Upper Atmosphere Research in Antarctica

Title Page......Page 1
Copyright......Page 2
The Antarctic Research Series......Page 3
Preface......Page 4
Foreword......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
1. EARTH'S OUTER ENVIRONMENT......Page 7
2. ANTARCTIC RESEARCH LOCATIONS......Page 10
3. UNITED STATES RESEARCH STATIONS......Page 12
4. FUTURE OF UPPER ATMOSPHERE RESEARCH IN ANTARCTICA......Page 14
REFERENCES......Page 16
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 18
2. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND......Page 19
3.1. Magnetospheric Optics......Page 20
3.2. Atmospheric Transformation......Page 23
4.2. Temporal Variations......Page 24
4.3. Field Line Topology......Page 25
5.1 The Heliosphere......Page 29
6.1. Steady State Modulations......Page 30
6.2. Transient Modulations......Page 33
7.2. Low-Energy Particles......Page 36
7.3. Relativistic Particles......Page 39
REFERENCES......Page 46
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 48
2.1. Riometer......Page 49
2.2. Electron Bremsstrahlung......Page 52
3. SUBSTORM-ASSOCIATED ENERGETIC ELECTRON PRECIPITATION......Page 54
3.1. Global Pattern of Development......Page 55
3.2. Expansion Velocities......Page 56
3.3. Relativistic Electron Precipitation......Page 58
3.4. Precipitation in the Midnight Sector......Page 59
3.5. Substorm Precursorsi n Electron Precipitation......Page 60
3.6. Small-Scale Dynamics......Page 61
4. ELECTRON PRECIPITATION ASSOCIATED WITH STORM SUDDEN COMMENCEMENTS AND SUDDEN IMPULSES......Page 62
4.1. Riometer Studies of sca and sia......Page 63
4.2. X Ray Studies of sc and si Electron Precipitation......Page 65
5. SUBAURORAL PARTICLE PRECIPITATION......Page 67
5.1. Wave-Particle Effects Associated With Natural Magnetospheric Processes......Page 68
5.2. Particle Precipitation From Controlled Interaction Experiments......Page 71
6. FUTURE DIRECTIONS......Page 72
REFERENCES......Page 75
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 78
2. WHISTLER STUDIES OF PLASMASPHERE DYNAMICS......Page 79
2.1. Whistler Technique......Page 80
2.2. The Plasmapause......Page 82
2.3. Magnetospheric Electric Fields......Page 88
2.4. Plasma Flow Between the Ionosphere and the Magnetosphere......Page 90
2.5. Electron Density Variations in the Plasmasphere......Page 93
3.1. Discrete Emissions......Page 96
3.2. Auroral Hiss......Page 98
3.3. Wave-Induced Particle Precipitation......Page 100
4. FUTURE DIRECTIONS......Page 101
REFERENCES......Page 102
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 106
2. BACKGROUND......Page 111
3. THEORY......Page 112
4. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD
......Page 115
4.1. Antenna......Page 116
4.2. Transmitter......Page 117
4.3. Receiving Systems......Page 120
5.1. Wave Growth and Emissions......Page 121
5.2. Power Line Radiation......Page 125
5.3. Growth Suppression......Page 126
5.4. Quiet Bands......Page 128
5.5 Wave-Wave Interactions......Page 131
5.6. Satellite Observations of Siple Signals......Page 133
6. FUTURE DIRECTIONS OF RESEARCH......Page 134
REFERENCES......Page 135
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 136
2. INSTRUMENTATION......Page 140
3. PULSATION DISTRIBUTIONS......Page 143
4.1. General Nature......Page 147
4.2. Wave Modes......Page 151
4.3. Ionosphere Transmission......Page 156
5. HYDROMAGNETIC WAVES AND RELATED PHENOMENA......Page 159
6. FUTURE DIRECTIONS......Page 160
REFERENCES......Page 161
2.1. Auroral Oval
......Page 163
2.4. Size of the Auroral Oval......Page 165
3.1. Magnetic Noon Shadow Height......Page 166
3.2. South Pole Station and the Dayside Half of the Oval......Page 176
3.3. Spectacular Red Aurora......Page 197
4. CONJUGACY OF ARCTIC AND ANTARCTIC AURORAS......Page 200
5. PROTON AURORA SUBSTORM AND TV STUDY OF DISCRETE AURORAS......Page 203
REFERENCES......Page 204
1.2. Some Theoretical Concepts......Page 206
2. ADVANTAGES OF THE ANTARCTIC REGION FOR AERONOMIC RESEARCH......Page 209
3.2. Auroral Oval Phenomena......Page 213
3.4. Slant E8 Phenomena and Lacuna......Page 214
3.5. F Region Magnetic Noon Phenomena......Page 217
3.6. F Region Trough Phenomena......Page 220
3.7. Precipitation Effects in the E and D Regions......Page 221
3.8. Particle E Night E......Page 223
4.1. History......Page 225
4.2 Morphology of Regular F2 Layer Variations
......Page 226
4.3 Weddell Sea Anomaly: Detailed Discussion of Morphology of Seasonal Changes......Page 231
5.1. Some Possibilities for Future Research......Page 235
5.2. Deployment of Antarctic Ionospheric Research Effort......Page 237
REFERENCES......Page 238
2. GEOPHYSICS IN THE ANTARCTIC......Page 242
3. EARLY ATTEMPTS AT PHOTOGRAPHING THE AURORA AUSTRALIS......Page 244
4. LONGWAVE RADIO PROPAGATION IN ANTARCTICA......Page 245
5. THE FIRST POLAR IONOSPHERIC ECHO-SOUNDING RESEARCH......Page 247
6. THE FIRST POLAR VLF OBSERVATIONS......Page 252
7. THE BEGINNINGS OF ANTARCTIC COSMICRAY STUDIES......Page 258
8. CONCLUSIONS......Page 265
REFERENCES......Page 266
Glossary......Page 269