UR:BAN human factors in traffic : approaches for safe, efficient and stress-free urban traffic

Cover......Page 1
Half Title Page......Page 2
Title Page......Page 3
Copyright Page......Page 4
Contents......Page 5
About the Authors......Page 13
Preface......Page 16
Chapter One: Overview......Page 19
 The Era of Darwin......Page 24
  Charles Darwin......Page 25
  Francis Galton......Page 29
  Box 2.1 Francis Galton......Page 30
  Variation......Page 32
 Summary......Page 33
 Mendel\'s Laws......Page 34
  Mendel\'s First Law of Heredity......Page 35
  Box 3.1 Gregor Mendel\'s Luck......Page 36
  Box 3.2 How Do We Know That 1 in 50 People Are Carriers for PKU?......Page 40
  Mendel\'s Second Law of Heredity......Page 41
  Complex Traits......Page 46
  Multiple-Gene Inheritance......Page 50
  Quantitative Genetics......Page 51
  Box 3.3 Liability-Threshold Model of Disorders......Page 54
  The X-Chromosome: An Extension to Mendel\'s Laws......Page 56
 Summary......Page 60
 Dna......Page 61
  Box 4.1 The \"Central Dogma\" of Molecular Genetics......Page 64
 Chromosomes......Page 68
 Summary......Page 72
 Quantitative Genetic Experiments to Investigate Animal Behavior......Page 73
  Selection Studies......Page 76
  Inbred Strain Studies......Page 80
  Creating Mutations......Page 84
  Quantitative Trait Loci......Page 90
  Synteny Homology......Page 95
 Summary......Page 96
Chapter Six: Nature, Nurture, and Human Behavior......Page 97
  Adoption Designs......Page 98
  Twin Design......Page 101
  Box 6.2 Issues in Adoption Studies......Page 102
  Box 6.3 The Twin Method......Page 106
  Combination......Page 108
 Summary......Page 109
 Heritability......Page 111
 Interpreting Heritability......Page 114
  Box 7.1 Estimating Heritability Directly from DNA......Page 116
  Shared Environment......Page 120
  Estimating Shared and Nonshared Environmental Influences......Page 121
  Identifying Specific Nonshared Environment......Page 122
  Identifying Specific Nonshared Environment That Predicts Behavioral Outcomes......Page 124
 Multivariate Analysis......Page 126
 Summary......Page 127
Chapter Eight: The Interplay between Genes and Environment......Page 129
 Beyond Heritability......Page 130
 Genotype-Environment Correlation......Page 131
  The Nature of Nurture......Page 132
  Three Types of Genotype-Environment Correlation......Page 135
  Three Methods to Detect Genotype-Environment Correlation......Page 136
  Implications......Page 140
 Genotype-Environment Interaction......Page 141
  Animal Models......Page 142
  Adoption Studies......Page 143
  Twin Studies......Page 144
  DNA......Page 145
 Summary......Page 148
Chapter Nine: Identifying Genes......Page 149
  Expanded Triplet Repeats......Page 150
 Detecting Polymorphisms......Page 153
  Box 9.1 DNA Markers......Page 154
  Linkage: Single-Gene Disorders......Page 157
  Association: Candidate Genes......Page 159
  Box 9.2 Affected Sib-Pair Linkage Design......Page 160
  Association: Genomewide......Page 161
  Box 9.3 SNP Microarrays......Page 162
 Summary......Page 166
Chapter Ten: Pathways between Genes and Behavior......Page 167
 Gene Expression and the Role of Epigenetics......Page 168
  Box 10.1 Levels of Analysis......Page 169
  Gene Expression Profiles: RNA Microarrays and Sequence-Based Approaches......Page 173
  Gene Expression as a Biological Basis for Environmental Influence......Page 175
 The Proteome: Proteins Coded throughout the Transcriptome......Page 177
  The Brain......Page 178
  Box 10.2 Endophenotypes......Page 179
  Learning and Memory......Page 180
  Neuroimaging......Page 182
 Summary......Page 184
Chapter Eleven: Cognitive Abilities......Page 185
 Animal Research......Page 186
 General Cognitive Ability......Page 188
 Specific Cognitive Abilities......Page 191
 Neurocognitive Measures of Cognitive Abilities......Page 194
 School Achievement......Page 195
  Heritability Increases During Development......Page 197
  Assortative Mating Is Substantial......Page 202
  The Same Genes Affect Diverse Cognitive and Learning Abilities......Page 204
 Identifying Genes......Page 206
 Summary......Page 209
Chapter Twelve: Cognitive Disabilities......Page 210
 General Cognitive Disability: Quantitative Genetics......Page 211
 General Cognitive Disability: Single-Gene Disorders......Page 212
  Phenylketonuria......Page 213
  Fragile X Syndrome......Page 214
  Rett Syndrome......Page 215
  Other Single-Gene Disorders......Page 216
  Down Syndrome......Page 217
  Sex Chromosome Abnormalities......Page 219
  Small Chromosomal Deletions......Page 220
  Reading Disability......Page 222
  Mathematics Disability......Page 225
 Summary......Page 226
Chapter Thirteen: Schizophrenia......Page 228
 Family Studies......Page 229
  Box 13.1 The Beginnings of Psychiatric Genetics: Bethlem Royal and Maudsley Hospitals......Page 230
 Twin Studies......Page 231
 Adoption Studies......Page 233
 Schizophrenia or Schizophrenias?......Page 236
 Identifying Genes......Page 237
 Summary......Page 239
 Mood Disorders......Page 240
  Family Studies......Page 241
  Twin Studies......Page 243
  Adoption Studies......Page 244
  Identifying Genes......Page 245
 Anxiety Disorders......Page 247
 Other Disorders......Page 248
 Co-Occurrence of Disorders......Page 251
  Identifying Genes......Page 253
 Summary......Page 254
Chapter Fifteen: Developmental Psychopathology......Page 256
  Family and Twin Studies......Page 257
  Identifying Genes......Page 259
  Twin Studies......Page 260
  Identifying Genes......Page 262
 Disruptive Behavior Disorders......Page 263
 Anxiety Disorders......Page 265
 Other Disorders......Page 267
 Overview of Twin Studies of Childhood Disorders......Page 269
 Summary......Page 270
Chapter Sixteen: Personality and Personality Disorders......Page 272
 Self-Report Questionnaires......Page 273
 Other Measures of Personality......Page 276
 Other Findings......Page 278
  Development......Page 279
  Relationships......Page 280
  Attitudes and Political Behavior......Page 282
  Behavioral Economics......Page 283
  Personality Disorders......Page 284
   Schizotypal Personality Disorder......Page 285
   Antisocial Personality Disorder and Criminal Behavior......Page 286
 Identifying Genes......Page 290
 Summary......Page 291
  Twin and Adoption Research on Alcohol-Related Phenotypes......Page 293
  Animal Research on Alcohol-Related Phenotypes......Page 296
  Molecular Genetic Research on Alcohol-Related Phenotypes......Page 299
 Nicotine Dependence......Page 302
  Twin Research on Smoking-Related Phenotypes......Page 303
  Molecular Genetic Research on Smoking-Related Phenotypes......Page 305
 Other Drugs......Page 307
 Complexities of Studying the Genetics of Substance Use......Page 308
 Summary......Page 309
 Genetics and Health Psychology......Page 310
  Body Weight and Obesity......Page 311
  Subjective Well-Being and Health......Page 320
 Health Psychology and Genetic Counseling......Page 321
  BOX 18.1 Genetic Counseling......Page 322
 Summary......Page 323
 Cognitive Aging......Page 324
  General Cognitive Ability......Page 325
  Specific Cognitive Abilities......Page 326
  Dementia......Page 327
  Physiological Functioning......Page 330
  Self-Rated Health......Page 331
  Molecular Genetics and Physical Health......Page 332
 Longevity......Page 333
 Summary......Page 334
Chapter Twenty: The Future of Behavioral Genetics......Page 335
 Quantitative Genetics......Page 336
 Molecular Genetics......Page 339
 Implications of Nature and Nurture......Page 341
 1. Introduction......Page 344
  Box A.1 Behavioral Genetic Interactive Modules......Page 345
  1.1 Variation and Covariation: Statistical Descriptions of Individual Differences......Page 347
  2.1 The Biometric Model......Page 360
  2.2 Estimating Variance Components......Page 366
  3.1 Linkage Analysis......Page 391
  3.2 Association Analysis......Page 395
Websites......Page 401
Glossary......Page 403
References......Page 412
Name Index......Page 486
Subject Index......Page 505