-Associated Granulomatous Prostatitis Teflon-Associated Granulomatous Prostatitis Systemic Granulomatous Prostatitis Allergic (Eosinophilic) Granulomatous Prostatitis Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis and Other Forms of Vasculitis Autoimmune Prostatitis With Immunoglobulin G4-Related Disease Other Rare Forms of Granulomatous Prostatitis AIDS-Associated Prostatitis Virus-Associated Prostatitis Inflammation After Needle Biopsy Inflammation and Nodular Hyperplasia Inflammation and Prostate Cancer Atrophy Nonneoplastic Metaplasia Squamous Metaplasia Mucinous Metaplasia Neuroendocrine Cells With Eosinophilic Granules (Paneth Cell-like Change) Urothelial Metaplasia Nephrogenic Metaplasia Hyperplasia and Nodular Hyperplasia Nodular Hyperplasia Postatrophic Hyperplasia Prostatic Stromal Hyperplasia With Atypia Basal Cell Hyperplasia and Basal Cell Proliferations Typical Basal Cell Hyperplasia Atypical Basal Cell Hyperplasia Basal Cell Adenoma Immunohistochemical Findings Differential Diagnosis Cribriform Hyperplasia Atypical Adenomatous Hyperplasia Sclerosing Adenosis Verumontanum Mucosal Gland Hyperplasia Hyperplasia of Mesonephric Remnants Pseudoangiomatous Stromal Hyperplasia Benign Nonneoplastic Conditions Amyloidosis Melanosis Endometriosis Treatment Changes Androgen Deprivation Therapy Histopathologic Findings After 5α-Reductase Inhibitors Immunohistochemical Findings After Androgen Deprivation Therapy Radiation Therapy Immunohistochemical Findings After Radiation Therapy Cryotherapy (Cryoablation) Hyperthermia Laser Therapy Irreversible Electroporation Electrical Membrane Breakdown References 9 Neoplasms of the Prostate Benign Epithelial Tumors and Tumor-like Proliferations Prostatic Cysts Ejaculatory Duct Adenofibroma Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia Epidemiology of Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia Diagnosis of Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia Immunohistochemical Markers for Prostatic Intraepithelial Carcinoma Keratin 34βE12 and Other Keratins p63 Racemase c-Myc ERG Molecular Biology of Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia Treatment Effects in Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia Radiation Therapy Androgen Deprivation Therapy and Other Therapies Differential Diagnosis of Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia Inflammation, Atrophy, and High-Grade Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia Clinical Significance of Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia Predictive Value of Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia Clinical Response to Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia Atypical Small Acinar Proliferation Diagnosis of Atypical Small Acinar Proliferation Subsets of Atypical Small Acinar Proliferation Clinical Significance of Atypical Small Acinar Proliferation Atypical Small Acinar Proliferation + Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia Malignancy-Associated Changes Intraductal Carcinoma Separation of Intraductal Carcinoma and Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia Clinical Significance of Intraductal Carcinoma Adenocarcinoma and Other Tumors Epidemiology Latent Carcinoma Prostate Cancer and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Tissue Methods of Detection Needle Core Biopsy Detecting Cancer: Factors That Influence Diagnostic Yield in Biopsies Number, Length, and Location of Needle Cores Obtained Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Transrectal Ultrasound-Guided Fusion-Targeted Biopsies Histotechnologists Skill in Processing Biopsies Number of Needle Cores Embedded per Cassette Number of Tissue Cuts Obtained per Specimen Future Trends in Biopsies Fine Needle Aspiration Transurethral Resection Prostatic Enucleation (Suprapubic Prostatectomy; Adenectomy) Radical Prostatectomy Pathologic Interpretation Gross Pathology Microscopic Pathology Cancer-Associated Pathologic Findings Luminal Mucin Luminal Proteinaceous Secretions Crystalloids Collagenous Micronodules Perineural Invasion Lymphatic and Vascular Invasion Microvessel Density (Angiogenesis) Significant Problems in Interpretation Atypical Small Acinar Proliferation Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia Versus Large Acinar Variant of Gleason Grade 3 and Intraductal Carcinoma Clear Cell Pattern of Carcinoma Versus Benign Acini ``Vanishing´´ Prostate Cancer in Radical Prostatectomies Grading Gleason Grading System Recent Trends in Grading International Society of Urological Pathology Modifications to the Gleason Grading System International Society of Urological Pathology 2005 Modified Gleason Grading System International Society of Urological Pathology 2014 Modified Gleason Scoring System (Grade Groupings) Biopsy Versus Prostatectomy Grade Dedifferentiation Other Proposed Grading Changes Tertiary Grade Nuclear Grading and Morphometric Grading Grade Compression (Dichotomization) and Weighted Average Score Percent Gleason 4 and 5 Should Gleason 3 + 3 = 6 Be Called Cancer? Gleason 7 Subdivision (3 + 4 Versus 4 + 3) Grade Group 4 Heterogeneity Gleason Pattern 5 Reactive Stromal Grading Digital Pathology and Deep Learning Grading After Therapy Grading After Radiation Therapy Grading After Androgen Deprivation Therapy Clinical Significance of Grading Grade and Outcome Grade and Cancer Volume Grade and Prostate-Specific Antigen Grade and Pathologic Stage Grade and Cancer Location Variants and Other Carcinomas, Including Neuroendocrine Tumors Atrophic Adenocarcinoma Pseudohyperplastic Adenocarcinoma Microcystic Adenocarcinoma Foamy Gland Carcinoma (Microvacuolated) Mucinous (Colloid) Carcinoma Signet Ring Cell Carcinoma Pleomorphic Giant Cell Adenocarcinoma Sarcomatoid Carcinoma (Carcinosarcoma) Ductal Adenocarcinoma Cribriform, Papillary, and Solid Carcinomas Comedocarcinoma Adenocarcinoma With Neuroendocrine Differentiation Adenocarcinoma With Neuroendocrine Cells With Large Eosinophilic Granules (Paneth Cell-like Change) Low-Grade Neuroendocrine Carcinoma (Carcinoid) High-Grade Neuroendocrine Carcinoma (Small Cell and Large Cell Carcinoma) Adenocarcinoma With Glomeruloid Features Carcinoma With Oncocytic Features Lymphoepithelioma-like Carcinoma Clear Cell Carcinoma Basal Cell Carcinoma (Adenoid Cystic/Basal Cell Carcinoma) Squamous Cell and Adenosquamous Cell Carcinoma Urothelial Carcinoma Immunohistochemistry of Prostate Cancer Identifying Prostatic Origin in Metastases TMPRSS2:ERG and the ETS Family Gene Fusions Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog Prostate Cancer Antigen 3 c-Myc Telomerase Apoptosis-Suppressing Oncoprotein Bcl-2 p53 p16 p21 p27Kip1 Androgen Receptors Methylation Mitochondrial DNA Testing Integrins Heat Shock Protein 90 Pro-PSA Prostatic Membrane Antigen Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen Ki67/MIB1 BRCA1 and BRCA2 Engrailed Nuclear Protein-2 Sarcosine and Other Metabolites Other Immunohistochemical Markers of Prognosis in Prostate Cancer Molecular Biology of Prostate Cancer Genetics of Familial Prostate Cancer DNA Ploidy MicroRNA Chromosome 7 Chromosome 8 Chromosome 10 Chromosome 16 Other Chromosomes DNA Mismatch Repair Genes Treatment Changes in Prostate Cancer Androgen Deprivation Therapy Pathologic Findings After Androgen Deprivation Pathologic Findings After 5α-Reductase Inhibitors Differential Diagnosis Stage and Surgical Margins After Androgen Deprivation Therapy Immunohistochemical Findings After Androgen Deprivation Therapy Radiation Therapy Differential Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer After Radiotherapy Immunohistochemical Findings After Radiotherapy Cryotherapy Ultrasound Hyperthermia, Microwave Hyperthermia, Laser Therapy, and Hot Water Balloon Therapy High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Irreversible Electroporation Predictive Factors in Prostate Cancer Prostate-Specific Antigen Stage National Comprehensive Cancer Network/American Urological Association Risk Classification Pathology of Prostate-Specific Antigen-Detected Adenocarcinoma (Clinical Stage T1c) Extraprostatic Extension Seminal Vesicle Invasion (Stage pT3b Prostate Cancer) Microscopic Bladder Neck Invasion (Stage pT3a Prostate Cancer) Surgical Margins Perineural Invasion Biopsy Cancer Volume Location of Cancer Lymph Node Metastases Distant Metastases Morphometric Markers Benign Mesenchymal Tumors and Tumor-like Conditions Stromal Hyperplasia (Stromal Subtype of Nodular Hyperplasia) Leiomyoma Pseudosarcomatous Myofibroblastic Proliferation Postoperative Spindle Cell Nodule (Postsurgical Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor) Solitary Fibrous Tumor Blue Nevus Other Rare Benign Soft Tissue Tumors Sarcoma of the Prostate Rhabdomyosarcoma Leiomyosarcoma Phyllodes Tumor Stromal Sarcoma Other Sarcomas Other Malignancies of the Prostate Hematologic Malignancies Leukemia Malignant Lymphoma Multiple Myeloma Germ Cell Tumors Other Rare Malignancies Metastases to the Prostate References 10 Seminal Vesicles Introduction Embryology and Anatomy Age-Associated Changes Congenital and Acquired Malformations Cysts Ectopic Prostatic Tissue Nonneoplastic Abnormalities Amyloidosis Stromal Hyaline Bodies Fibrosis Inflammation Calcification and Calculi Radiation Changes Neoplasms Adenocarcinoma Metastasis and Contiguous Spread Soft Tissue Tumors and Other Tumors References 11 Urethra Embryologic Development and Normal Anatomy Congenital Anomalies Urethral Valves Urethral Diverticula Duplication of the Urethra Congenital Urethral Polyp Nonneoplastic Diseases Urethritis Caruncle Polypoid Urethritis Nephrogenic Adenoma (Metaplasia) Malakoplakia Amyloidosis Condyloma Acuminatum Metaplasia of the Urothelium Ectopic Prostatic Tissue and Prostatic Urethral Polyp Neoplastic Diseases Benign Neoplasms Papilloma Inverted Papilloma Malignant Neoplasms Urothelial Carcinoma in Association With Carcinoma of the Urinary Bladder Primary Urethral Carcinoma Urethral Carcinoma in Women Adenocarcinoma Adenocarcinoma of Accessory Glands Clear Cell Carcinoma Other Histologic Types of Carcinoma Malignant Melanoma Soft Tissue Tumors References 12 Nonneoplastic Diseases of the Testis Embryology and Anatomy of the Testis Embryology Development of the Testis Genetic Mechanisms Involved in Sex Determination and Testicular Differentiation Development of the Bipotential Gonad Formation of the Gonadal Ridge Primordial Germ Cells: Origin, Migration, and Formation of the Gonadal Blastema Male-Female Determination Testis Differentiation: Development of Seminiferous Cords and Interstitium Early Organization of the Gonadal Blastema Differentiation of Primordial Germ Cells Sertoli Cell Differentiation Peritubular Myoid Cell Differentiation Leydig Cell Development Rete Testis Formation Development of the Urogenital Tract Hormonal Control of Male Genital Tract Differentiation Fetal Testis Structure Supporting Structures Seminiferous Cords Germ Cells Sertoli Cells Peritubular Myoid Cells Leydig Cells Other Testicular Cell Types Vascularization of the Fetal Testis Fetal Epididymis Testicular Descent Anatomic Structures Involved in Testicular Descent Prerequisites for Testicular Descent Normal Hormonal Stimulation Adequate Intraabdominal Pressure Adequate Development of the Processus Vaginalis Factors That Regulate Testicular Descent Prepubertal Testis Development of the Testis From Birth to Puberty The Testis at Birth Neonatal Development of the Testis Testis in Infancy The Testis in Childhood Relationship of Testis and Epididymis During Infancy, Childhood, and Puberty Interpretation of Testicular Biopsy From Prepubertal Testes Tunica Albuginea Seminiferous Tubules Mean Tubular Diameter Germ Cell Number Sertoli Cell Number Leydig Cell Number Intertubular Connective Tissue Adult Testis Anatomy Supporting Structures Seminiferous Tubules Sertoli Cells Germ Cells Spermatogonia Spermatocytes Spermiogenesis Cycle of the Seminiferous Epithelium Tunica Propria Testicular Interstitium Connective Tissue Cells Leydig Cells Macrophages, Neuron-like Cells, and Mast Cells Blood and Lymphatic Vessels Nerves Rete Testis Congenital Anomalies of the Testis Alterations in Number, Size, and Location Anorchidism Monorchidism Testicular Regression Syndrome True Agonadism (46,XY Gonadal Agenesis Syndrome) Rudimentary Testes Syndrome Congenital Bilateral Anorchidism Vanishing Testes Syndrome Leydig Cell-Only Syndrome Microorchidism Polyorchidism Testicular Hypertrophy (Macroorchidism) Congenital Leydig Cell Hyperplasia Compensatory Hypertrophy of the Testis Idiopathic Benign Macroorchidism Bilateral Megalotestes With Low Gonadotropins Fragile X Chromosome; Martin-Bell Syndrome Other Causes of Testicular Hypertrophy Testicular Hypertrophy Secondary to Follicle-Stimulating Hormone-Secreting Pituitary Adenoma Precocious Puberty Central Precocious Puberty Peripheral Precocious Puberty Familial Testotoxicosis: Gonadotropin-Independent Precocious Puberty or Familial Male-Limited Precocious Puberty Precocious Pseudopuberty Secondary to Functioning Tumors Precocious Pseudopuberty Secondary to Disorders in Aromatase Activity Aromatase Excess Syndrome Aromatase Deficiency Syndrome Precocious Pseudopuberty Secondary to Leydig Cell Hyperplasia With Focal Spermatogenesis Mixed Precocious Puberty Testicular Ectopia Testicular Exstrophy (Scrotoschisis) Testicular Fusion Bilobed Testis Hamartomatous Testicular Lesions Cystic Dysplasia of the Testis Cystic Dysplasia of the Rete Testis Cystic Dysplasia of the Epididymis Hamartoma of the Rete Testis Fetal Gonadoblastoid Testicular Dysplasia Sertoli Cell Nodule (Hypoplastic Zones or Dysgenetic Tubules) Tubular Hamartoma (Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome) Lymphangiectasis Congenital Testicular Lymphangiectasis Epididymal Lymphangiectasis Other Hamartomatous Testicular Lesions Ectopias Persistence of Gonadal Blastema Seminiferous Tubule Ectopia Leydig Cell Ectopia Adrenal Cortical Ectopia Other Ectopias Undescended Testes True Cryptorchidism Etiology Congenital Cryptorchidism Acquired Cryptorchidism Pathogenesis Histology Prepubertal Testes: Morphologic Classification Pubertal and Adult Testes Validation of the Morphologic Classification of the Prepubertal Undescended Testes Lesions Effectiveness of Treatment in Undescended Testes Congenital Anomalies Associated With Undescended Testes Complications of Cryptorchidism Testicular Cancer Infertility Testicular Torsion Iatrogenic Atrophy Psychological Problems Benefit of Testicular Biopsy in Patients With Cryptorchidism Obstructed Testes Retractile Testes Testicular Microlithiasis Incidence Pathology and Histogenesis Microlithiasis and Testicular Cancer Rete Testis, Epididymis, and Vaginal Microlithiasis and Calcifications Disorders of Sex Development Gonadal Dysgenesis Types of Gonads in Patients With Gonadal Dysgenesis and Correlation With Clinical Syndromes Classic Streak Gonad Hypoplastic Ovary (Dysgenetic Ovary) Streak Gonad With Epithelial Cord-like Structures Dysgenetic Testis Streak Testis True Agonadism 45,X0 Gonadal Dysgenesis Patients With Chromosomal Mosaicisms 46,XX Gonadal Dysgenesis 46,XY Gonadal Dysgenesis Mixed Gonadal Dysgenesis Dysgenetic Male Pseudohermaphroditism Persistent Müllerian Duct Syndrome Other Forms of Gonadal Dysgenesis Ovotesticular Disorder (True Hermaphroditism) Undermasculinization (Male Pseudohermaphroditism) Impaired Leydig Cell Activity Androgen Synthesis Deficiencies Congenital Lipoid Adrenal Hyperplasia 3β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Deficiency 17α-Hydroxylase/17,20-Lyase Deficiency 17,20-Desmolase Deficiency 17β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Deficiency Leydig Cell Hypoplasia Impaired Androgen Metabolism in Peripheral Tissues Androgen Insensitivity Syndromes Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (Complete Testicular Feminization Syndrome) Partial Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (Partial Testicular Feminization Syndrome) Mild Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome Kennedy Disease 5α-Reductase Deficiency Other Forms of Male Undermasculinization Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome Opitz Syndrome ATRX Syndrome Infertility Testicular Biopsy Indications Qualitative and Quantitative Evaluation Common Lesions Sertoli Cell-Only Syndrome Sertoli Cell-Only Syndrome With Immature Sertoli Cells Sertoli Cell-Only Syndrome With Dysgenetic Sertoli Cells Sertoli Cell-Only Syndrome With Mature Sertoli Cells Sertoli Cell-Only Syndrome With Involuting Sertoli Cells Sertoli Cell-Only Syndrome With Dedifferentiated Sertoli Cells Tubular Hyalinization Dysgenetic Hyalinization Hyalinization Caused by Hormonal Deficit Ischemic Hyalinization Postobstructive Hyalinization Postinflammatory Hyalinization Hyalinization Caused by Physical or Chemical Agents Diffuse Lesions in Spermatogenesis Lesions in the Adluminal Compartment of Seminiferous Tubules Young Spermatid Sloughing Late Primary Spermatocyte Sloughing Early Primary Spermatocyte Sloughing Etiology Overview Rete Testis Obstruction Seminiferous Tubule Obstruction Lesions in the Basal and Adluminal Compartments of Seminiferous Tubules Hypospermatogenesis: Types and Etiology Etiology of Hypospermatogenesis: Overview Hormonal Dysregulation Congenital Germ Cell Deficiency Sertoli Cell Dysfunction Leydig Cell Dysfunction Androgen Insensitivity Physical and Chemical Agents Etiology of Hypospermatogenesis Associated With Primary Spermatocyte Sloughing Spermatogonial Maturation Arrest Focal Lesions in Spermatogenesis (Mixed Atrophy) Germ Cell Anomalies in Infertile Patients Giant Spermatogonia Multinucleate Spermatogonia Dislocated Spermatogonia Megalospermatocytes Multinucleate Spermatids Malformed Spermatids Morphologically Abnormal Spermatozoa Anomalies of the Spermatozoal Head Anomalies of the Spermatozoal Tail Cytoplasmic Remnants Bent Tail Coiled Tail Tail Stump (Short-Tail Spermatozoa) Multiple Tails Sperm Tail Agenesis Sperm With Abnormal Elongation of the Tail Anomalies of the Connecting Piece Anomalies of the Axoneme Anomalies of Periaxonemal Structures Presence of Tumoral Cells Anomalies of Leydig Cells Mast Cells Macrophages Correlation Between Testicular Biopsy and Spermiogram Obstructive Azoospermia and Oligozoospermia Classification of Obstructive Azoospermia by Location Proximal Obstruction Distal Obstruction Mixed Obstruction Etiology of Obstructive Azoospermia Congenital Azoospermia Agenesis of All Mesonephric Duct Derivatives Epididymal Anomalies Vas Deferens Anomalies Anomalies of Seminal Vesicle and Ejaculatory Duct Acquired Azoospermia Testicular and Epididymal Lesions Resulting From Obstruction of Sperm Excretory Ducts Location of Obstruction Etiology of Obstruction Duration of Obstruction Functional Azoospermia and Oligozoospermia Young Syndrome Alterations in Spermatozoon Transport Summary of Diagnostic Groups Suggested by Testicular Biopsy Infertility and Chromosomal Anomalies Abnormalities in Sex Chromosomes Klinefelter Syndrome Genetic and Clinical Aspects Klinefelter Syndrome 46,XY/47,XXY Klinefelter Syndrome 48,XXYY Klinefelter Syndrome 48,XXXY and 49,XXXYY Association With Malignancy Occurrence in Childhood Association With Precocious Puberty Association With Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism 46,XX Males (XX Sex Reversal, Testicular Disorder of Sex Development) 46,XX Males With Male Phenotype and Normal External Genitalia 46,XX Males With Ambiguous External Genitalia Etiology 47,XYY Syndrome Structural Anomalies of the Y Chromosome Deletions and Microscopically Visible Rearrangements in Infertile Patients Monocentric Deleted Yq Chromosome Dicentric Yq Isochromosomes Ring Y Chromosome Y/Y Translocation Chromosome Translocation of Y Chromosome to X Chromosome Autosomal translocation of Y Chromosome Microdeletions of Y Chromosome Structural Anomalies of the X Chromosome Anomalies in Autosomes Chromosomal Translocations and Inversions Down Syndrome Other Syndromes Associated With Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism Secondary Idiopathic Hypogonadism Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Deficit Constitutional Delay of Growth and Puberty Isolated Gonadotropin Deficit Idiopathic Normosmic Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism Hypogonadism Associated With Anosmia Kallmann Syndrome CHARGE Syndrome Isolated Luteinizing Hormone Deficiency Isolated Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Deficiency Bioinactive Follicle-Stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone Mutations in Gonadotropin Receptor Genes Growth Hormone Deficit Prader-Willi Syndrome or Hypotonia-Hypomentia-Hypogonadism-Obesity Syndrome Bardet-Biedl Syndrome Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism Associated With Dermatologic Diseases Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism Associated With Ataxia Ataxia-Telangiectasia Friedreich Ataxia Boucher-Neuhäuser Syndrome Gordon-Holmes Syndrome Carpenter Syndrome Biemond Syndrome Fraser Syndrome (Meyer-Schwickerath Syndrome or Ullrich-Feichtiger Syndrome) Hypogonadism Secondary to Endocrine Gland Dysfunction and Other Disorders Hypothalamus-Hypophysis Hypopituitarism Hyperprolactinemia Thyroid Gland Adrenals Congenital Adrenal Hypoplasia With Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Deficit in 17β-Hydroxylase Deficit in 20α-Hydroxylase Deficit in 3β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Steroid 17α-Hydroxylase Deficiency Cushing Syndrome Adrenal Cortical Tumors Primary Pigmented Adrenocortical Disease Adrenocorticotropic Hormone-Independent Macronodular Adrenal Hyperplasia Pancreas Diabetes Mellitus Mucoviscidosis Liver Hypogonadism, Liver Disease, and Excessive Alcohol Consumption Nonalcoholic Liver Diseases and Infertility Kidney Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Renal Disease Chronic Renal Insufficiency Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Disease Celiac Disease Inflammatory Bowel Disease AIDS Chronic Anemia β-Thalassemia α-Thalassemia Sickle Cell Anemia Fanconi Anemia Syndrome Obesity Starvation Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndrome Features of Hypogonadism in Patients With Polyglandular Autoimmune Syndrome Inherited Metabolic Diseases Hemochromatosis and Infertility Galactosemia Kearns-Sayre Syndrome Adrenoleukodystrophy (Adrenal Testicular Myeloneuropathy) Primary Hyperoxaluria D-Bifunctional Protein Deficiency Fabry Disease Wolman Disease Niemann-Pick Disease Cystinosis CDG1 (Abnormal Glycosylated Proteins) Alström Syndrome Selenoprotein Deficiency Disorder Infertility Secondary to Physical and Chemical Agents Occupational Exposure Carbon Disulfide Dibromochloropropane Lead Oral Contraceptive Manufacture Endocrine-Disrupting Compounds Recreational Drugs and Doping Radiation Heat Testicular Trauma Traumatic Hematocele Testicular Dislocation or Luxation Testicular Trauma and Infertility Cancer Therapy Radiation Therapy Chemotherapy Potential for Fertility After Cancer Treatment in Childhood Estrogen and Antiandrogen Therapy Surgery Infertility in Patients With Spinal Cord Injury Inflammation and Infection Orchitis Viral Orchitis Bacterial Orchitis Granulomatous Orchiepididymitis Tuberculosis Syphilis Leprosy Brucellosis Sarcoidosis Malakoplakia Orchiepididymitis Caused by Fungi and Parasites Idiopathic Granulomatous Orchitis Peritumoral Granulomatous Orchitis Focal Orchitis (Primary Autoimmune Orchitis) Testicular Pseudolymphoma Histiocytosis With Testicular Involvement Other Testicular and Epididymal Lesions Epididymitis Nodosa Epididymitis Induced by Amiodarone Ischemic Granulomatous Epididymitis Vasculitis Polyarteritis Nodosa Wegener Disease Thromboangiitis Obliterans Giant Cell Arteritis Henoch-Schönlein Purpura Cogan Disease Behçet Disease Amyloidosis Testicular Infarct Spermatic Cord Torsion Other Causes of Testicular Infarct Other Testicular Diseases Cystic Malformation Cyst of the Tunica Albuginea Cyst of the Rete Testis Simple Cyst of the Testis Disorders of the Rete Testis Dysgenesis Acquired Disorders of the Rete Testis Metaplasia Reactive Hyperplasia of the Rete Testis Cystic Ectasia of the Rete Testis (Acquired Cystic Transformation) Simple Cystic Transformation Cystic Transformation With Epithelial Metaplasia Cystic Transformation With Crystalline Deposits Adenomatous Hyperplasia Hyperplasia With Hyaline Globule Formation Intracavitary Polypoid Nodular Proliferation References 13 Neoplasms of the Testis Staging Patterns of Metastasis Gross Examination Germ Cell Tumors Classification Histogenesis Epidemiology Cryptorchidism Prior Testicular Germ Cell Tumor Family History Disorders of Sex Development Infertility Other Associations Germ Cell Neoplasia in Situ and Related Germ Cell Tumors Germ Cell Neoplasia in Situ Special Studies Differential Diagnosis Prognosis Biopsy Diagnosis Treatment Seminoma Clinical Features Pathologic Findings Seminoma With Syncytiotrophoblast Cells Special Studies Differential Diagnosis Treatment and Prognosis Embryonal Carcinoma Clinical Features Pathologic Features Special Studies Differential Diagnosis Treatment and Prognosis Yolk Sac Tumor, Postpubertal-Type Clinical Features Pathologic Features Special Studies Differential Diagnosis Treatment and Prognosis Choriocarcinoma and Other Trophoblastic Neoplasms Clinical Features Pathologic Features Special Studies Differential Diagnosis Treatment and Prognosis Nonchoriocarcinomatous Trophoblastic Tumors Teratoma, Postpubertal-Type Clinical Features Pathologic Features Special Studies Differential Diagnosis Treatment and Prognosis Teratoma With Somatic-Type Malignancy Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor Mixed Germ Cell Tumor Clinical Features Pathologic Features Polyembryoma and Diffuse Embryoma Treatment and Prognosis Germ Cell Tumors of Unknown Type Regressed Germ Cell Tumors Postchemotherapy Specimens Germ Cell Tumors Not Derived From Germ Cell Neoplasia in Situ Spermatocytic Tumor Clinical Features Pathologic Features Special Studies Treatment and Prognosis Differential Diagnosis Spermatocytic Tumor With Sarcoma Teratoma, Prepubertal-Type Dermoid Cyst Epidermoid Cyst Well-Differentiated Neuroendocrine Tumor (Monodermal Teratoma) Mixed Teratoma and Yolk Sac Tumor, Prepubertal-Type Yolk Sac Tumor, Prepubertal-Type Sex Cord-Stromal Tumors Leydig Cell Tumor Clinical Features Pathologic Features Treatment and Prognosis Differential Diagnosis Sertoli Cell Tumor, Not Otherwise Specified Clinical Features Pathologic Features Differential Diagnosis Treatment and Prognosis Large Cell Calcifying Sertoli Cell Tumor Intratubular Large Cell Hyalinizing Sertoli Cell Neoplasia Granulosa Cell Tumor Adult Granulosa Cell Tumor Juvenile Granulosa Cell Tumor Tumors in the Fibroma-Thecoma Group Myoid Gonadal Stromal Tumor Mixed and Unclassified Sex Cord-Stromal Tumors Tumors Containing Both Germ Cell and Sex Cord-Stromal Elements Gonadoblastoma Clinical Features Pathologic Features Special Studies Treatment and Prognosis Differential Diagnosis Miscellaneous Tumors of the Testis and Paratesticular Tissue Ovarian-Type Epithelial Tumors Miscellaneous Lesions Juvenile Xanthogranuloma Hemangioma Other Soft Tissue Tumors Hematolymphoid Tumors Lymphoma Clinical Features Pathologic Features Prognosis Differential Diagnosis Plasmacytoma Leukemia, Including Myeloid Sarcoma Rosai-Dorfman Disease Tumors of Collecting Duct and Rete Testis Adenoma Cystic Dysplasia Adenocarcinoma Metastatic Tumors Diagnostic Approach to Testicular Tumors References 14 Spermatic Cord and Testicular Adnexa Introduction Embryology and Normal Anatomy Embryology Anatomy Scrotum and Testicular Tunics Rete Testis Epididymis Vas Deferens (Ductus Deferens) and Spermatic Cord Congenital Anomalies Splenogonadal Fusion Adrenal Heterotopia and Renal Ectopia Wolffian and Müllerian Remnants Appendix Testis (Hydatid of Morgagni) Appendix Epididymis (Vestigial Caudal Mesonephric Collecting Tubule) Paradidymis (Organ of Giraldes) Vasa Aberrantia (Organ of Haller) Other Lesions Associated With the Epididymis Walthard Rest Hernia Sac Specimens: Glandular Inclusions Versus Vas Deferens or Epididymis Cystic Fibrosis Nonneoplastic Diseases of the Spermatic Cord and Testicular Adnexa ``Celes´´ and Cysts Hydrocele Hematocele (Hematoma) Varicocele Spermatocele (Acquired Epididymal Cyst) Mesothelial Cyst Epidermoid Cyst (Epidermal Cyst) Dermoid Cyst (Mature Teratoma) Simple Cyst and Cystic Dysplasia of the Rete Testis Inflammatory and Reactive Diseases Epididymitis Acute Epididymitis Chronic Epididymitis Sperm Granuloma Vasitis and Vasitis Nodosa Funiculitis (Inflammation of the Spermatic Cord) Meconium-Induced Inflammation Vasculitis Other Nonneoplastic Diseases Torsion of the Spermatic Cord and Embryonic Remnants Calculi and Calcification Neoplasms Benign Neoplasms and Pseudotumors Lipoma Adenomatous Hyperplasia Adenomatoid Tumor (Benign Nonpapillary Mesothelioma) Hamartoma (Smooth Muscle Hyperplasia) Reactive Mesothelial Hyperplasia Benign Papillary Mesothelioma Papillary Cystadenoma of the Epididymis Fibrous Pseudotumor (Nodular and Diffuse Fibrous Proliferation) Leiomyoma Melanotic Neuroectodermal Tumor of Infancy (Progonoma; Retinal Anlage Tumor) Brenner Tumor Gonadal Stromal Tumor Other Benign Tumors Malignant Neoplasms Liposarcoma Rhabdomyosarcoma Leiomyosarcoma Malignant Mesothelioma Papillary Serous Tumor of Müllerian Epithelium (Benign and Malignant) Adenocarcinoma of the Epididymis Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma Other Sarcomas and Malignancies Germ Cell Tumor Malignant Lymphoma and Hematopoietic Neoplasms Metastases References 15 Penis and Scrotum Penis Normal Anatomy and Histology Congenital Anomalies Nonneoplastic Diseases Inflammation Phimosis and Paraphimosis Fibroepithelial (Lymphedematous) Polyp Plasma Cell Balanitis (Zoon Balanitis) Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans (Penile Lichen Sclerosus) Reiter Syndrome Peyronie Disease Cutaneous Horn and Leukoplakia Penile Prosthesis Priapism Infections Gonorrhea Syphilis Herpes Simplex and Zoster Lymphogranuloma Venereum Granuloma Inguinale (Donovanosis) Chancroid (Soft Chancre) Candidiasis and Other Fungal Infections Scabies Pediculosis Pubis Molluscum Contagiosum Erythrasma Penile Lesions in AIDS Tumor-like Conditions Condyloma Acuminatum Pearly Penile Papules Penile Cysts Pseudoepitheliomatous Keratotic and Micaceous Balanitis Verruciform Xanthoma Neoplastic Diseases Benign Neoplasms Premalignant Lesions of the Penis Malignant Neoplasms Squamous Cell Carcinoma Variants of Squamous Cell Carcinoma (Human Papillomavirus Related) Basaloid Carcinoma, Including Papillary Variant Warty (Condylomatous) Carcinoma Warty-Basaloid Carcinoma Clear Cell Carcinoma Medullary Carcinoma of the Penis Variants of Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Non-Human Papillomavirus Related Verrucous Carcinoma Papillary Carcinoma, Not Otherwise Specified Carcinoma Cuniculatum Pseudohyperplastic Nonverruciform Squamous Cell Carcinoma Spindle Cell (Sarcomatoid) Squamous Cell Carcinoma Mixed Carcinoma Adenosquamous Carcinoma Acantholytic Squamous Cell Carcinoma Molecular Pathology of Penile Squamous Carcinoma Other Malignant Tumors (Nonsquamous Neoplasms) Basal Cell Carcinoma Malignant Melanoma Sarcoma and Other Tumors Lymphoma Germ Cell Tumors Metastases to the Penis Scrotum Normal Anatomy and Histology Nonneoplastic Diseases Fournier Gangrene Hidradenitis Suppurativa Idiopathic Scrotal Calcinosis Lipogranuloma Epidermal Cyst Fat Necrosis Neoplastic Diseases Squamous Cell Carcinoma Basal Cell Carcinoma Paget Disease Sarcoma References 16 Adrenal Glands Embryology and Normal Gross Anatomy Adrenal Cortex Adrenal Medulla Microscopic Anatomy Examination of the Adrenal Glands Congenital and Other Abnormalities Congenital Adrenal Aplasia and Hypoplasia Adrenal Heterotopia Union and Adhesion Adrenal Cytomegaly Adrenoleukodystrophy Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Pathology of Adrenal Glands in Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Testicular Adrenal Rest Tumors in Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Other Tumors Associated With Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Stress-Related Changes of the Adrenal Gland Other Abnormalities Nonneoplastic Diseases Chronic Adrenal Cortical Insufficiency (Addison Disease) Idiopathic or Autoimmune Addison Disease Adrenal Tuberculosis Histoplasmosis and Other Fungal Infections Amyloidosis Acute Adrenal Cortical Insufficiency Inflammation and Other Infections Nonspecific Adrenalitis Herpetic Adrenalitis Rare Infections Adrenal Cortical Hyperplasia Nodular Adrenal Gland Incidental Cortical Nodule/Adenoma at Autopsy Incidental Adrenal Mass Discovered in Vivo Incidental Pigmented Cortical Nodule Management of the Incidental Adrenal Mass Discovered in Vivo Adrenal Cortical Hyperplasia With Hypercortisolism Pituitary or Adenocorticotropic Hormone-Dependent Hypercortisolism (Cushing Disease) Diffuse and Micronodular Adrenal Cortical Hyperplasia Macronodular Hyperplasia Ectopic Adrenocorticotropin Hormone Syndrome With Secondary Hypercortisolism Primary Pigmented Nodular Adrenal Cortical Disease Complex of Myxomas, Spotty Pigmentation, and Endocrine Overactivity: Carney Complex Macronodular Hyperplasia With Marked Adrenal Enlargement Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 Other Rare Causes of Cushing Syndrome Adrenal Cortical Hyperplasia With Hyperaldosteronism Adrenal Cortical Hyperplasia With Excess Sex Steroid Secretion Adrenal Medullary Hyperplasia Adrenal Cyst Adrenal Hemorrhage Adrenal Neoplasms Adrenal Cortical Neoplasms Adrenal Cortical Adenoma With Cushing Syndrome Adrenal Cortical Adenoma With Primary Hyperaldosteronism (Conn Syndrome) Functional Pigmented (Black) Adrenal Cortical Adenoma Adrenal Cortical Neoplasms With Virilization or Feminization Oncocytic Adrenal Cortical Neoplasms (Adrenal Oncocytoma) Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma Other Adrenal Cortical Neoplasms Pheochromocytoma Hereditary Pheochromocytoma-Paraganglioma Pathology of Pheochromocytoma Pheochromocytoma in Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2 Composite Pheochromocytoma Pseudopheochromocytoma Immunohistochemistry and Other Features Malignant Pheochromocytoma Peripheral Neuroblastic Tumors: Neuroblastoma, Ganglioneuroblastoma, and Ganglioneuroma In Situ Neuroblastoma Peripheral Neuroblastic Tumors Original Age-Linked Classification of Neuroblastoma International Neuroblastoma Pathology Classification Ancillary Techniques Molecular Genetics in Neuroblastomas Staging of Neuroblastoma and Ganglioneuroblastoma Stage IV-S Neuroblastoma and Patterns of Spread by Peripheral Neuroblastic Tumors Ganglioneuroma Other Adrenal Tumors Myelolipoma Adenomatoid Tumor Malignant Lymphoma Mesenchymal Tumors Malignant Melanoma Other Unusual Tumors and Tumor-like Lesions Tumors Metastatic to the Adrenal Glands References Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Inside Back Cover