Urban Dynamics, Environment and Health: An International Perspective

Foreword by Michael E. Meadows
Foreword by George Pomeroy
Preface
Acknowledgement
About this Book
Contents
Editor and Contributors
Part I Urban Dynamics
1 Introduction: A Broad Perspective on the Concepts of Urban Dynamics, Environment, and Health
	1.1 A Prologue
		1.1.1 Urban Dynamics-Related Concepts
		1.1.2 Urban Environment
		1.1.3 Urban Health
		1.1.4 Urban Dynamics, Environment, and Health Linkages
		1.1.5 The Way Forward
	1.2 Concluding Remarks
	References
2 Sustainable Urbanization in Southeast Asian Megacities: The Contrasting Cases of Singapore and Manila
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Urbanization and Sustainability
	2.3 Singapore: A Model City?
	2.4 How to Improve Manila?
	2.5 Conclusion
	References
3 Urbanization and Its Challenges in Nepal
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Aims and Objectives
	3.3 Methods and Materials
	3.4 Population Scenario and Its Concentration
	3.5 Urban Centres and Delineation Criteria
	3.6 Urban Population Distribution
	3.7 Urbanization Processes
	3.8 Transformation of Rural-To-Urban Settlements
	3.9 Infrastructure Development
		3.9.1 Economic Establishment
		3.9.2 Urban Amenities
	3.10 Challenges
	3.11 Conclusion
	References
4 Changes and Challenges in Urban Residential Space: Case Study of Bucharest
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Data and Methodology
	4.3 Characteristics of the Residential Space in the Pre- and Post-communist Period
	4.4 How the Legislation Effects on the Current Development of the Residential Space
	4.5 Trends and Challenges in the Dynamics of the Residential Space
	4.6 Highlighting the Typology of Residential Dynamics Within the Sample Areas
		4.6.1 Enumerating the Main Dysfunctions, and Identifying Possible Ways to Solve the Emerging Issues
	4.7 Conclusions
	References
5 Rational Use of Urban Land for Sustainable Urban Growth: A Case Study of Metropolization in France
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Metropolization of Cities: Attractiveness, Insufficient Housing Capacity Supply, Lack of Sustainable Urban Planning and Coordination Between Transportation, Urban growth, Economic development, and Under Pressure After the COVID-19 Crisis
	5.3 Bordeaux Metropolitan Area: A Case Study
	5.4 Policy Recommendation Hints?
	5.5 General Policy Matters
	5.6 Conclusion
	References
6 Accessibility, Land Use, and Land Economics: A Factor Analysis Approach in Butwal Urban Area of Nepal
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Methods and Materials
		6.2.1 Selection of the Study Area
		6.2.2 Data Source and Processing
		6.2.3 Factor Analysis
	6.3 Results
		6.3.1 Distribution Pattern of Urban Features
		6.3.2 Correlation Among Variables
		6.3.3 The Variance Explained
		6.3.4 The Factor Loading
	6.4 Discussions
	6.5 Conclusion
	References
7 Spatial and Temporal Changes of Land Use Pattern in Urban Fringe of Varanasi Metropolitan City, India: An Indicator of Urbanization
	7.1 Introduction
		7.1.1 Land Use Change as an Indicator of Urbanization
	7.2 Study Area
	7.3 Objectives of the Study
	7.4 Methodology and Database
	7.5 Analysis
		7.5.1 Changes in the Pattern of Land Use in Urban Fringe of Varanasi City (1991–2011)
		7.5.2 Analysis of Changes in the Pattern of Different Categories of Land Use in Urban Fringe
	7.6 Conclusions
	References
8 An Evidence-Based Study on Locational Attributes, Space Use, and Operational Characteristics of Online Shopping in Dhaka City Corporation Areas
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Review of Literature on Online Shopping in Urban Context
	8.3 Methodology of the Research
	8.4 Nature, Trend and Locational Characteristics of Online Shops
		8.4.1 Product Types and Their Service Area
		8.4.2 Growth in the Number of Shops and Customers
		8.4.3 Locations of Offices and Storage Facilities of Selected Online Shops
		8.4.4 Detailing of Office Area
		8.4.5 Detailing of Storage Facilities
	8.5 Product Collection and Delivery Systems of Online Shops
		8.5.1 Product-Wise Collection Procedures
		8.5.2 Procedures of Delivery
		8.5.3 Locations of Delivery Within Dhaka
		8.5.4 Logistics for Delivery
		8.5.5 Payment System
		8.5.6 Staff for Delivery
	8.6 Prospects of Online Shopping from Providers’ Perspective
	8.7 Challenges Faced by the Online Shops
	8.8 Existing E-Commerce-Related Regulations in Bangladesh
	8.9 Conclusion
	References
9 Demographic Changes and Challenges of Small Towns in Romania
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 The Contrasting Path of Romanian Small Towns
	9.3 Data and Methods
	9.4 Results and Discussion
		9.4.1 Trends in Population Dynamics
		9.4.2 Vitality Index
		9.4.3 Net Migration Rate
		9.4.4 The Old-Age Dependency Ratio
		9.4.5 Index of Demographic Vulnerability (IDV)
	9.5 Conclusions
	References
10 Urban “Eventscape” in Post-communist Romania: An Instrument that Shapes Tourism Destinations Reshaping Urban Identities
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Events, Event Tourism, Destination Development, and Place Promotion
		10.2.1 Types of Events that Are Rooted in the Core of the Romanian Urban “Eventscape”
	10.3 The Romanian Tourist Urban “Eventscape”, Destination Development, and Place Promotion
	10.4 The Sighișoara Medieval Festivalscape—From Emerging to Established Event Tourism Destination
		10.4.1 The Sighișoara Medieval Festival
		10.4.2 Dracula Tourism (DT)
		10.4.3 The Sighișoara–UNESCO World Heritage Site
	10.5 Cluj-Napoca-“Festivalscape” Added Value to Event Tourism Destination
		10.5.1 “Untold” Festival
		10.5.2 “Electric Castle Festival”
		10.5.3 “Transylvania International Film Festival (TIFF)”
		10.5.4 “Transylvania Jazz Festival”
	10.6 Conclusions
	References
Part II Urban Environmental Issues
11 Social, Cultural, and Information and Communication Technology Transformation Towards Smart Environment: Lessons Learned from the City of Magelang, Indonesia
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 The Overview of Smart City and Smart Environment in Different Countries
	11.3 The Study of Smart Environment in the City of Magelang, Indonesia
	11.4 Methodology
	11.5 Results
		11.5.1 Environmental Condition in the City of Magelang
	11.6 Discussion
		11.6.1 The Implementation of Smart Environment in the City of Magelang
	11.7 Social and Cultural Change of the Society and the Role of Information and Communication Technology
	11.8 Strategies to Achieve Smart Environment
	11.9 Conclusions
	References
12 A Bus Rapid Transit System to Help Alleviate Air Pollution in Kathmandu, Nepal
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Materials and Methods
		12.2.1 Study Area
	12.3 Conceptual Framework
	12.4 Analyses
	12.5 Discussions
	12.6 Conclusion
	References
13 Community Participation in Mapping Poor Settlements: A Case of Chattagram City, Bangladesh
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Participatory Approach of Mapping: A Literature Review
	13.3 Methods
		13.3.1 Study Area
		13.3.2 Methods of Mapping and Study
	13.4 Results
		13.4.1 Key Findings
		13.4.2 Settlement Characteristics by Poverty Indicators
	13.5 Discussion
		13.5.1 Land and Housing Condition
		13.5.2 Environmental Services
		13.5.3 Infrastructure Condition
		13.5.4 Economic Condition
		13.5.5 Social Condition
	13.6 Conclusions
	References
14 Gendered Vulnerability and Role of Women in Landslide Preparedness: A Case Study of an Urban Periphery of Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh
	14.1 Introduction
		14.1.1 Gender Dimension of Disaster Vulnerability
		14.1.2 Method and Study Settings
		14.1.3 Findings
		14.1.4 Socio-demographical Aspects of Cox’s Bazar
		14.1.5 Development of Precarious Urban Settlements
		14.1.6 Landslide—A Snubbed Hazard in Bangladesh
		14.1.7 One of the first Initiatives to Address the Emerging Hazard
		14.1.8 Outcomes of the Community-based Early Warning System (CBEWS)
	14.2 Discussion
		14.2.1 Urbanization, Hilly Settlement, and Vulnerable Community
		14.2.2 Gendered Responsibilities and Women’s Vulnerabilities
		14.2.3 Disaster Risk Reduction: Awareness Raising and Capacity Building of Youth Volunteers
		14.2.4 Importance of Women’s Inclusion in Community Disaster Preparedness Activities
	14.3 Conclusion
	References
15 Dhaka: A City of Development and Deprivation for Environmentally Induced Migrants
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Urban Planning in Dhaka City: A Historical Perspective
	15.3 Push–Pull Factors and Growth of Uneven Geography of Dhaka
	15.4 Growth of Informal Settlements: Understanding the Politics
	15.5 Political Economy of Poverty: Urban Informal Settlement Perspectives
	15.6 Existence at the Edges: Life in Informal Settlements
	15.7 Conclusion
	References
16 Housing Quality, Affordability, and the Middle Class in Urban India
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Housing and Macro-Economy: Trends and New Frontiers
	16.3 Affordable Housing Development Antecedents
	16.4 Rising Middle Class and Its Effects on Urban Housing Consumption
	16.5 Affordability, Quality, and Lifestyle: An Integrative Discourse
	16.6 Conclusion
	References
17 Impact of Environmental Pollution on the Health of Workers Engaged in Informal Economy: A Case Study of Patna Metropolitan City
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Objectives
	17.3 Database and Methodology
	17.4 Study Area
	17.5 Growth of Informal Economy and Informal Workers
	17.6 Types of Pollution in Patna Metropolitan City and Its Impact on the Health of Informal Workers
		17.6.1 Air Pollution and Its Impact on the Health of Informal Workers
		17.6.2 Noise Pollution and Its Impact on the Health of Informal Workers
		17.6.3 Water Pollution and Its Impact on the Health of Informal Workers
		17.6.4 Land Pollution and its Impact on the Health of Informal Workers
	17.7 Pollution Control Measures and Public Participation
	17.8 Conclusion and Suggestions
	References
Part III Urban Health Problems
18 The Changing Landscapes of Hospitals in the Urban Areas: Evidence from Romania
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 The Space Matter and Hospital Landscape Infrastructure: The Geographical Background
	18.3 Public Hospitals and Decentralization Policy: The Normative Background
	18.4 Privatization of Romanian Hospitals: Policies and Outcomes in the European Context
	18.5 The Clinical Activity of Hospitals and the Volume–Outcome Relationship
	18.6 Conclusions
	References
19 Influence of Social Environment and Unconventional Substance Consumption on Young People’s Sexual Health Behaviour in Lagos Metropolis, Nigeria
	19.1 Introduction
	19.2 Objectives of the Study
	19.3 Data and Methods
	19.4 Results
	19.5 Discussion
	19.6 Conclusion
	References
20 Dealing with Mental Health Issues in Urban Romania—A Study on Youth’s Perception of Depression
	20.1 Literature Review
		20.1.1 The Healthcare and Political Entanglements in the Study Area
	20.2 Managing and Treating Mental Health in Romania
	20.3 Methodology
	20.4 An Attempt to Define Depression
	20.5 Studying Healthcare Behaviour When Dealing with Depression
	20.6 Identifying the Incipient Markers of Depression
	20.7 Conclusions
	References
21 Active Ageing and Health Status of the Aged Population of Bucharest City, Romania
	21.1 Introduction
	21.2 Background Information—Elderly Population in Europe, European Union, and Romania
	21.3 Data and Methodology
	21.4 Analysis
		21.4.1 Health Satisfaction Among Elderly Population
		21.4.2 Aged Population Needs in the Context of Active Ageing
		21.4.3 Role of Lifestyle in Meeting the Needs of the Elderly
	21.5 Conclusion and Suggestions
	References
22 Evaluating Displaced People’s Life Satisfaction in Urban Resettlement Community in Nanjing City, China
	22.1 Introduction
	22.2 Conceptual Discourse on Subjective Well-Being and Resettlement
	22.3 Research Methodology
	22.4 Research Findings
		22.4.1 Descriptive Analysis
		22.4.2 Ordinal Regression Analysis
	22.5 Conclusions
	References
23 Socio-economic Status of Mothers and Stunting Among Their Children of Under-Five Years Age in Urban Areas of DKI Jakarta
	23.1 Introduction
	23.2 Overview of the Province of DKI Jakarta
	23.3 Stunting and Its Causes
	23.4 Nutritional Foods, Nutritional Status and Stunting
	23.5 Socio-economic Status of Mothers
		23.5.1 Mother’s Education
		23.5.2 Working Status of the Mother
		23.5.3 Durable Goods Purchase Decision (Women Autonomy)
		23.5.4 Share of Family Income
	23.6 Material and Methods
		23.6.1 Variables in the Study
		23.6.2 Method of Data Analysis
	23.7 Results and Discussion
	23.8 Conclusion
	References
24 Role of Educational Attainment of Mothers in Child Delivery, Post Natal Check-Up, and Child Immunization in Urban India: A Study in the Context of Child Health
	24.1 Introduction
	24.2 Objectives
	24.3 Data Source and Methodology
	24.4 Analysis
		24.4.1 Role of Educational Attainment of Mothers in the Place of Child Birth
		24.4.2 Skilled Assistance During Delivery
		24.4.3 Postnatal Health Check for Mothers
		24.4.4 Timing of First Postnatal Check-Up for the Mother
		24.4.5 Type of Health Provider of First Postnatal Check-Up for the Mother
		24.4.6 Postnatal Health Check-Ups for Newborns
		24.4.7 Role of Educational Attainment of Mothers in Child Immunization
		24.4.8 Spatial Distribution of Immunization Among Children Aged 12–23 Months in Urban India
	24.5 Conclusion
	References
25 A Study of Lifestyle Behaviours of In-Migrants in Asansol City, West Bengal, India: An Aspect of Urban Health
	25.1 Introduction
	25.2 Concept and Meaning of Lifestyle
	25.3 Determinants of Lifestyle
		25.3.1 Migration–Concept and Meaning
	25.4 Urban Lifestyle, Migrants and Health: An Interrelationship
	25.5 Study Area
	25.6 Objectives
	25.7 Methodology
	25.8 Analysis
		25.8.1 Pattern of In-Migrant Respondents by Age and Sex
		25.8.2 Pattern of Lifestyle-Related Responses of In-Migrant Respondents by Age Group and Sex
		25.8.3 Pattern of Lifestyle-Related Responses of In-Migrant Respondents by Social Group and Sex
		25.8.4 Pattern of Lifestyle-Related Responses of In-Migrant Respondents by Level of Education and Sex
		25.8.5 Pattern of Lifestyle-Related Responses of In-Migrant Respondents by Per Capita Monthly Income and Sex
		25.8.6 Pattern of Lifestyle-Related Responses of In-Migrant Respondents by Economic Activity and Sex
		25.8.7 Pattern of Lifestyle-Related Responses of In-Migrant Respondents Concerning the Types of Disease by Sex
		25.8.8 Conclusion
	References
Part IV Urban Development, Planning and Policies
26 Going Green in Urban Development: Conceptual Advancements and Applications in Selected Cities
	26.1 Introduction
	26.2 The Conceptual Advancements of Going Green
		26.2.1 From Early 19th Century Up to Late 20th Century
		26.2.2 Turn of the Twentieth Century to Twenty-First Century First Quarter
	26.3 Case Studies: Going Green Applications
		26.3.1 Milton Keynes New Town Development, England
		26.3.2 Canberra City Climate Resilient-Australia
		26.3.3 Greater Accra Climate Resilient and Integrated Development Project
		26.3.4 Makumbura Multimodal Transport Hub, Sri Lanka
	26.4 Discussion and Conclusion
	References
27 Internal Migration and Urban Development: Recent Experiences of China
	27.1 Introduction
	27.2 Characteristics and Recent Changes of Internal Migration in China: How is It Distinctive?
		27.2.1 Characteristics
		27.2.2 Recent Changes
	27.3 Drivers of Internal Migration in China: Why is the Economic Inter-Provincial Perspective Important?
		27.3.1 Macro-level Drivers: Rural and Urban Divide and Regional Inequality
		27.3.2 Micro-level Drivers
	27.4 Conclusions
	References
28 Countering Counter-Urbanization: A Comparative Analysis of Resiliency and Redevelopment in Postindustrial Cities of the United States and Poland
	28.1 Introduction: The Shrinking Cities Phenomenon
	28.2 Background to Case Study Analysis
	28.3 Detroit, Michigan, USA
		28.3.1 Revitalization: Politics and Planning
		28.3.2 Resiliency and a Sustainable Future
	28.4 Łódź, Poland
		28.4.1 Revitalization: Politics and Planning
		28.4.2 Resiliency and a Sustainable Future
	28.5 Detroit and Łódź: Comparable Pasts, Indeterminate Futures
	28.6 Conclusion
	References
29 Polycentric Megacity Regions and Regional Planning and Governance: Insights from New York and the Rhine-Ruhr?
	29.1 Introduction
	29.2 Megacity Regions and Regional Planning and Governance
		29.2.1 The “Region” as the (Obvious) Scale of Planning and Governance
		29.2.2 Tensions Between Regional Cooperation and Competition
	29.3 The New York and Rhine-Ruhr Megacity Regions: Regional Planning and Governance
		29.3.1 The New York Megacity Region
		29.3.2 The Rhine-Ruhr Megacity Region
	29.4 Discussion and Conclusions
	References
30 Medium-Sized Spanish Cities: Urban Planning and Urban Policies
	30.1 Introduction
	30.2 Municipal Spatial Planning, Urban Planning, and Real Estate Dynamics (1979–2019)
	30.3 The Evolution of Spatial Planning Policies at Municipal Scale (1979–2019)
		30.3.1 First Period (1979–1992). Urban and Reformist Planning: Valladolid as an Example
		30.3.2 Second Period (1993–2007). Embracing Neoliberal Policies, Managerialism, and Sprawling Urbanism: Toledo and Cuenca as Examples
		30.3.3 Third Period (2008–2019). The Crisis, the Reassessment of Urban Policies and New Local Agendas: Sustainability, Circularity, and Public Participation—Just Rhetoric or Reality?
	30.4 Conclusion
	References
31 Unfolding Binh Duong’s Formula to Success: A Breakthrough Strategy Towards Industry 4.0, Knowledge Economy, and Sustainable City
	31.1 Introduction
	31.2 The Period of 2016–2021: The Start of the Smart City Program in Binh Duong—A Foundational Program for a New Development
		31.2.1 The Triple Helix Model
		31.2.2 Line of Actions
	31.3 Contribution to the Development of Binh Duong
	31.4 Resource Mobilization, Revision, and Adoption of New Strategies, Planning for the Innovation Region, and Development of the Smart City Program for the Next Period Until 2030
		31.4.1 Overarching Vision for the Master Plan
	31.5 The Innovation region—A New Focus of the Smart City Program in the Next Period
		31.5.1 Boosting Services, Developing the Cohort of Three Cities (Thu Dau Mot, Di An, Thuan An), and Founding the World Trade Center Binh Duong New City
		31.5.2 Science and Technology Industrial Park and Advanced Manufacturing Development
	31.6 Conclusion
	References
32 A Future Design for the Sustainable Urban Renewal of Manila Megacity of the Philippines
	32.1 Introduction
	32.2 Methodology
		32.2.1 Study Design and Sampling Strategy
		32.2.2 A Modified Delphi Approach
	32.3 Data Analysis
	32.4 Results and Discussion
		32.4.1 On the 12 KEs of Urban Renewal
		32.4.2 Micro-Case Studies on Selected KEs
	32.5 A Proposal for a Future Design Framework for Metro Manila
	32.6 Concluding Remarks
	References
Index