Urban Deer Havens

1 Urban Deer Introduction
Deer Are a Mixed Blessing
Terminology 
Bureau of Census Definition of Urban 
Ecological Definition of Urban
Definition of Deer 
Deer Characteristics that Identify Them as Mammals
Deer Characteristics that Identify Them as Cervids
Deer Characteristics that Identify Them as Different Species or Subspecies
Contemporary Relevance of a Text on Urban Deer
Urbanization = Collision of An Invasive Hyperkeystone Species With a Keystone
Humans (Homo sapiens) are the Invasive Species
Humans as a Hyperkeystone Species
Deer as a Keystone Species
Reviews of published literature
2 Urban Neighborhoods Guarantee Deer Occupation
Factors That Contributed To Deer Abundance in Urban America
Counting Deer
Census Techniques
The Census Process
Direct Count
Application of direct count as a population estimate procedure
Application of Trap/Mark/ Release as a population estimate procedure
Application of distance sampling as a population estimate procedure.
Harvest Recommendations Based on Census Data
Deer Population Estimates: Money Not Well Spent
National and state-wide estimates of deer numbers
3 Overabundant Urban Deer
Deer Management in Urban Areas When Compared to Rural Areas
The Scope of the Problem
Population Dynamics
How Populations Grow
Population Growth Rate Patterns 
History of deer abundance
Factors leading to deer overabundance
Biological Carrying Capacity
Problems associated with deer overabundance
Deer-vehicle collisions
Disease transmission
Ecological Impact of Urban Deer Overabundance
Laws and Regulations Concerning Urban Deer
Who’s in charge of managing urban deer?
Who’s in charge of regulating urban deer?
Management options in Texas
Hunting
The Tale of Two Cities
Background
Need for Educational Program Development
4 Urban Deer Management Planning: Process, Progress, and Problems
Steps for Managing Urban Deer Populations
Suburban White-tailed deer Management
Driving factors 
State Urban Deer Management Plans
Who are you going to call?
Commitment to Urban Deer Management 
Appendix
Examples of Online Citizen’s Survey on Urban Deer Ecology and Management