Urine Formed Elements (Jan 15, 2024)_(981997738X)_(Springer)

Foreword 1
Foreword 2
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contributors
1: Analysis of Urine-Formed Elements: Overview
	1.1	 Anatomy of the Kidneys and Urinary Tract System
		1.1.1	 Anatomy and Function of the Urinary System
		1.1.2	 Location and Structure of the Kidneys
			1.1.2.1	 Renal Parenchyma
			1.1.2.2	 Renal Interstitium
		1.1.3	 Location and Structure of the Ureter
		1.1.4	 Location and Structure of the Bladder
		1.1.5	 Location and Structure of the Urethra
		1.1.6	 Epithelial Cells from the Urinary System
	1.2	 Composition and Function of the Nephron
		1.2.1	 Renal Corpuscle
			1.2.1.1	 Glomerulus
			1.2.1.2	 Bowman’s Capsule
			1.2.1.3	 Filtration Membrane
		1.2.2	 Renal Tubules
			1.2.2.1	 Proximal Tubule
			1.2.2.2	 Loop of Henle
			1.2.2.3	 Distal Tubule
			1.2.2.4	 Collecting Duct
	1.3	 Urine Formation
		1.3.1	 Glomerular Filtration
		1.3.2	 Reabsorption and Secretion by the Renal Tubules and Collecting Ducts
		1.3.3	 Concentration and Dilution of Urine
			1.3.3.1	 Concentration of Urine
			1.3.3.2	 Dilution of Urine
		1.3.4	 Urine Composition
		1.3.5	 The Clinical Significance of Testing for Urine-Formed Elements
	1.4	 Collection and Testing of Urine Specimens
		1.4.1	 Specimen Collection
		1.4.2	 Containers for Urine Specimen
		1.4.3	 Specimen Volume
		1.4.4	 Reporting Formats of Urine Microscopic Examination
		1.4.5	 Centrifugation of Specimens
		1.4.6	 Choose an Appropriate Microscopic Examination Method
	1.5	 Staining Techniques
		1.5.1	 Supravital Stains
			1.5.1.1	 Sternheimer-Malbin (SM) Stain and Sternheimer (S) Stain
			1.5.1.2	 Toluidine Blue Stain
		1.5.2	 Wright’s Stain
		1.5.3	 Prussian Blue Stain
		1.5.4	 Sudan III or Oil Red O Stain
		1.5.5	 Gram Stain
		1.5.6	 Hansel Stain
		1.5.7	 Adding Acetic Acid to Urine
	1.6	 Microscopy Techniques
		1.6.1	 Brightfield Microscopy
		1.6.2	 Phase-Contrast Microscopy
		1.6.3	 Interference Contrast Microscopy
		1.6.4	 Darkfield Microscopy
		1.6.5	 Polarizing Microscopy
		1.6.6	 Fluorescence Microscopy
	References
2: Cells
	2.1	 Cells: Overview
	2.2	 Red Blood Cells (RBCs)/Erythrocytes
		2.2.1	 Normal Red Blood Cells
		2.2.2	 Crenated Red Blood Cells
		2.2.3	 Ghost Cells
		2.2.4	 Red Blood Cells with Knobby
		2.2.5	 Dysmorphic RBCs
			2.2.5.1	 Acanthocytes
			2.2.5.2	 Ring-Shaped RBCs
			2.2.5.3	 Target Cells
			2.2.5.4	 Saw-Toothed Cells
		2.2.6	 Clinical Significance
		2.2.7	 RBCs and Similar Substances
			2.2.7.1	 Circular Calcium Oxalate Crystals
			2.2.7.2	 Yeast Cells
			2.2.7.3	 Air Bubbles
			2.2.7.4	 Lipid Droplets: Oil Droplets
			2.2.7.5	 Starch Granules
			2.2.7.6	 Blastocystis Hominis
	2.3	 White Blood Cells (WBCs)
		2.3.1	 Normal White Blood Cells
		2.3.2	 Deformed White Blood Cells
		2.3.3	 White Blood Cell Clumps
		2.3.4	 Old White Blood Cells
		2.3.5	 Glitter Cells
		2.3.6	 Wright’s Stain
		2.3.7	 SM Stain or S Stain
		2.3.8	 Clinical Significance
	2.4	 Squamous Epithelial Cells (SECs)
		2.4.1	 Origin
		2.4.2	 Unstained
		2.4.3	 Clue Cells
		2.4.4	 SM Stain and S Stain
		2.4.5	 Other Squamous Epithelial Cells
		2.4.6	 Clinical Significance
	2.5	 Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells (RTE Cells)
		2.5.1	 Origin
		2.5.2	 Unstained
		2.5.3	 SM Stain and S Stain
		2.5.4	 Wright’s Stain
		2.5.5	 Clinical Significance
	2.6	 Decoy Cells
		2.6.1	 Unstained
		2.6.2	 SM Stain and S Stain
		2.6.3	 Clinical Significance
	2.7	 Oval Fat Bodies: Intracellular Lipid Droplets
		2.7.1	 Origin
		2.7.2	 Unstained
		2.7.3	 SM Stain or S Stain
		2.7.4	 Sudan III Stain or Oil Red O Stain
		2.7.5	 Clinical Significance
	2.8	 Macrophages (Histiocytes)
		2.8.1	 Origin
		2.8.2	 Unstained
		2.8.3	 SM Stain or S Stain
		2.8.4	 Clinical Significance
	2.9	 Urothelial Cells/Transitional Epithelial Cells
		2.9.1	 Origin
		2.9.2	 Unstained
			2.9.2.1	 Superficial Urothelial Cells
			2.9.2.2	 Intermediate Urothelial Cells
			2.9.2.3	 Basal Urothelial Cells
		2.9.3	 SM Stain and S Stain
		2.9.4	 Wright’s Stain
		2.9.5	 Multinucleated Urothelial Cells
		2.9.6	 Clinical Significance
	2.10	 Atypical Urothelial Cells
		2.10.1	 Origin
		2.10.2	 Morphological Features
		2.10.3	 Clinical Significance
	2.11	 Tumor Cells
		2.11.1	 Origin
		2.11.2	 Unstained
		2.11.3	 SM Stain or S Stain
		2.11.4	 Wright’s Stain
		2.11.5	 Clinical Significance
	References
3: Casts
	3.1	 Urinary Casts: Overview
		3.1.1	 Definition of Casts
		3.1.2	 Conditions for Cast Formation
		3.1.3	 Clinical Significance
	3.2	 Hyaline Casts
		3.2.1	 Composition of Hyaline Casts
		3.2.2	 Unstained
		3.2.3	 S Stain or SM Stain
		3.2.4	 Clinical Significance
	3.3	 Granular Casts
		3.3.1	 Composition
		3.3.2	 Unstained
		3.3.3	 SM Stain or S Stain
		3.3.4	 Clinical Significance
	3.4	 Waxy Casts
		3.4.1	 Composition
		3.4.2	 Unstained
		3.4.3	 SM Stain or S Stain
		3.4.4	 Clinical Significance
		3.4.5	 Identification with Similar Casts
	3.5	 White Blood Cell Casts (WBC Casts)
		3.5.1	 Composition
		3.5.2	 Unstained
		3.5.3	 SM Stain and S Stain
		3.5.4	 Peroxidase Staining
		3.5.5	 Clinical Significance
	3.6	 Renal Tubular Epithelial (RTE) Cell Casts
		3.6.1	 Composition
		3.6.2	 Unstained
		3.6.3	 SM Stain and S Stain
		3.6.4	 Clinical Significance
		3.6.5	 Differentiation from Similar Casts
	3.7	 Red Blood Cell Casts (RBC Casts or Erythrocyte Casts)
		3.7.1	 Composition
		3.7.2	 Unstained
		3.7.3	 SM Stain and S Stain
		3.7.4	 Clinical Significance
	3.8	 Blood Casts
		3.8.1	 Composition
		3.8.2	 Unstained
		3.8.3	 SM Stain and S Stain
		3.8.4	 Clinical Significance
		3.8.5	 Identifying Blood Casts from Similar Casts
	3.9	 Hemoglobin Casts
		3.9.1	 Composition
		3.9.2	 Unstained Appearance
		3.9.3	 Clinical Significance
	3.10	 Broad Casts
		3.10.1	 Composition
		3.10.2	 Unstained
		3.10.3	 SM Stain and S Stain
		3.10.4	 Clinical Significance
	3.11	 Crystal Casts
		3.11.1	 Composition
		3.11.2	 Unstained
		3.11.3	 SM Stain or S Stain
		3.11.4	 Clinical Significance
	3.12	 Fatty Casts
		3.12.1	 Composition
		3.12.2	 Unstained
		3.12.3	 SM Stain and S Stain
		3.12.4	 Sudan III Staining or Oil Red O Staining
		3.12.5	 Clinical Significance
		3.12.6	 Identifying Fatty Casts from Similar Casts
	3.13	 Other Special Casts
		3.13.1	 Vacuolar Denatured Casts
		3.13.2	 Composite Casts
		3.13.3	 Nested Casts
		3.13.4	 Hemosiderin Casts
		3.13.5	 Mixed Casts
		3.13.6	 Protein Casts
		3.13.7	 Oval Fat Body Casts
		3.13.8	 Bacterial Casts
	3.14	 Some Case About Casts
		3.14.1	 Case 1 (Fig. 3.81)
		3.14.2	 Case 2 (Fig. 3.82)
	References
4: Crystals
	4.1	 Crystal: Overview
	4.2	 Calcium Oxalate Crystals
		4.2.1	 Characteristics
		4.2.2	 Differential
		4.2.3	 Clinical Significance
	4.3	 Uric Acid Crystals
		4.3.1	 Characteristics
		4.3.2	 Clinical Significance
	4.4	 Monosodium Urate Crystals
		4.4.1	 Characteristics
		4.4.2	 Clinical Significance
	4.5	 Amorphous Urates
		4.5.1	 Characteristics
		4.5.2	 Clinical Significance
	4.6	 Ammonium Biurate Crystals
		4.6.1	 Characteristics
		4.6.2	 Clinical Significance
	4.7	 Struvite Crystals/Triple Phosphate Crystals
		4.7.1	 Characteristics
		4.7.2	 Clinical Significance
	4.8	 Calcium Phosphate Crystal
		4.8.1	 Characteristics
		4.8.2	 Clinical Significance
	4.9	 Amorphous Phosphates
		4.9.1	 Characteristics
		4.9.2	 Clinical Significance
	4.10	 Calcium Carbonate Crystals
		4.10.1	 Characteristics
		4.10.2	 Clinical Significance
	4.11	 Bilirubin Crystals
		4.11.1	 Characteristics
		4.11.2	 Unstained
		4.11.3	 Wright’s Stain
		4.11.4	 Clinical Significance
	4.12	 Cystine Crystals
		4.12.1	 Characteristics
		4.12.2	 Clinical Significance
	4.13	 Cholesterol Crystals
		4.13.1	 Characteristics
		4.13.2	 Clinical Significance
	4.14	 Tyrosine Crystals
		4.14.1	 Characteristics
		4.14.2	 Clinical Significance
	4.15	 Leucine Crystals
		4.15.1	 Characteristics
		4.15.2	 Clinical Significance
	4.16	 Drugs Crystals
	References
5: Other Formed Elements in Urine
	5.1	 Bacteria
		5.1.1	 Common Uropathogens
		5.1.2	 Clinical Significance
	5.2	 Fungi
	5.3	 Parasites
		5.3.1	 Trichomonas vaginalis
			5.3.1.1	 Characteristics
			5.3.1.2	 Clinical Significance
		5.3.2	 Giardia lamblia
		5.3.3	 Other Parasites or Parasitic Eggs
			5.3.3.1	 Pinworm Eggs
			5.3.3.2	 Ascaris lumbricoides Eggs
			5.3.3.3	 Egg of Schistosoma haematobium
			5.3.3.4	 Strongyloides stercoralis
	5.4	 Sperm
	5.5	 Glass Fragments
	5.6	 Fibers
	5.7	 Mucus Threads
	5.8	 Pollen
	5.9	 Corpora Amylacea and Prostatic Secretory Granules
	5.10	 Rotifers
	References