Upgrading and Repairing PCs (22nd Edition)

Contents
Introduction
1 Development of the PC
	Computer History: Before Personal Computers
		Timeline
		Electronic Computers
	Modern Computers
		From Tubes to Transistors
		Integrated Circuits
	History of the PC
		Birth of the Personal Computer
		The IBM Personal Computer
		The PC Industry 34 Years Later
2 PC Components, Features, and System Design
	What Is a PC?
		Who Controls PC Software?
		Who Controls PC Hardware?
		White-Box Systems
	System Types
	System Components
3 Processor Types and Specifications
	Microprocessor History
		The First Microprocessor
		PC Processor Evolution
		16-Bit to 64-Bit Architecture Evolution
	Processor Specifications
		Data I/O Bus
		Address Bus
		Internal Registers (Internal Data Bus)
		Processor Modes
		Processor Benchmarks
		Comparing Processor Performance
		Cache Memory
	Processor Features
		System Management Mode
		Superscalar Execution
		MMX Technology
		Dynamic Execution
		Dual Independent Bus Architecture
		HT Technology (Hyperthreading)
		Multicore Technology
		Hardware-Assisted Virtualization Support
	Processor Manufacturing
		PGA Chip Packaging
		Single Edge Contact and Single Edge Processor Packaging
	Processor Socket and Slot Types
		Socket LGA775
		Socket LGA1156
		Socket LGA1366
		Socket LGA1155
		Socket LGA2011
		Socket LGA1150
		Socket AM2/AM2+/AM3/AM3+
		Socket F (1207FX)
		Socket FM1
		Socket FM2
		Socket FM2+
		Socket AM1 (Socket FS1B)
	CPU Operating Voltages
	Math Coprocessors (Floating-Point Units)
	Processor Bugs and Steppings
	Processor Code Names
	P1 (086) Processors
	P2 (286) Processors
	P3 (386) Processors
	P4 (486) Processors
	P5 (586) Processors
		AMD-K5
	Intel P6 (686) Processors
		Pentium Pro Processors
		Pentium II Processors
		Pentium III
		Celeron
	Intel Pentium 4 and Extreme Edition Processors
		Intel Pentium D and Pentium Extreme Edition
	Intel Core Processors
		Intel Core 2 Family
		Intel (Nehalem) Core i Processors
	AMD K6 Processors
	AMD K7 Processors
		AMD Athlon
		AMD Duron
		AMD Athlon XP
		Athlon MP
	AMD K8 Processors
		AMD Athlon 64 and 64 FX
		AMD Sempron
		AMD Athlon X2, 64 X2, and 64 FX
	AMD K10 Processors (Phenom, Phenom II, Athlon II, Athlon X2, Sempron)
	AMD Bulldozer, Piledriver, Steamroller, and Excavator FX Processors
	AMD Fusion/HSA APUs
	Processor Upgrades
	Overclocking
		Quartz Crystals
		Modern PC Clocks
		Overclocking Tips
		Unlocking Cores
		Bus Speeds and Multipliers
	Processor Cooling
		Heatsinks
		Liquid Cooling
		Thermally Advantaged Chassis
	Processor Troubleshooting Techniques
4 Motherboards and Buses
	Motherboard Form Factors
		Obsolete Form Factors
		ATX and Other Modern Form Factors
	Processor Sockets/Slots
	Chipsets
		Chipset Evolution
		Intel Chipsets
		Intel Chipset Model Numbers
		Intel Integrated Graphics Architecture
		AMD Integrated Graphics Architecture
		Traditional North/southbridge Architecture
		Hub Architecture
		HyperTransport and Other Processor/ Chipset Interconnects
	Intel’s Early 386/486 Chipsets
	Fifth-Generation (P5 Pentium Class) Chipsets
	Sixth-Generation (P6 Pentium Pro/II/III Class) Chipsets
	Seventh/Eighth-Generation (Pentium 4/D, Core 2, and Core i) Chipsets
		Intel 915 Family
		Intel 925X Family
		Intel 945 Express Family
		Intel 955X and 975X Family
		Intel 96x Series
		Intel 3x and 4x Series Chipsets
		Intel 5x Series Chipsets
		Intel 6x Series Chipsets
		Intel 7x Series Chipsets
		Intel 8x Series Chipsets
		Intel 9x Series Chipsets
	Third-Party Chipsets for Intel Processors
		SiS Chipsets
		ULi Electronics Chipsets
		ATI Chipsets
		VIA Chipsets
		NVIDIA Chipsets for Intel Processors
	Chipsets for AMD Processors
	AMD Athlon Chipsets
	AMD Athlon 64 Chipsets
		AMD 8000 (8151) Chipset
		AMD (Formerly ATI) Chipsets for Athlon 64, Sempron, Phenom
		Third-Party Chipsets for AMD Processors
		VIA Chipsets
		SiS Chipsets
		NVIDIA Chipsets
	Super I/O Chips
	Motherboard Connectors
	System Bus Types, Functions, and Features
		The Processor Bus (FSB)
	Types of I/O Buses
		The ISA Bus
		The Micro Channel Bus
		The EISA Bus
		Local Buses (VESA, PCI, PCI Express, AGP)
	System Resources
		Interrupts
		DMA Channels
		I/O Port Addresses
	Motherboard Selection Criteria (Knowing What to Look For)
		Chipset Documentation
5 BIOS
	BIOS Basics
	Motherboard ROM BIOS
		ROM Hardware
		ROM Shadowing
		ROM Chip Types
		ROM BIOS Manufacturers
		BIOS Hardware/Software
	Upgrading the BIOS
		Where to Get Your BIOS Update
		Determining Your BIOS Version
		Backing Up Your BIOS
		Backing Up Your BIOS Setup (CMOS RAM) Settings
		Upgrading a Flash BIOS
		Motherboard CMOS RAM Addresses
	Preboot Environment
	Unified Extensible Firmware Interface
		UEFI and BIOS Limitations
		UEFI Support
	BIOS Setup
		Running or Accessing the BIOS Setup Program
		BIOS Setup Menus
		Maintenance Menu
		Main Menu
		Exit Menu
		AMD-Specific BIOS Settings
	PnP BIOS
		PnP Device IDs
		ACPI
	BIOS/MBR Error Messages
		BIOS Boot Error Messages
		MBR Boot Error Messages
6 Memory
	Memory Basics
		ROM
		DRAM
		Cache Memory: SRAM
	Memory Standards
	Speed and Performance
		Fast Page Mode DRAM
		Extended Data Out RAM
		SDRAM
		DDR SDRAM
		DDR2 SDRAM
		DDR3 SDRAM
		DDR4 SDRAM
		RDRAM
	Memory Modules
		Registered Modules
		SDR DIMM Details
		DDR DIMM Details
		DDR2 DIMM Details
		DDR3 DIMM Details
		DDR4 DIMM Details
	Determining a Memory Module’s Size and Features
	Memory Banks
	Memory Module Speed
	Parity and ECC
		Parity Checking
		How Parity Checking Works
		ECC
	RAM Upgrades
		Upgrade Options and Strategies
		Purchasing Memory
		Replacing Modules with Higher-Capacity Versions
		Installing Memory Modules
	Troubleshooting Memory
	Memory Defect Isolation Procedures
	The System Logical Memory Layout
7 The ATA/IDE Interface
	An Overview of the IDE Interface
		Precursors to IDE
		IDE Origins
		Origins of ATA
	ATA Standards
		ATA-1 (ATA Interface for Disk Drives)
		ATA-2 (ATA Interface with Extensions-2)
		ATA-3 (ATA Interface-3)
		ATA/ATAPI-4 (ATA with Packet Interface Extension-4)
		ATA/ATAPI-5 (ATA with Packet Interface-5)
		ATA/ATAPI-6 (ATA with Packet Interface-6)
		ATA/ATAPI-7 (ATA with Packet Interface-7)
		ATA/ATAPI-8
	PATA
		PATA I/O Connector
		PATA I/O Cable
		Longer or Rounded Cables
		PATA Signals
		PATA Dual-Drive Configurations
		PATA PIO Transfer Modes
		PATA DMA Transfer Modes
	SATA
		SATA Standards and Performance
		SATA Express
		SATA Cables and Connectors
		eSATA
		SATA Configuration
		Advanced Host Controller Interface
		Non-Volatile Memory Express
		SATA Transfer Modes
	ATA Features
		ATA Commands
		ATA Security Mode
		Host Protected Area
		ATAPI
	ATA Drive Capacity Limitations
		Prefixes for Decimal and Binary Multiples
		BIOS Limitations
		CHS Versus LBA
		CHS/LBA and LBA/CHS Conversions
		BIOS Commands Versus ATA Commands
		CHS Limitations (the 528MB Barrier)
		CHS Translation (Breaking the 528MB Barrier)
		The 2.1GB and 4.2GB Barriers
		LBA-Assist Translation
		The 8.4GB Barrier
		The 137GB Barrier and Beyond
		Operating System and Other Software Limitations
	GPT and the 2.2TB Barrier
	PATA/SATA RAID
		Software RAID
8 Magnetic Storage
	Magnetic Storage
	History of Magnetic Storage
	How Magnetic Fields Are Used to Store Data
	Read/Write Head Designs
		Ferrite
		Metal-In-Gap
		Thin-Film
		Magneto-Resistive Heads
		Giant Magneto-Resistive Heads
	Head Sliders
	Data-Encoding Schemes
		Frequency Modulation Encoding
		Modified FM Encoding
		Run Length Limited Encoding
		Encoding Scheme Comparisons
		Partial-Response, Maximum-Likelihood Decoders
	Capacity Measurements
	Areal Density
		Perpendicular Magnetic Recording
		Helium-Filled Drives
		Shingled Magnetic Recording
	Definition of a Hard Disk
	Hard Drive Advancements
	Form Factors
		5 1/4-Inch Drive
		3 1/2-Inch Drive
		2 1/2-Inch Drive
		1.8-Inch Drive
		1-Inch Drives
	HDD Operation
		Data Recovery Options
		The Ultimate HDD Analogy
		Tracks and Sectors
		ECC
		Disk Formatting
	Basic HDD Components
		Hard Disk Platters (Disks)
		Recording Media
		Read/Write Heads
		Head Actuator Mechanisms
		Air Filters
		Hard Disk Temperature Acclimation
		Spindle Motors
		Logic Boards
		Cables and Connectors
		Configuration Items
	Hard Disk Features
		Capacity
		Performance
		Reliability
9 Flash and Removable Storage
	Alternative Storage Devices
	Flash Memory Devices
		CompactFlash, XQD, and CFast
		SmartMedia
		MultiMediaCard
		SecureDigital
		Sony Memory Stick
		ATA Flash PC Card
		Card-Picture Card
	Solid-State Drives
		Virtual SSD (RAMdisk)
		Flash-Based SSDs
	USB Flash Drives
		Comparing Flash Memory Devices
		SD Cards Speed Class and UHS Speed Class Markings
		File Systems Used by Flash Memory
		Flash Card Readers
		Card Readers
		ReadyBoost Support
	Cloud-Based Storage
	Floppy Disk Drives
	Tape Drives
10 Optical Storage
	Optical Technology
	CD-Based Optical Technology
		CDs: A Brief History
		CD Construction and Technology
		Mass-Producing CDs
		Writable CDs
		MultiRead Specifications
		MultiPlay and MultiAudio
	DVD
		DVD History
		DVD Construction and Technology
		DVD Tracks and Sectors
		Handling DVD Errors
		DVD Capacity (Sides and Layers)
		Data Encoding on the DVD Disc
		Recordable DVD Standards
		Multiformat Rewritable DVD Drives
	BD
	HD-DVD
	Optical Disc Formats
		CD Formats
		DVD Formats and Standards
		Optical Disc File Systems
	Ripping/Copying Discs
		”For Music Use Only” CD-R/RW Discs
		CD Copy Protection
		CD Digital Rights Management
		DVD and Blu-ray Copy Protection
	Optical Drive Performance Specifications
		CD Data Transfer Rate
		CD Drive Speed
		DVD Drive Speed
		BD Drive Speed
		Access Time
		Buffer/Cache
		Direct Memory Access and Ultra-DMA
		Interface
		Loading Mechanism
		Other Drive Features
	How to Reliably Record Optical Discs
		Bootable Optical Discs—El Torito
		LightScribe and LabelFlash
	Troubleshooting Optical Drives
		Caring for Optical Media
		Updating the Firmware in an Optical Drive
11 Video Hardware
	Display Adapters and Monitors
	Video Display Adapters
		Video Adapter Types
		Integrated Video/Motherboard Chipsets
		CPUs with Integrated Video
		Intel Processors with Integrated Graphics
		AMD Desktop APUs
		Video Adapter Components
		Identifying the Video and System Chipsets
		Video RAM
		The DAC
	Video Display Interfaces
		The System Interface
		The Display Interface
		TV Display Interfaces
	3D Graphics Accelerators
		How 3D Accelerators Work
		APIs
		Dual-GPU Scene Rendering
	Monitors
		Display Specifications
		LCD and LED Technology
		Touchscreens
		Plasma Display Technology
		LCD and DLP Projectors
	Using Multiple Monitors
		Dualview
		Homogeneous Adapters
		Heterogeneous Adapters
	Choosing the Best Display Hardware for a Particular Task
	Video Troubleshooting and Maintenance
		Troubleshooting Video Cards and Drivers
		Video Drivers
		Maintaining Monitors
		Testing Monitors
		Adjusting Monitors
		Bad Pixels
		Troubleshooting Monitors
		Repairing Monitors
12 Audio Hardware
	Audio Hardware Concepts and Terms
		The Nature of Sound
		Evaluating the Quality of Your Audio Hardware
		Sampling
	Early PC Sound Cards
		Limitations of Sound Blaster Pro Compatibility
		Microsoft Windows and Audio Support
		DirectX and Audio Support Hardware
		Core Audio APIs for Windows
		3D Gaming Audio Standards
		Legacy Audio Support Through Virtualization
	Audio Hardware Features
		Basic Connectors
		Audio Signal Processing Methods
		Advanced Audio Features
		Volume Control
		MIDI Support Features
		Data Compression
		Sound Drivers
		Sound Cards for Sound Producers
	Motherboard Chipsets with Integrated Audio
		Intel “Azalia” HD Audio
	Troubleshooting PC Audio Problems
		Sound Card and Onboard Audio Problems
	Speakers
		Speaker Selection Criteria
		Theater and Surround Sound Considerations
	Microphones
13 External I/O Interfaces
	Introduction to Input/Output Ports
		Serial Versus Parallel
		Universal Serial Bus
		IEEE 1394 (FireWire or i.LINK)
		Hot-Plugging (and Unplugging)
	Thunderbolt Technology
	Low-Speed External Connections
		Serial Ports
		Parallel Ports
14 Input Devices
	Keyboards
		Enhanced 101-Key Keyboard
		103/104-Key Windows Keyboard
	Keyboard Technology
		Keyswitch Design
		The Keyboard Interface
		Typematic Functions
		Keyboard Scan Codes
		International Keyboard Layouts
		Keyboard/Mouse Interface Connectors
		USB Keyboards
		Keyboards with Special Features
	Keyboard Troubleshooting and Repair
		Cleaning a Keyboard
	Keyboard Recommendations
	Pointing Devices
		Mouse Sensitivity
		Ball-Type Mice
		Optical Mice
		Pointing Device Interface Types
		Scroll Wheels
		Mouse Troubleshooting
		Cleaning Your Mouse
		Alternative Pointing Devices
	Touchscreen Technology
	Wireless Input Devices
		Power Management Features of Wireless Input Devices
		Supporting Multiple Devices with a Single Transceiver
		Troubleshooting Wireless Input Devices
15 Internet Connectivity
	Internet Connectivity Trends
	Broadband Internet Access Types
		Cable Internet
		Digital Subscriber Line
		Wireless Broadband
		Cellular Broadband 3G and 4G Services
		Satellite Broadband
		ISDN
		Leased Lines
		Comparing High-Speed Internet Access
	Dial-Up Modems
	Internet Connection Security
		Having a Backup Plan in Case of Service Interruptions
		Sharing Your Internet Connection
		Routers for Internet Sharing
		Modem/Router Status LEDs
16 Local Area Networking
	Defining a Network
		Types of Networks
		Requirements for a Network
	Client/Server Versus Peer Networks
		Client/Server Networks
		Peer-to-Peer Networks
		Comparing Client/Server and Peer-to-Peer Networks
	Network Architecture Overview
		Wired Ethernet
		Wireless Ethernet
		Bluetooth
	Hardware Elements of Your Network
		NICs for Wired Ethernet Networks
		Network Cables for Wired Ethernet
		Wired Network Topologies
		Switches for Ethernet Networks
		Wireless Ethernet Hardware
	Network Protocols
		IP and TCP/IP
		IPX and NetBEUI
	Other Home Networking Solutions
		HomePNA
		HomeGrid Forum and G.hn Networking
		Power Line Networking
	Putting Your Network Together
		Network Adapters
		Cables and Connections Between Computers
		Switch/Access Point
17 Power Supplies
	The Power Supply
	Primary Function and Operation
		Voltage Rails
		The Power Good Signal
	Power Supply Form Factors
		Modern Form Factors
	Power Switches
		ATX and Newer
		PC/XT/AT and LPX Power Switches
	Motherboard Power Connectors
		AT/LPX Power Supply Connectors
		ATX and ATX12V Motherboard Power Connectors
		Backward and Forward Compatibility
		Dell Proprietary (Nonstandard) ATX Design
	Additional Power Connectors
		Peripheral Power Connectors
		Floppy (Berg) Power Connectors
		Serial ATA Power Connectors
		PCI Express Auxiliary Graphics Power Connectors
	Power Supply Specifications
		Power Supply Loading
		Power Supply Ratings
		Other Power Supply Specifications
		Power Factor Correction
		SLI-Ready and CrossFire/CrossFireX Certifications
		Safety Certifications
	Power-Use Calculations
	Power Savings
		80 Plus
		ENERGY STAR
		Advanced Configuration and Power Interface
	Power Cycling
	Power Supply Troubleshooting
		Overloaded Power Supplies
		Inadequate Cooling
		Using Digital Multimeters
		Specialized Test Equipment
	Power Supply Recommendations
		Modular Cables
		Sources for Replacement Power Supplies
	Power-Protection Systems
		Surge Suppressors (Protectors)
		Network and Phone Line Surge Protectors
		Line Conditioners
		Backup Power
	Real-Time Clock/Nonvolatile RAM (CMOS RAM) Batteries
		Modern CMOS Batteries
		Obsolete or Unique CMOS Batteries
		CMOS Battery Troubleshooting
18 Building or Upgrading Systems
	System Components
		Before You Start: How to Decide What to Build
		Case and Power Supply
		Processor
		Motherboard
		Memory
		I/O Ports
		Hard Disk/Solid-State Drives
		Removable Storage
		Input Devices
		Video Card and Display
		Audio Hardware
		Accessories
	Hardware and Software Resources
	System Assembly and Disassembly
		Assembly Preparation
		Installing the CPU and Heatsink
		Installing Memory Modules
		Mounting the New Motherboard in the Case
		Preparing a Modular Power Supply
		Connecting the Power Supply
		Connecting I/O and Other Cables to the Motherboard
		Installing the Drives
		Installing a Video Card
		Installing Additional Expansion Cards
		Replacing the Cover and Connecting External Cables
	System Startup
	Installing the OS
	Troubleshooting New Installations
19 PC Diagnostics, Testing, and Maintenance
	PC Diagnostics
	Diagnostics Software
		The POST
		Insyde BIOS Diagnostic and Beep Codes
		Peripheral Diagnostics
		Operating System Diagnostics
		Commercial Diagnostics Software
		Free/User-Supported Diagnostics
	The Boot Process
		The Hardware Boot Process: Operating System Independent
		The DOS Boot Process
		The Windows 9x/Me Boot Process
		Windows 2000/XP Startup
		Windows Vista/7 Startup
		Windows 8.1/10 Startup
	PC Maintenance Tools
		Hand Tools
		Safety
		Test Equipment
		Special Tools for the Enthusiast
	Preventive Maintenance
		Active Preventive Maintenance Procedures
		Passive Preventive Maintenance Procedures
	Troubleshooting Tips and Techniques
		Repair or Replace?
		Basic Troubleshooting Steps
		Troubleshooting by Replacing Parts
		Troubleshooting by the Bootstrap Approach
		Problems During the POST
		Problems Running Software
		Problems with Adapter Cards
		Top Troubleshooting Problems
Index
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	J
	K
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	Q
	R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W
	X
	Y-Z
Where are the Companion Content Files?