UNIX Programming. UNIX Processes, Memory Management, Process Communication, Networking, and Shell Scripting

Cover Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication Page
About the Authors
About the Reviewer
Acknowledgement
Preface
Errata
Table of Contents
1. Fundamental Concepts of UNIX Operating System
	Structure
	Objectives
	History of UNIX
	Salient features of UNIX
		Portability
		Multi-tasking
		Multi-user
		Device independence
		Modularity
		Networking
		Tools and utilities
		Security
	The UNIX system architecture
	UNIX programming environment
		Personal environment
		Time-sharing environment
		Client-server environment
	UNIX process
		Process attributes
		Process states
		Modes of execution of a process
		Process context
		Process relationship
		init process in 4.3 BSD
		init process in UNIX system V
	Files and directories
		File
		Pathname
		Types of files
		UNIX file name convention
		File names and meta characters
	UNIX file system
		Important UNIX directories
	Conclusion
	Key terms
	Test your skills
		Answers
	Review exercise
2. File Management
	Structure
	Objectives
	File input/output
		Kernel data structures for file input/output
		System call for UNIX file I/O
		BASIC file permission
		Real and effective user-IDs and group-IDs
		Mounting and unmounting a file system
	Directory related system calls
		The mkdir system call
		The rmdir system call
		The chdir() system call
	Standard I/O library in UNIX
		Stream and FILE object
		I/O buffering
		Stream buffering operations
	Standard data files
		/etc/passwd file
		/etc/group file
		/etc/shadow file
	Conclusion
	Review Exercise
3. Process Management
	Introduction
	Structure
	Objectives
	UNIX process
		Process IDs
	Executing process in UNIX environment
		Modes of execution of a process
	Process termination
		Normal termination
		Abnormal process termination
	Command-line arguments and environment variables
	Memory layout of a UNIX process
	Setting branch into another function
	Process states
	Process control block
	Process control
		Process creation
		Awaiting process termination
		Executing another program
	Accessing user information
		User details
		Group details
		Show information of all users logged in
	Process groups
	Sessions
	Signals
		Sending a signal to processes
		Signal handling
	Thread
	Conclusion
	Review Exercise
4. Inter-Process Communication
	Introduction
	Structure
	Objective
	Introduction to IPC
		Means of interprocess communication
		Pipes and FiFOs
		One end closed pipe
		The popen() I/O library function
		The pclose() I/O function
		FIFOs
		Server process
		Client process
		Message queues
		Destroying a message queue
		Controlling message queue
	Shared memory
		Creating shared memory
		Controlling a shared memory segment
		Attaching and detaching a shared memory segment
	Process synchronization
		Semaphores
		Semaphore operations
		Semaphore set
		Creating semaphore
		Controlling semaphore
		Semaphore operations semop()
		Destroying a semaphore
	Conclusion
	Review Exercise
5. Socket Programming
	Introduction
	Structure
	Objective
	Socket
	Types of sockets
	Socket data structure
	System calls for socket communication
		Creating a socket (server and client)
		Binding socket to an address (server)
		Listening incoming connection
		Initiating connection
		Accepting the connection from the incoming queue
		Sending data through socket (connection-oriented)
		Receiving message through socket (connection-oriented)
		Receiving message through socket (connectionless)
		Closing socket
	I/O models
		Blocking I/O model
		Non-blocking I/O model
		I/O multiplexing model
		Signal-driven I/O model
		Asynchronous I/O model
	Name and address conversion
		Resource records
		The gethostbyname() function
		The hostent structure
		The gethostbyaddress() function
		The getservbyname() and getservbyport() functions
	Conclusion
	Review Exercise
6. Memory Management
	Structure
	Objective
	Memory management
		Use of operating system memory
		Memory contents of a running process in UNIX
		Swapping
		Demand paging
	Memory management functions
		The malloc() function
		The free() function
		The calloc() function
		The realloc() function
		The alloca() function
		Setting branch to another function
	Conclusion
	Multiple choice questions
		Answers
	Questions
7. UNIX Shell and Custom Environment
	Structure
	Objectives
	Introduction to shell
	Execution modes of UNIX shell
		Interactive mode
		Programming mode
		UNIX session customization mode
	Shell interpretation cycle
	Functions of UNIX shell
		Program execution
		Input/output redirection
		Command pipelining
		Environment customization
		Shell programming language
	Types of shells
		The Bourne shell family
		The C shell family
		Summary of features
	Meta character and wild cards
	Command standard input/output
	Redirection
		Output redirection
		Safe I/O redirection with noclobber
		Input redirection
		Redirecting error
	Command grouping
	Command pipelining
	The tee command
	UNIX environment variables
		PATH variable
		HOME variable
		Prompt string 1 (PS1) variable
		Prompt string 2 (PS2) variable
		MAIL variable
		CDPATH variable
		MAILCHECK variable
		MAILPATH variable
	User’s profile
	Conclusion
	Test your skills
		Answers
	Review Exercises
	Lab practice
8. Shell Programming Using Bourne Shell
	Structure
	Objective
	Introduction to shell programming
	Writing shell scripts
	Variables
	Comment
	Quoting
		Single quotes
		Double quotes
		The backslash
	Command substitution
	Special shell variables
	The shift command
	The set command
	Interactive input
	Subshell
	Exporting variables
	Test operator for comparisons
	Logical operators with test
		The negation operator (!)
		The logical AND operator
		The logical OR operator
	Control commands
		Conditional if
		Conditional case
		The while command
		The until command
		The for command
		The break command
		The continue command
	Special string operations
	Parameter substitution
	Functions
		Passing arguments to function
		Returning from function
	Trapping signals
	Arrays
	Conclusion
	Review Exercise
Index