Urban Bats: Biology, Ecology, and Human Dimensions

Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
Part I: What is an Urban Bat? Morphological, Physiological, Behavioural, and Genetic Adaptations
	Chapter 1: Stress Physiology, Foraging, and Ecophysiology of Bats in Urban Environments
		1 Introduction
		2 Stress Physiology
		3 Extrinsic Factors that Affect the Stress Response in Bats
			3.1 Stress and Light Pollution
			3.2 Stress and Noise Pollution
		4 Intrinsic Factors That Affect the Stress Response in Bats
			4.1 Mobility
			4.2 Sociality
			4.3 Diet and Foraging Behaviour
		5 Ecophysiology of Bats in Urban Environments
			5.1 Roosts and Energetics
			5.2 Water Balance
		6 Conclusions
		Literature Cited
	Chapter 2: Genetic Impoverishment in the Anthropocene: A Tale from Bats
		1 Introduction
		2 Temporal Genomic Data Reveal Drastic Population Genetic Diversity Decline in a Tropical Fruit Bat
			2.1 Decline in Genetic Diversity
			2.2 Drastic Population Bottleneck Coinciding with Urbanisation
			2.3 Common Species Are Not Immune to the Effects of Fragmentation
		3 Conclusion
		4 Acknowledgements
		5 Data Availability
		Literature Cited
	Chapter 3: Are Molossid Bats Behaviourally Preadapted to Urban Environments? Insights from Foraging, Echolocation, Social, and Roosting Behaviour
		1 Introduction
		2 Foraging Behaviour
		3 Echolocation Behaviour
		4 Social Behaviour
		5 Roosting Behaviour
		6 Conclusions
		Literature Cited
	Chapter 4: Urban Bats and their Parasites
		1 Introduction
		2 Ectoparasites
			2.1 What Are the Parasitological Consequences of Altered Roosting Behaviours By Urban Bats?
			2.2 Does Urbanisation Have Linked Fitness and Parasitological Implications for Bats?
			2.3 Do Urban Abiotic Changes Modulate Bat-Ectoparasite Relationships?
			2.4 Could Urban Changes in Ectoparasite Loads Alter the Risk of Disease?
		3 Endoparasites
			3.1 Protozoan Parasites and Host-Vector Contact Rates
			3.2 Helminths Provide Insights into Host Foraging
		4 Concluding Perspectives
		Literature Cited
	Chapter 5: Bat Societies across Habitat Types: Insights from a Commonly Occurring Fruit Bat Cynopterus sphinx
		1 Introduction
		2 Societies of the Short-Nosed Fruit Bat Cynopterus sphinx Across Urban and Rural Landscapes
		3 Discussion
			3.1 Potential Impact of Urbanisation on Cynopterus sphinx
			3.2 Urban Areas as Ecological Traps
		Literature Cited
Part II: How do Bats Inhabit Urban Environments? Uses of Artificial Roosts, Aerial Habitats, and Green Spaces
	Chapter 6: Bat Boxes as Roosting Habitat in Urban Centres: ‘Thinking Outside the Box’
		1 Introduction
		2 Bat Roosting Behaviours in Light of Roost Availability
		3 Providing a New Space to Roost: Bat Box Design
		4 Bat Boxes Are Not a Universal Solution or ‘Panacea’
			4.1 Successfully Replacing an Eliminated Roost Post-eviction
			4.2 How a Bat Box Might Become an ‘Ecological Trap’
			4.3 Supplementing Existing Habitat: Environmental Context, Bat Assemblages, and Box Design
			4.4 How Hot Is Too Hot?
		5 Thinking Outside the Box: Recommendations for the Installation and Use of Bat Boxes and Other Complementary Roost Structures
			5.1 What to Recommend for the Installation and Proposed Use of Bat Boxes
			5.2 Beyond the Box: Installing Other Artificial Roost Structures to Diversify Available Roost Space
		6 Conclusion: Urban Planning for Bats
		Literature Cited
	Chapter 7: Aerial Habitats for Urban Bats
		1 Introduction
		2 Urban Modifications to Aerial Habitats
			2.1 Roads and Vehicle Traffic
			2.2 Urban Noise
			2.3 Urban Light Pollution
			2.4 Urban Heat Islands
			2.5 Urban Canyons
			2.6 Windows
		3 Bat-Friendly Stewardship of Urban, Aerial Habitats
		Literature Cited
	Chapter 8: City Trees, Parks, and Ponds: Green and Blue Spaces as Life Supports to Urban Bats
		1 Introduction
		2 Use of Green Spaces by Urban Bats
			2.1 Roosting Habitat
			2.2 Foraging Habitat
			2.3 Corridors for Commuting and Refuge from Disturbances
		3 Blue Spaces in and around Urban Green Spaces
		4 Spatial Considerations for Green and Blue Spaces in the Urban Landscape
		5 The Study of Urban Green and Blue Spaces
		6 Recommendations for Green and Blue Space Design and Management to Support Urban Bats
		7 Future Research Directions
		Literature Cited
	Chapter 9: Assessing the Effects of Urbanisation on Bats in Recife Area, Atlantic Forest of Brazil
		1 Introduction
		2 Bat Species Richness and Activity in Green Spaces and Urban Areas in Recife
		3 Impact of Artificial Illumination on Bat Activity
		4 Molossid Activity and Behaviour in Urban vs. Non-urban Areas
		5 Discussion and Conclusions
		Literature Cited
Part III: How do Bats and Humans Interact in Urban Environments? Human Perceptions, Public Health, and Ecosystem Services of Bats
	Chapter 10: Human Dimensions of Bats in the City
		1 Introduction
		2 A Brief Theoretical Framework
		3 Disentangling Values, Attitudes, and Behaviours
		4 Encounters Between Bats and Urbanites: A Change of Attitude?
		5 New Challenges
		Literature Cited
	Chapter 11: Urban Bats, Public Health, and Human-Wildlife Conflict
		1 Urban Bats and Zoonotic Diseases
		2 Health Risks of Bat-Human Cohabitation: To Humans and to Bats
		3 Nuisance Wildlife or Welcome Guest?
		4 Reducing Risk of Zoonotic Spillovers from Urban Bats
		Literature Cited
	Chapter 12: Ecosystem Services by Bats in Urban Areas
		1 Introduction
			1.1 Insectivory
			1.2 Pollination and Seed Dispersal
			1.3 Bat Tourism
		2 Conclusions
		Appendices
			Appendix 1
			Appendix 2
			Appendix 3
		Literature Cited
	Chapter 13: The Big Picture and Future Directions for Urban Bat Conservation and Research
		1 Urban Bats: Adaptation or Tolerance?
		2 How Do Bats Compare to Other Mammals in Their Response to Urbanisation?
		3 Impacts of Urban Environments on Hibernation and Migration
		4 How Can We Support Urban Bats?
		5 Future Directions for Research and Defining Urban Environments
		Literature Cited
Index