URBAN ECOSYSTEMS function, management and development.

Foreword
Contents
1 Urbanisation and Its Challenges for Ecological Urban Development
	Abstract
	1.1	The World is Urban
		1.1.1	Population Development and Urbanisation
		1.1.2	Spatial Processes of Urban Development
	1.2	Ecological Challenges for the City of the Twenty-First Century
		1.2.1	The Livable City
		1.2.2	The Resource-Efficient City
		1.2.3	The Resilient and Versatile City
	1.3	Urban Ecology as a Research and Solution Approach
	1.4	Conclusions
	References
2 What Are the Relationships Between the Spatial Urban Structure and the Ecological Characteristics of the City?
	Abstract
	2.1	Spatial Urban Structure
	2.2	Land Use and Land Cover as Key Ecological Features of the City
	2.3	Ecological Analysis of the Urban Form
		2.3.1	Mapping of Biotopes and Urban Morphology Types
		2.3.2	The “patch” Model, Landscape Dimensions and Landscape Gradients
	2.4	Conclusions
	References
3 What Are Urban Ecosystems and Why Are They Special? Dagmar Haase and Martin Sauerwein
	Abstract
	3.1	Urban Ecosystems and Their Special Features
		3.1.1	Ecosystem Research and City
		3.1.2	Urban Ecosystems
	3.2	Which Abiotic Characteristics Define Urban Ecosystems?
		3.2.1	Urban Climate and Radiation Balance
		3.2.2	Water Balance
		3.2.3	Soils as Subsoil for Urban Ecosystems
	3.3	Demarcation, Classification and Presentation of Urban Ecosystems
	3.4	Conclusions
	References
4 What Are the Special Features of the Urban Habitat and How Do We Deal with Urban Nature?
	Abstract
	4.1	The Urban Habitat is Different
		4.1.1	Urban Nature
		4.1.2	Flora and Vegetation of Urban Habitats
		4.1.3	Animals of Urban Habitats
	4.2	Urban Habitats, Condition, Use and Maintenance
		4.2.1	The Concept of the Four Natural Types
		4.2.2	Urban Forests
		4.2.3	Urban Waters
		4.2.4	Urban Gardens
			4.2.4.1 Public Urban Parks
			4.2.4.2 Allotment Gardens
		4.2.5	Urban Brownfields
		4.2.6	Structure and Dynamics of Urban Habitats
	4.3	Management of Urban Nature
		4.3.1	Tasks and Objectives of Urban Nature Conservation
		4.3.2	Practical Nature Conservation in the City - Worldwide
	4.4	Conclusions
	References
5 What Do Urban Ecosystems Do for the People in the City? Dagmar Haase
	Abstract
	5.1	Urban Ecosystems and Their Services
	5.2	Urban Ecosystem Services and Urban Land Use
	5.3	Individual Consideration of Selected Important Urban Ecosystem Services
		5.3.1	Local Climate Regulation Through Urban Ecosystems
		5.3.2	Water Supply and Flood Regulation
		5.3.3	Recreation Function
		5.3.4	On the Air Pollution Reduction Function of Urban Trees
		5.3.5	Urban Agriculture - Local Food Production and Social Cohesion
		5.3.6	Carbon Storage in the City—A Contribution to Reducing the Urban Footprint?
		5.3.7	Urban Ecosystem Disservices
		5.3.8	Synergy and Trade-Off Effects
		5.3.9	Conclusions on the Application of the Urban Ecosystem Services Approach in Urban Planning
	References
6 How Vulnerable Are Urban Ecosystems and How Can Urban Resilience Be Developed with Them? Jürgen Breuste, Dagmar Haase, Stephan Pauleit and Martin Sauerwein
	Abstract
	6.1	What is Vulnerability?
	6.2	Vulnerability of Urban Ecosystems Through Open Material Cycles
	6.3	Vulnerability to Natural Hazards
	6.4	Effects of Climate Change
	6.5	Urban Resilience—Dealing with Crises
		6.5.1	What is Urban Resilience?
		6.5.2	Growing Versus Shrinking Cities
		6.5.3	Resilience of Urban Structures in Dynamic Change
		6.5.4	Compact City Versus Sprawling City
		6.5.5	Is Resilience Dependent on the Size of the City?
		6.5.6	Adaptation to Climate Change
		6.5.7	City and Surrounding Area as a Resilient Region
	References
7 What Does the Eco-City of Tomorrow Look like and What Are the Paths Leading to It? Jürgen Breuste
	Abstract
	7.1	From vision to mission statement - urban development in the twentieth century
		7.1.1	The principle of the ideal city
		7.1.2	Ideal Cities as Models of Modernity in the Twentieth Century
		7.1.3	Sustainable urban development as a model for the twenty-first century
	7.2	Eco-Cities—Cities in Harmony with Nature
		7.2.1	Eco-Cities—Sustainable Cities
		7.2.2	Eco-city criteria
		7.2.3	The Real Eco-City—Examples
			7.2.3.1 The Grand Design, Initiatives “top down”
			7.2.3.2 The Urban Eco District
			7.2.3.3 Bits and Pieces—The Small Steps Towards more Nature in the City—Initiatives “Bottom Up”
	7.3	Conclusions
	References
8 What is Urban Ecology and What Are Its Applications in Urban Development?
	Abstract
	8.1	It is About the City of the Future!
	8.2	It is All About Urban Structure!
	8.3	It is All About the Special Nature of Urban Ecosystems!
	8.4	It is All About Urban Nature!
	8.5	It is About Ecosystem Services for People in the City!
	8.6	It is About the Resilience of Urban Ecosystems!
	8.7	It is All About Eco-Cities!
	References
Index