University Physics with Modern Physics

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 6
Copyright......Page 7
Contents......Page 11
Preface......Page 16
Additional Resources for Instructors and Students......Page 28
360° Development......Page 30
The Big Picture......Page 36
1 Overview......Page 42
1.1 Why Study Physics?......Page 43
1.2 Working with Numbers......Page 44
1.3 SI Unit System......Page 46
1.4 The Scales of Our World......Page 49
1.5 General Problem-Solving Strategy......Page 51
1.6 Vectors......Page 58
What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide......Page 63
Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems......Page 65
2 Motion in a Straight Line......Page 70
2.2 Position Vector, Displacement Vector, and Distance......Page 71
2.3 Velocity Vector, Average Velocity, and Speed......Page 75
2.4 Acceleration Vector......Page 78
2.5 Computer Solutions and Difference Formulas......Page 79
2.6 Finding Displacement and Velocity from Acceleration......Page 81
2.7 Motion with Constant Acceleration......Page 82
2.8 Reducing Motion in More Than One Dimension to One Dimension......Page 91
What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide......Page 94
Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems......Page 99
3 Motion in Two and Three Dimensions......Page 106
3.1 Three-Dimensional Coordinate Systems......Page 107
3.2 Velocity and Acceleration in a Plane......Page 108
3.3 Ideal Projectile Motion......Page 109
3.4 Maximum Height and Range of a Projectile......Page 113
3.5 Realistic Projectile Motion......Page 118
3.6 Relative Motion......Page 119
What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide......Page 122
Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems......Page 127
4 Force......Page 135
4.1 Types of Forces......Page 136
4.2 Gravitational Force Vector, Weight, and Mass......Page 138
4.3 Net Force......Page 140
4.4 Newton’s Laws......Page 141
4.5 Ropes and Pulleys......Page 144
4.6 Applying Newton’s Laws......Page 147
4.7 Friction Force......Page 153
4.8 Applications of the Friction Force......Page 158
What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide......Page 161
Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems......Page 167
5 Kinetic Energy, Work, and Power......Page 175
5.1 Energy in Our Daily Lives......Page 176
5.2 Kinetic Energy......Page 178
5.4 Work Done by a Constant Force......Page 180
5.5 Work Done by a Variable Force......Page 187
5.6 Spring Force......Page 188
5.7 Power......Page 192
What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide......Page 194
Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems......Page 199
6 Potential Energy and Energy Conservation......Page 203
6.1 Potential Energy......Page 204
6.2 Conservative and Nonconservative Forces......Page 206
6.3 Work and Potential Energy......Page 208
6.4 Potential Energy and Force......Page 209
6.5 Conservation of Mechanical Energy......Page 212
6.6 Work and Energy for the Spring Force......Page 216
6.7 Nonconservative Forces and the Work-Energy Theorem......Page 221
6.8 Potential Energy and Stability......Page 225
What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide......Page 227
Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems......Page 233
7 Momentum and Collisions......Page 240
7.1 Linear Momentum......Page 241
7.2 Impulse......Page 243
7.3 Conservation of Linear Momentum......Page 245
7.4 Elastic Collisions in One Dimension......Page 247
7.5 Elastic Collisions in Two or Three Dimensions......Page 251
7.6 Totally Inelastic Collisions......Page 255
7.7 Partially Inelastic Collisions......Page 262
7.8 Billiards and Chaos......Page 263
What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide......Page 264
Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems......Page 270
8 Systems of Particles and Extended Objects......Page 281
8.1 Center of Mass and Center of Gravity......Page 282
8.2 Center-of-Mass Momentum......Page 286
8.3 Rocket Motion......Page 291
8.4 Calculating the Center of Mass......Page 294
What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide......Page 301
Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems......Page 307
9 Circular Motion......Page 314
9.1 Polar Coordinates......Page 315
9.2 Angular Coordinates and Angular Displacement......Page 316
9.3 Angular Velocity, Angular Frequency, and Period......Page 318
9.4 Angular and Centripetal Acceleration......Page 321
9.5 Centripetal Force......Page 324
9.6 Circular and Linear Motion......Page 328
9.7 More Examples for Circular Motion......Page 331
What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide......Page 335
Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems......Page 340
10 Rotation......Page 347
10.1 Kinetic Energy of Rotation......Page 348
10.2 Calculation of Moment of Inertia......Page 349
10.3 Rolling without Slipping......Page 357
10.4 Torque......Page 361
10.5 Newton’s Second Law for Rotation......Page 363
10.6 Work Done by a Torque......Page 367
10.7 Angular Momentum......Page 370
10.8 Precession......Page 376
What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide......Page 378
Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems......Page 381
11 Static Equilibrium......Page 389
11.1 Equilibrium Conditions......Page 390
11.2 Examples Involving Static Equilibrium......Page 392
11.3 Stability of Structures......Page 401
What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide......Page 405
Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems......Page 408
12 Gravitation......Page 416
12.1 Newton’s Law of Gravity......Page 417
12.2 Gravitation near the Surface of the Earth......Page 422
12.3 Gravitation inside the Earth......Page 424
12.4 Gravitational Potential Energy......Page 426
12.5 Kepler’s Laws and Planetary Motion......Page 430
12.6 Satellite Orbits......Page 435
12.7 Dark Matter......Page 440
What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide......Page 442
Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems......Page 445
13 Solids and Fluids......Page 452
13.1 Atoms and the Composition of Matter......Page 453
13.2 States of Matter......Page 455
13.3 Tension, Compression, and Shear......Page 456
13.4 Pressure......Page 460
13.5 Archimedes’ Principle......Page 465
13.6 Ideal Fluid Motion......Page 469
13.7 Viscosity......Page 477
13.8 Turbulence and Research Frontiers in Fluid Flow......Page 479
What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide......Page 480
Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems......Page 484
14 Oscillations......Page 490
14.1 Simple Harmonic Motion......Page 491
14.2 Pendulum Motion......Page 499
14.3 Work and Energy in Harmonic Oscillations......Page 501
14.4 Damped Harmonic Motion......Page 505
14.5 Forced Harmonic Motion and Resonance......Page 512
14.6 Phase Space......Page 514
14.7 Chaos......Page 515
What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide......Page 516
Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems......Page 520
15 Waves......Page 527
15.1 Wave Motion......Page 528
15.2 Coupled Oscillators......Page 529
15.3 Mathematical Description of Waves......Page 530
15.4 Derivation of the Wave Equation......Page 533
15.5 Waves in Two- and Three-Dimensional Spaces......Page 537
15.6 Energy, Power, and Intensity of Waves......Page 540
15.7 Superposition Principle and Interference......Page 543
15.8 Standing Waves and Resonance......Page 545
15.9 Research on Waves......Page 548
What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide......Page 550
Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems......Page 554
16 Sound......Page 559
16.1 Longitudinal Pressure Waves......Page 560
16.2 Sound Intensity......Page 564
16.3 Sound Interference......Page 568
16.4 Doppler Effect......Page 571
16.5 Resonance and Music......Page 577
What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide......Page 580
Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems......Page 585
17 Temperature......Page 591
17.1 Definition of Temperature......Page 592
17.2 Temperature Ranges......Page 594
17.4 Thermal Expansion......Page 598
17.5 Surface Temperature of the Earth......Page 606
17.6 Temperature of the Universe......Page 608
What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide......Page 609
Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems......Page 611
18 Heat and the First Law of Thermodynamics......Page 616
18.1 Definition of Heat......Page 617
18.2 Mechanical Equivalent of Heat......Page 618
18.3 Heat and Work......Page 619
18.4 First Law of Thermodynamics......Page 621
18.5 First Law for Special Processes......Page 623
18.6 Specific Heats of Solids and Fluids......Page 624
18.7 Latent Heat and Phase Transitions......Page 627
18.8 Modes of Thermal Energy Transfer......Page 631
What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide......Page 640
Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems......Page 643
19 Ideal Gases......Page 649
19.1 Empirical Gas Laws......Page 650
19.2 Ideal Gas Law......Page 652
19.3 Equipartition Theorem......Page 658
19.4 Specific Heat of an Ideal Gas......Page 661
19.5 Adiabatic Processes for an Ideal Gas......Page 665
19.6 Kinetic Theory of Gases......Page 669
What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide......Page 675
Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems......Page 679
20 The Second Law of Thermodynamics......Page 684
20.1 Reversible and Irreversible Processes......Page 685
20.2 Engines and Refrigerators......Page 687
20.3 Ideal Engines......Page 689
20.4 Real Engines and Efficiency......Page 693
20.5 The Second Law of Thermodynamics......Page 699
20.6 Entropy......Page 701
20.7 Microscopic Interpretation of Entropy......Page 704
What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide......Page 707
Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems......Page 712
21 Electrostatics......Page 718
21.1 Electromagnetism......Page 719
21.2 Electric Charge......Page 720
21.3 Insulators, Conductors, Semiconductors, and Superconductors......Page 723
21.4 Electrostatic Charging......Page 725
21.5 Electrostatic Force—Coulomb’s Law......Page 727
What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide......Page 734
Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems......Page 739
22 Electric Fields and Gauss’s Law......Page 745
22.1 Definition of an Electric Field......Page 746
22.2 Field Lines......Page 747
22.3 Electric Field due to Point Charges......Page 749
22.4 Electric Field due to a Dipole......Page 751
22.5 General Charge Distributions......Page 752
22.6 Force due to an Electric Field......Page 756
22.7 Electric Flux......Page 760
22.8 Gauss’s Law......Page 761
22.9 Special Symmetries......Page 764
What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide......Page 770
Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems......Page 773
23 Electric Potential......Page 780
23.1 Electric Potential Energy......Page 781
23.2 Definition of Electric Potential......Page 782
23.3 Equipotential Surfaces and Lines......Page 787
23.4 Electric Potential of Various Charge Distributions......Page 790
23.5 Finding the Electric Field from the Electric Potential......Page 794
23.6 Electric Potential Energy of a System of Point Charges......Page 796
What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide......Page 798
Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems......Page 801
24 Capacitors......Page 808
24.1 Capacitance......Page 809
24.2 Circuits......Page 811
24.3 Parallel Plate Capacitor......Page 812
24.5 Spherical Capacitor......Page 814
24.6 Capacitors in Circuits......Page 815
24.7 Energy Stored in Capacitors......Page 819
24.8 Capacitors with Dielectrics......Page 823
24.9 Microscopic Perspective on Dielectrics......Page 826
What We Have Learned/ Exam Study Guide......Page 828
Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems......Page 832
25 Current and Resistance......Page 839
25.1 Electric Current......Page 840
25.2 Current Density......Page 843
25.3 Resistivity and Resistance......Page 846
25.4 Electromotive Force and Ohm’s Law......Page 851
25.5 Resistors in Series......Page 853
25.6 Resistors in Parallel......Page 856
25.7 Energy and Power in Electric Circuits......Page 860
25.8 Diodes: One-Way Streets in Circuits......Page 862
What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide......Page 863
Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems......Page 866
26 Direct Current Circuits......Page 873
26.1 Kirchhoff ’s Rules......Page 874
26.2 Single-Loop Circuits......Page 877
26.3 Multiloop Circuits......Page 878
26.4 Ammeters and Voltmeters......Page 882
26.5 RC Circuits......Page 884
What We Have Learned/ Exam Study Guide......Page 890
Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems......Page 892
27 Magnetism......Page 899
27.1 Permanent Magnets......Page 900
27.2 Magnetic Force......Page 903
27.3 Motion of Charged Particles in a Magnetic Field......Page 906
27.4 Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Wire......Page 913
27.5 Torque on a Current-Carrying Loop......Page 915
27.7 Hall Effect......Page 916
What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide......Page 918
Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems......Page 920
28 Magnetic Fields of Moving Charges......Page 927
28.1 Biot-Savart Law......Page 928
28.2 Magnetic Fields due to Current Distributions......Page 929
28.3 Ampere’s Law......Page 938
28.4 Magnetic Fields of Solenoids and Toroids......Page 939
28.5 Atoms as Magnets......Page 944
28.6 Magnetic Properties of Matter......Page 945
28.7 Magnetism and Superconductivity......Page 948
What We Have Learned/ Exam Study Guide......Page 949
Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems......Page 953
29 Electromagnetic Induction......Page 960
29.1 Faraday’s Experiments......Page 961
29.2 Faraday’s Law of Induction......Page 963
29.3 Lenz’s Law......Page 967
29.4 Generators and Motors......Page 972
29.6 Inductance of a Solenoid......Page 974
29.7 Self-Inductance and Mutual Induction......Page 975
29.8 RL Circuits......Page 978
29.9 Energy and Energy Density of a Magnetic Field......Page 981
29.10 Applications to Information Technology......Page 982
What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide......Page 983
Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems......Page 986
30 Electromagnetic Oscillations and Currents......Page 993
30.1 LC Circuits......Page 994
30.2 Analysis of LC Oscillations......Page 996
30.3 Damped Oscillations in an RLC Circuit......Page 999
30.4 Driven AC Circuits......Page 1000
30.5 Series RLC Circuit......Page 1003
30.6 Energy and Power in AC Circuits......Page 1010
30.7 Transformers......Page 1014
30.8 Rectifiers......Page 1016
What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide......Page 1017
Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems......Page 1021
31 Electromagnetic Waves......Page 1027
31.1 Induced Magnetic Fields......Page 1028
31.2 Displacement Current......Page 1029
31.4 Wave Solutions to Maxwell’s Equations......Page 1031
31.6 The Electromagnetic Spectrum......Page 1035
31.7 Traveling Electromagnetic Waves......Page 1038
31.8 Poynting Vector and Energy Transport......Page 1039
31.9 Radiation Pressure......Page 1041
31.10 Polarization......Page 1045
31.11 Derivation of the Wave Equation......Page 1049
What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide......Page 1050
Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems......Page 1054
32 Geometric Optics......Page 1060
32.1 Light Rays and Shadows......Page 1061
32.2 Reflection and Plane Mirrors......Page 1064
32.3 Curved Mirrors......Page 1068
32.4 Refraction and Snell’s Law......Page 1076
What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide......Page 1087
Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems......Page 1088
33 Lenses and Optical Instruments......Page 1093
33.1 Lenses......Page 1094
33.2 Magnifier......Page 1102
33.3 Systems of Two or More Optical Elements......Page 1103
33.4 Human Eye......Page 1106
33.5 Camera......Page 1109
33.6 Microscope......Page 1112
33.7 Telescope......Page 1113
33.8 Laser Tweezers......Page 1118
What We Have Learned/ Exam Study Guide......Page 1119
Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems......Page 1124
34 Wave Optics......Page 1131
34.1 Light Waves......Page 1132
34.2 Interference......Page 1135
34.3 Double-Slit Interference......Page 1136
34.4 Thin-Film Interference and Newton’s Rings......Page 1139
34.5 Interferometer......Page 1142
34.6 Diffraction......Page 1144
34.7 Single-Slit Diffraction......Page 1145
34.8 Diffraction by a Circular Opening......Page 1148
34.9 Double-Slit Diffraction......Page 1149
34.10 Gratings......Page 1150
34.11 X-Ray Diffraction and Crystal Structure......Page 1156
What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide......Page 1157
Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems......Page 1161
35 Relativity......Page 1167
35.1 Search for the Aether......Page 1168
35.2 Einstein’s Postulates and Reference Frames......Page 1169
35.3 Time Dilation and Length Contraction......Page 1173
35.4 Relativistic Frequency Shift......Page 1179
35.5 Lorentz Transformation......Page 1180
35.6 Relativistic Velocity Transformation......Page 1183
35.7 Relativistic Momentum and Energy......Page 1186
35.8 General Relativity......Page 1193
35.9 Relativity in Our Daily Lives: GPS......Page 1195
What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide......Page 1196
Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems......Page 1199
36 Quantum Physics......Page 1205
36.1 The Nature of Matter, Space, and Time......Page 1206
36.2 Blackbody Radiation......Page 1207
36.3 Photoelectric Effect......Page 1212
36.4 Compton Scattering......Page 1217
36.5 Matter Waves......Page 1220
36.6 Uncertainty Relation......Page 1223
36.7 Spin......Page 1227
36.8 Spin and Statistics......Page 1228
What We Have Learned/ Exam Study Guide......Page 1233
Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems......Page 1236
37 Quantum Mechanics......Page 1241
37.1 Wave Function......Page 1242
37.2 Schrödinger Equation......Page 1245
37.3 Infinite Potential Well......Page 1246
37.4 Finite Potential Wells......Page 1252
37.5 Harmonic Oscillator......Page 1260
37.6 Wave Functions and Measurements......Page 1263
37.7 Correspondence Principle......Page 1267
37.8 Time-Dependent Schrödinger Equation......Page 1268
37.9 Many-Particle Wave Function......Page 1269
37.10 Antimatter......Page 1273
What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide......Page 1277
Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems......Page 1281
38 Atomic Physics......Page 1286
38.1 Spectral Lines......Page 1287
38.2 Bohr’s Model of the Atom......Page 1290
38.3 Hydrogen Electron Wave Function......Page 1293
38.4 Other Atoms......Page 1305
38.5 Lasers......Page 1311
What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide......Page 1315
Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems......Page 1318
39 Elementary Particle Physics......Page 1321
39.1 Reductionism......Page 1322
39.2 Probing Substructure......Page 1325
39.3 Elementary Particles......Page 1332
39.4 Extensions of the Standard Model......Page 1340
39.5 Composite Particles......Page 1344
39.6 Big Bang Cosmology......Page 1350
What We Have Learned/ Exam Study Guide......Page 1354
Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems......Page 1356
40 Nuclear Physics......Page 1360
40.1 Nuclear Properties......Page 1361
40.2 Nuclear Decay......Page 1369
40.3 Nuclear Models......Page 1381
40.4 Nuclear Energy: Fission and Fusion......Page 1386
40.5 Nuclear Astrophysics......Page 1393
40.6 Nuclear Medicine......Page 1394
What We Have Learned/Exam Study Guide......Page 1396
Multiple-Choice Questions/Questions/Problems......Page 1399
APPENDIX A: Mathematical Primer......Page 1404
APPENDIX B: Isotope Masses, Binding Energies, and Half-Lives......Page 1412
APPENDIX C: Element Properties......Page 1422
Answers to Selected Questions and Problems......Page 1426
Credits......Page 1440
Index......Page 1444