University Physics with Modern Physics with MasteringPhysics® (13th Edition)

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 5
Copyright Page......Page 6
ABOUT THE AUTHORS......Page 12
TO THE STUDENT: HOW TO SUCCEED IN PHYSICS BY REALLY TRYING......Page 13
TO THE INSTRUCTOR: PREFACE......Page 15
Acknowledgments......Page 19
CONTENTS......Page 21
1 UNITS, PHYSICAL QUANTITIES, AND VECTORS......Page 27
1.2 Solving Physics Problems......Page 28
1.3 Standards and Units......Page 30
1.4 Unit Consistency and Conversions......Page 32
1.5 Uncertainty and Significant Figures......Page 34
1.7 Vectors and Vector Addition......Page 36
1.8 Components of Vectors......Page 40
1.9 Unit Vectors......Page 45
1.10 Products of Vectors......Page 46
Summary......Page 52
Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 53
2 MOTION ALONG A STRAIGHT LINE......Page 61
2.1 Displacement, Time, and Average Velocity......Page 62
2.2 Instantaneous Velocity......Page 64
2.3 Average and Instantaneous Acceleration......Page 68
2.4 Motion with Constant Acceleration......Page 72
2.5 Freely Falling Bodies......Page 78
2.6 Velocity and Position by Integration......Page 81
Summary......Page 84
Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 85
3 MOTION IN TWO OR THREE DIMENSIONS......Page 95
3.1 Position and Velocity Vectors......Page 96
3.2 The Acceleration Vector......Page 98
3.3 Projectile Motion......Page 103
3.4 Motion in a Circle......Page 111
3.5 Relative Velocity......Page 114
Summary......Page 120
Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 121
4 NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION......Page 130
4.1 Force and Interactions......Page 131
4.2 Newton’s First Law......Page 134
4.3 Newton’s Second Law......Page 138
4.4 Mass and Weight......Page 143
4.5 Newton’s Third Law......Page 146
4.6 Free-Body Diagrams......Page 150
Summary......Page 152
Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 153
5.1 Using Newton’s First Law: Particles in Equilibrium......Page 160
5.2 Using Newton’s Second Law: Dynamics of Particles......Page 166
5.3 Frictional Forces......Page 172
5.4 Dynamics of Circular Motion......Page 180
5.5 The Fundamental Forces of Nature......Page 185
Summary......Page 187
Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 188
6 WORK AND KINETIC ENERGY......Page 202
6.1 Work......Page 203
6.2 Kinetic Energy and the Work–Energy Theorem......Page 207
6.3 Work and Energy with Varying Forces......Page 213
6.4 Power......Page 219
Summary......Page 222
Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 223
7 POTENTIAL ENERGY AND ENERGY CONSERVATION......Page 233
7.1 Gravitational Potential Energy......Page 234
7.2 Elastic Potential Energy......Page 242
7.3 Conservative and Nonconservative Forces......Page 247
7.4 Force and Potential Energy......Page 251
7.5 Energy Diagrams......Page 254
Summary......Page 256
Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 257
8.1 Momentum and Impulse......Page 267
8.2 Conservation of Momentum......Page 273
8.3 Momentum Conservation and Collisions......Page 277
8.4 Elastic Collisions......Page 281
8.5 Center of Mass......Page 284
8.6 Rocket Propulsion......Page 288
Summary......Page 292
Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 293
9.1 Angular Velocity and Acceleration......Page 304
9.2 Rotation with Constant Angular Acceleration......Page 309
9.3 Relating Linear and Angular Kinematics......Page 311
9.4 Energy in Rotational Motion......Page 314
9.5 Parallel-Axis Theorem......Page 319
9.6 Moment-of-Inertia Calculations......Page 320
Summary......Page 323
Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 324
10.1 Torque......Page 334
10.2 Torque and Angular Acceleration for a Rigid Body......Page 337
10.3 Rigid-Body Rotation About a Moving Axis......Page 340
10.4 Work and Power in Rotational Motion......Page 346
10.5 Angular Momentum......Page 348
10.6 Conservation of Angular Momentum......Page 351
10.7 Gyroscopes and Precession......Page 354
Summary......Page 357
Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 358
11 EQUILIBRIUM AND ELASTICITY......Page 370
11.2 Center of Gravity......Page 371
11.3 Solving Rigid-Body Equilibrium Problems......Page 374
11.4 Stress, Strain, and Elastic Moduli......Page 378
11.5 Elasticity and Plasticity......Page 383
Summary......Page 385
Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 386
12.1 Density......Page 399
12.2 Pressure in a Fluid......Page 401
12.3 Buoyancy......Page 406
12.4 Fluid Flow......Page 408
12.5 Bernoulli’s Equation......Page 411
12.6 Viscosity and Turbulence......Page 415
Summary......Page 418
Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 419
13.1 Newton’s Law of Gravitation......Page 428
13.2 Weight......Page 432
13.3 Gravitational Potential Energy......Page 435
13.4 The Motion of Satellites......Page 437
13.5 Kepler’s Laws and the Motion of Planets......Page 440
13.6 Spherical Mass Distributions......Page 444
13.7 Apparent Weight and the Earth’s Rotation......Page 447
13.8 Black Holes......Page 449
Summary......Page 453
Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 454
14.1 Describing Oscillation......Page 463
14.2 Simple Harmonic Motion......Page 465
14.3 Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion......Page 472
14.4 Applications of Simple Harmonic Motion......Page 476
14.5 The Simple Pendulum......Page 479
14.6 The Physical Pendulum......Page 481
14.7 Damped Oscillations......Page 483
14.8 Forced Oscillations and Resonance......Page 485
Summary......Page 487
Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 489
15 MECHANICAL WAVES......Page 498
15.1 Types of Mechanical Waves......Page 499
15.2 Periodic Waves......Page 500
15.3 Mathematical Description of a Wave......Page 503
15.4 Speed of a Transverse Wave......Page 508
15.5 Energy in Wave Motion......Page 512
15.6 Wave Interference, Boundary Conditions, and Superposition......Page 515
15.7 Standing Waves on a String......Page 517
15.8 Normal Modes of a String......Page 521
Summary......Page 525
Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 526
16.1 Sound Waves......Page 535
16.2 Speed of Sound Waves......Page 540
16.3 Sound Intensity......Page 544
16.4 Standing Sound Waves and Normal Modes......Page 548
16.5 Resonance and Sound......Page 553
16.6 Interference of Waves......Page 555
16.7 Beats......Page 557
16.8 The Doppler Effect......Page 559
16.9 Shock Waves......Page 564
Summary......Page 567
Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 569
17 TEMPERATURE AND HEAT......Page 577
17.1 Temperature and Thermal Equilibrium......Page 578
17.2 Thermometers and Temperature Scales......Page 579
17.3 Gas Thermometers and the Kelvin Scale......Page 580
17.4 Thermal Expansion......Page 583
17.5 Quantity of Heat......Page 588
17.6 Calorimetry and Phase Changes......Page 591
17.7 Mechanisms of Heat Transfer......Page 596
Summary......Page 604
Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 605
18 THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER......Page 616
18.1 Equations of State......Page 617
18.2 Molecular Properties of Matter......Page 622
18.3 Kinetic-Molecular Model of an Ideal Gas......Page 625
18.4 Heat Capacities......Page 631
18.5 Molecular Speeds......Page 634
18.6 Phases of Matter......Page 636
Summary......Page 640
Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 641
19.1 Thermodynamic Systems......Page 650
19.2 Work Done During Volume Changes......Page 651
19.3 Paths Between Thermodynamic States......Page 654
19.4 Internal Energy and the First Law of Thermodynamics......Page 655
19.5 Kinds of Thermodynamic Processes......Page 660
19.6 Internal Energy of an Ideal Gas......Page 662
19.7 Heat Capacities of an Ideal Gas......Page 663
19.8 Adiabatic Processes for an Ideal Gas......Page 666
Summary......Page 669
Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 670
20.1 Directions of Thermodynamic Processes......Page 678
20.2 Heat Engines......Page 680
20.3 Internal-Combustion Engines......Page 683
20.4 Refrigerators......Page 685
20.5 The Second Law of Thermodynamics......Page 687
20.6 The Carnot Cycle......Page 689
20.7 Entropy......Page 695
20.8 Microscopic Interpretation of Entropy......Page 701
Summary......Page 704
Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 705
21 ELECTRIC CHARGE AND ELECTRIC FIELD......Page 713
21.1 Electric Charge......Page 714
21.2 Conductors, Insulators, and Induced Charges......Page 717
21.3 Coulomb’s Law......Page 719
21.4 Electric Field and Electric Forces......Page 724
21.5 Electric-Field Calculations......Page 729
21.6 Electric Field Lines......Page 734
21.7 Electric Dipoles......Page 735
Summary......Page 740
Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 741
22.1 Charge and Electric Flux......Page 751
22.2 Calculating Electric Flux......Page 754
22.3 Gauss’s Law......Page 758
22.4 Applications of Gauss’s Law......Page 762
22.5 Charges on Conductors......Page 767
Summary......Page 772
Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 773
23.1 Electric Potential Energy......Page 780
23.2 Electric Potential......Page 787
23.3 Calculating Electric Potential......Page 793
23.4 Equipotential Surfaces......Page 797
23.5 Potential Gradient......Page 800
Summary......Page 803
Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 804
24 CAPACITANCE AND DIELECTRICS......Page 814
24.1 Capacitors and Capacitance......Page 815
24.2 Capacitors in Series and Parallel......Page 819
24.3 Energy Storage in Capacitors and Electric-Field Energy......Page 822
24.4 Dielectrics......Page 826
24.5 Molecular Model of Induced Charge......Page 831
24.6 Gauss’s Law in Dielectrics......Page 833
Summary......Page 835
Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 836
25 CURRENT, RESISTANCE, AND ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE......Page 844
25.1 Current......Page 845
25.2 Resistivity......Page 848
25.3 Resistance......Page 851
25.4 Electromotive Force and Circuits......Page 854
25.5 Energy and Power in Electric Circuits......Page 860
25.6 Theory of Metallic Conduction......Page 864
Summary......Page 867
Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 868
26.1 Resistors in Series and Parallel......Page 876
26.2 Kirchhoff’s Rules......Page 881
26.3 Electrical Measuring Instruments......Page 886
26.4 R-C Circuits......Page 890
26.5 Power Distribution Systems......Page 894
Summary......Page 899
Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 900
27.1 Magnetism......Page 909
27.2 Magnetic Field......Page 911
27.3 Magnetic Field Lines and Magnetic Flux......Page 915
27.4 Motion of Charged Particles in a Magnetic Field......Page 918
27.5 Applications of Motion of Charged Particles......Page 922
27.6 Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor......Page 924
27.7 Force and Torque on a Current Loop......Page 927
27.8 The Direct-Current Motor......Page 933
27.9 The Hall Effect......Page 935
Summary......Page 937
Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 938
28.1 Magnetic Field of a Moving Charge......Page 949
28.2 Magnetic Field of a Current Element......Page 952
28.3 Magnetic Field of a Straight Current-Carrying Conductor......Page 954
28.4 Force Between Parallel Conductors......Page 957
28.5 Magnetic Field of a Circular Current Loop......Page 958
28.6 Ampere’s Law......Page 961
28.7 Applications of Ampere’s Law......Page 964
28.8 Magnetic Materials......Page 967
Summary......Page 973
Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 975
29 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION......Page 983
29.1 Induction Experiments......Page 984
29.2 Faraday’s Law......Page 985
29.3 Lenz’s Law......Page 993
29.4 Motional Electromotive Force......Page 995
29.5 Induced Electric Fields......Page 997
29.6 Eddy Currents......Page 1000
29.7 Displacement Current and Maxwell’s Equations......Page 1001
29.8 Superconductivity......Page 1005
Summary......Page 1007
Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 1008
30.1 Mutual Inductance......Page 1017
30.2 Self-Inductance and Inductors......Page 1020
30.3 Magnetic-Field Energy......Page 1024
30.4 The R-L Circuit......Page 1027
30.5 The L-C Circuit......Page 1031
30.6 The L-R-C Series Circuit......Page 1035
Summary......Page 1038
Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 1039
31.1 Phasors and Alternating Currents......Page 1047
31.2 Resistance and Reactance......Page 1050
31.3 The L-R-C Series Circuit......Page 1056
31.4 Power in Alternating-Current Circuits......Page 1060
31.5 Resonance in Alternating-Current Circuits......Page 1063
31.6 Transformers......Page 1066
Summary......Page 1069
Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 1070
32 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES......Page 1077
32.1 Maxwell’s Equations and Electromagnetic Waves......Page 1078
32.2 Plane Electromagnetic Waves and the Speed of Light......Page 1081
32.3 Sinusoidal Electromagnetic Waves......Page 1086
32.4 Energy and Momentum in Electromagnetic Waves......Page 1090
32.5 Standing Electromagnetic Waves......Page 1095
Summary......Page 1099
Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 1100
33.1 The Nature of Light......Page 1106
33.2 Reflection and Refraction......Page 1108
33.3 Total Internal Reflection......Page 1114
33.4 Dispersion......Page 1117
33.5 Polarization......Page 1119
33.6 Scattering of Light......Page 1126
33.7 Huygens’s Principle......Page 1128
Summary......Page 1131
Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 1132
34.1 Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface......Page 1140
34.2 Reflection at a Spherical Surface......Page 1144
34.3 Refraction at a Spherical Surface......Page 1152
34.4 Thin Lenses......Page 1157
34.5 Cameras......Page 1165
34.6 The Eye......Page 1168
34.7 The Magnifier......Page 1172
34.8 Microscopes and Telescopes......Page 1173
Summary......Page 1178
Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 1180
35 INTERFERENCE......Page 1189
35.1 Interference and Coherent Sources......Page 1190
35.2 Two-Source Interference of Light......Page 1192
35.3 Intensity in Interference Patterns......Page 1196
35.4 Interference in Thin Films......Page 1199
35.5 The Michelson Interferometer......Page 1205
Summary......Page 1208
Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 1209
36 DIFFRACTION......Page 1216
36.1 Fresnel and Fraunhofer Diffraction......Page 1217
36.2 Diffraction from a Single Slit......Page 1218
36.3 Intensity in the Single-Slit Pattern......Page 1221
36.4 Multiple Slits......Page 1225
36.5 The Diffraction Grating......Page 1227
36.6 X-Ray Diffraction......Page 1231
36.7 Circular Apertures and Resolving Power......Page 1234
36.8 Holography......Page 1237
Summary......Page 1240
Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 1241
37.1 Invariance of Physical Laws......Page 1249
37.2 Relativity of Simultaneity......Page 1253
37.3 Relativity of Time Intervals......Page 1254
37.4 Relativity of Length......Page 1259
37.5 The Lorentz Transformations......Page 1263
37.6 The Doppler Effect for Electromagnetic Waves......Page 1267
37.7 Relativistic Momentum......Page 1269
37.8 Relativistic Work and Energy......Page 1272
37.9 Newtonian Mechanics and Relativity......Page 1275
Summary......Page 1278
Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 1279
38.1 Light Absorbed as Photons: The Photoelectric Effect......Page 1287
38.2 Light Emitted as Photons: X-Ray Production......Page 1292
38.3 Light Scattered as Photons: Compton Scattering and Pair Production......Page 1295
38.4 Wave–Particle Duality, Probability, and Uncertainty......Page 1299
Summary......Page 1306
Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 1307
39.1 Electron Waves......Page 1312
39.2 The Nuclear Atom and Atomic Spectra......Page 1318
39.3 Energy Levels and the Bohr Model of the Atom......Page 1323
39.4 The Laser......Page 1333
39.5 Continuous Spectra......Page 1336
39.6 The Uncertainty Principle Revisited......Page 1340
Summary......Page 1344
Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 1346
40.1 Wave Functions and the One-Dimensional Schrödinger Equation......Page 1354
40.2 Particle in a Box......Page 1364
40.3 Potential Wells......Page 1369
40.4 Potential Barriers and Tunneling......Page 1373
40.5 The Harmonic Oscillator......Page 1376
Summary......Page 1381
Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 1382
41 ATOMIC STRUCTURE......Page 1390
41.1 The Schrödinger Equation in Three Dimensions......Page 1391
41.2 Particle in a Three-Dimensional Box......Page 1392
41.3 The Hydrogen Atom......Page 1398
41.4 The Zeeman Effect......Page 1405
41.5 Electron Spin......Page 1409
41.6 Many-Electron Atoms and the Exclusion Principle......Page 1413
41.7 X-Ray Spectra......Page 1419
Summary......Page 1423
Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 1425
42.1 Types of Molecular Bonds......Page 1431
42.2 Molecular Spectra......Page 1434
42.3 Structure of Solids......Page 1438
42.4 Energy Bands......Page 1442
42.5 Free-Electron Model of Metals......Page 1444
42.6 Semiconductors......Page 1448
42.7 Semiconductor Devices......Page 1451
42.8 Superconductivity......Page 1456
Summary......Page 1457
Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 1458
43.1 Properties of Nuclei......Page 1465
43.2 Nuclear Binding and Nuclear Structure......Page 1470
43.3 Nuclear Stability and Radioactivity......Page 1475
43.4 Activities and Half-Lives......Page 1482
43.5 Biological Effects of Radiation......Page 1485
43.6 Nuclear Reactions......Page 1488
43.7 Nuclear Fission......Page 1490
43.8 Nuclear Fusion......Page 1495
Summary......Page 1498
Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 1499
44.1 Fundamental Particles—A History......Page 1506
44.2 Particle Accelerators and Detectors......Page 1511
44.3 Particles and Interactions......Page 1516
44.4 Quarks and the Eightfold Way......Page 1522
44.5 The Standard Model and Beyond......Page 1525
44.6 The Expanding Universe......Page 1527
44.7 The Beginning of Time......Page 1534
Summary......Page 1543
Questions/Exercises/Problems......Page 1544
A: The International System of Units......Page 1549
B: Useful Mathematical Relations......Page 1551
C: The Greek Alphabet......Page 1552
D: Periodic Table of Elements......Page 1553
E: Unit Conversion Factors......Page 1554
F: Numerical Constants......Page 1555
Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems......Page 1557
Photo Credits......Page 1571
A......Page 1575
C......Page 1576
D......Page 1578
E......Page 1579
F......Page 1581
G......Page 1582
I......Page 1583
L......Page 1584
M......Page 1585
O......Page 1587
P......Page 1588
R......Page 1590
S......Page 1591
T......Page 1593
V......Page 1594
W......Page 1595
Z......Page 1596