University Physics Complete Edition

University Physics Complete Edition......Page 1
Half-Title......Page 2
Addison-Wesley Series In Physics......Page 3
Endpaper 1......Page 5
Title-Page......Page 6
Copyright......Page 7
Preface......Page 8
Contents......Page 10
1-1 Units and standards......Page 12
1-2 Force......Page 14
1-3 Graphical representation of forces. Vectors......Page 15
1-4 Components of a vector......Page 17
1-5 Resultant or vector sum......Page 19
1-6 Resultant by rectangular resolution......Page 21
1-7 Vector difference......Page 23
Problems......Page 25
2-2 Equilibrium. Newton's first law......Page 27
2-4 Newton's third law of motion......Page 30
2-5 Examples of equilibrium......Page 32
2-6 Friction......Page 39
Problems......Page 44
3-1 Moment of a force......Page 48
3-2 The second condition of equilibrium......Page 49
3-3 Resultant of parallel forces......Page 53
3-4 Center of gravity......Page 54
3-5 Couples......Page 57
Problems......Page 59
4-2 Average velocity......Page 62
4-3 Instantaneous velocity......Page 63
4-4 Average and instantaneous acceleration......Page 65
4-5 Rectilinear motion with constant acceleration......Page 68
4-6 Velocity and coordinate by integration......Page 70
4-7 Freely-falling bodies......Page 73
4-8 Velocity components. Relative velocity......Page 77
Problems......Page 80
5-2 Newton's second law......Page 84
5-3 Systems of units......Page 87
5-4 Mass and weight......Page 88
5-5 Newton's law of universal gravitation......Page 89
5-7 Variations in "g"......Page 91
5-8 Applications of Newton's second law......Page 92
5-9 The equal-arm analytical balance......Page 98
Problems......Page 100
6-1 Motion of a projectile......Page 105
6-2 Circular motion......Page 110
6-3 Centripetal force......Page 114
6-4 Motion in a vertical circle......Page 118
6-5 Tangential acceleration......Page 122
Problems......Page 125
7-1 Work......Page 128
7-2 Work done when the force is variable......Page 130
7-3 Kinetic energy......Page 133
7-4 Gravitational potential energy......Page 134
7-5 Absolute values of potential and kinetic energy......Page 136
7-6 Elastic potential energy......Page 137
7-7 Work and energy......Page 138
7-8 Conservative and dissipative forces......Page 141
7-9 Power......Page 142
7-10 Power and velocity......Page 144
7-11 Simple machines......Page 145
7-12 Mass and energy......Page 147
Problems......Page 150
8-1 Impulse and momentum......Page 155
8-2 Conservation of momentum......Page 158
8-3 Elastic and inelastic collisions......Page 159
8-4 The principles of jet propulsion......Page 163
8-5 Newton's second law......Page 164
Problems......Page 166
9-2 Angular velocity......Page 168
9-3 Angular acceleration......Page 169
9-4 Rotation with constant angular acceleration......Page 170
9-5 Relation between angular and linear velocity and acceleration......Page 172
9-6 Kinetic energy of rotation. Moment of inertia......Page 173
9-7 Work and power in rotational motion......Page 177
9-8 Torque and angular acceleration......Page 178
9-9 Angular momentum......Page 180
9-10 Rotation about a moving axis. The top and the gyroscope......Page 185
Problems......Page 188
10-1 Stress......Page 192
10-2 Strain......Page 195
10-3 Elastic modulus......Page 196
10-4 The force constant......Page 200
Problems......Page 201
11-2 Elastic restoring forces......Page 203
11-3 Definitions......Page 204
11-4 Equations of simple harmonic motion......Page 205
11-5 The simple pendulum......Page 212
11-6 Angular harmonic motion......Page 214
11-7 The physical pendulum......Page 215
11-8 Center of oscillation......Page 216
Problems......Page 218
12-1 Introduction......Page 221
12-2 Pressure in a fluid......Page 222
12-3 The hydrostatic paradox......Page 224
12-4 Pressure gauges......Page 225
12-5 Archimedes' principle......Page 227
12-6 Forces against a dam......Page 230
Problems......Page 232
13-1 Surface tension......Page 235
13-2 Pressure difference across a surface film......Page 238
13-3 Minimal surfaces......Page 241
13-4 Capillarity......Page 242
Problems......Page 247
14-1 Streamline flow......Page 248
14-2 Bernoulli's equation......Page 249
14-4 Applications of Bernoulli's equation......Page 251
14-5 Viscosity......Page 255
14-7 Reynolds number......Page 258
14-8 Flow of a viscous fluid through a pipe......Page 260
14-9 Stokes' law......Page 261
Problems......Page 263
15-3 Temperature scales......Page 266
15-4 Other methods of thermometry......Page 269
15-5 Linear expansion......Page 272
15-6 Surface and volume expansion......Page 274
15-7 Thermal stresses......Page 277
Problems......Page 279
16-1 Heat, a form of energy......Page 281
16-2 Quantity of heat......Page 282
16-4 The mechanical equivalent of heat......Page 283
16-5 Heat capacity. Specific heat......Page 284
16-6 Calorimetry......Page 286
16-7 Heat of combustion......Page 288
16-8 Change of phase......Page 289
16-9 Measurements of heats of fusion and vaporization......Page 292
16-10 Effect of dissolved substances on freezing and boiling points......Page 293
Problems......Page 294
17-1 Conduction......Page 297
17-3 Convection......Page 300
17-4 Radiation......Page 303
17-5 Stefan's law......Page 305
17-6 The ideal radiator......Page 306
Problems......Page 308
18-2 Work in changing the volume......Page 310
18-4 Work and heat......Page 312
18-5 The first law of thermodynamics......Page 314
18-7 Isovolumic process......Page 315
18-9 Free expansion......Page 316
18-10 Throttling process......Page 317
18-11 Differential form of the first law......Page 318
Problems......Page 320
19-1 Boyle's law......Page 321
19-2 Guy-Lussac's law......Page 322
19-3 The equation of state of an ideal gas......Page 323
19-4 Molecular theory of matter......Page 327
19-5 Kinetic theory of an ideal gas......Page 329
19-6 Specific heats of an ideal gas......Page 333
19-7 Adiabatic compression or expansion of an ideal gas......Page 335
19-8 Liquefaction of gases......Page 337
19-9 Effect of pressure on boiling and freezing points......Page 342
19-10 The triple point......Page 344
19-11 Humidity......Page 345
19-12 Thermodynamic surfaces......Page 347
Problems......Page 349
20-1 The second law of thermodynamics......Page 352
20-2 The internal combustion engine......Page 355
20-3 The diesel engine......Page 356
20-4 The steam engine......Page 357
20-5 The second law of thermodynamics......Page 358
20-6 The refrigerator......Page 359
20-7 The Carnot cycle......Page 362
20-8 The Kelvin temperature scale......Page 363
20-9 Absolute zero......Page 364
Problems......Page 365
21-1 Propagation of a disturbance in a medium......Page 366
21-2 Calculation of the speed of a tranverse pulse......Page 367
21-3 Calculation of the speed of a longitudinal pulse......Page 368
21-4 The motion of a wave......Page 370
21-5 Adiabatic character of a longitudinal wave......Page 372
21-6 Mathematical representation of a wave......Page 374
Problems......Page 376
22-1 Boundary conditions for a string......Page 379
22-2 Stationary waves in a string......Page 380
22-3 Vibration of a string fixed at both ends......Page 384
22-4 Demonstration of the harmonic series in a vibrating string......Page 386
22-5 Resonance......Page 387
22-6 Interference of longitudinal waves......Page 388
22-7 Stationary longitudinal waves......Page 389
22-8 Vibrations of organ pipes......Page 391
22-9 Vibrations of rods and plates......Page 392
Problems......Page 394
23-2 Intensity......Page 395
23-3 Intensity level and loudness......Page 397
23-4 The ear and hearing......Page 398
23-5 Quality and pitch......Page 401
23-6 Beats......Page 403
23-7 Combination tones......Page 404
23-8 The Doppler effect......Page 405
23-9 Musical intervals and scales......Page 408
23-10 Consonance and dissonance......Page 410
24-1 Electric charge......Page 414
24-2 Atomic structure......Page 415
24-3 Charging by contact......Page 417
24-4 Conductors and insulators......Page 418
24-5 Charging a metal by induction......Page 419
24-6 Coulomb's law......Page 421
24-7 Rutherford's nuclear atom......Page 422
24-8 Systems of units......Page 424
Problems......Page 429
25-1 The electric field......Page 430
25-2 Calculation of electric intensity......Page 433
25-3 Lines of force......Page 438
25-4 Gauss' law......Page 441
25-5 Conclusions from Gauss' law concerning the charge within a conductor......Page 444
25-6 Conclusions from Gauss' law concernin the field outside a charged conductor......Page 447
25-7 The Millikan oil drop experiment......Page 453
25-8 Dielectric strength......Page 455
Problems......Page 456
26-1 Electric potential energy......Page 458
26-2 Potential......Page 460
26-3 Potential difference......Page 463
26-4 Potential of a charged spherical conductor......Page 466
26-5 The energy principle......Page 467
26-7 Potential gradient......Page 470
26-8 Sharing of charge by conductors......Page 473
26-9 The Van de Graaff generator......Page 475
Problems......Page 477
27-1 Capacitors......Page 479
27-2 The parallel plate capacitor......Page 480
27-3 Capacitors in series and in parallel......Page 483
27-4 Energy of a charged capacitor......Page 485
27-5 Dielectric coefficient. Permittivity......Page 486
27-7 Molecular theory of induced charges on a dielectric......Page 492
Problems......Page 496
28-1 Current......Page 498
28-2 The complete circuit......Page 501
28-3 Resistivity, resistance, and Ohm's law......Page 502
28-5 Calculation of resistance......Page 505
28-6 Measurement of current, potential difference, and resistance......Page 509
28-7 The Wheatstone bridge......Page 510
28-8 Joule's law......Page 513
Problems......Page 516
29-1 Electromotive force......Page 518
29-2 The circuit equation......Page 520
29-3 Potential difference between points in a circuit......Page 522
29-4 Terminal voltage of a seat of emf......Page 525
29-5 The potentiometer......Page 526
29-6 Series and parallel connection of resistors......Page 528
29-7 Networks containing seats of emf......Page 532
29-8 Kirchoff's rules......Page 533
29-9 Power......Page 536
29-10 Measurement of power and energy......Page 537
29-11 Graphical methods......Page 539
Problems......Page 540
30-1 Electrolysis......Page 543
30-2 Mechanism of electolytic conduction......Page 544
30-3 The determination of Avogadro's number......Page 547
30-4 The electrolysis of water......Page 548
30-5 Electrode potentials......Page 550
30-6 Electrolytic refining of metals......Page 552
30-8 The Daniell cell......Page 553
30-9 Polarization......Page 554
30-10 The dry cell......Page 555
30-12 Standard cells......Page 556
30-13 Thermoelectricity......Page 557
30-14 Applications of the fundamental thermocouple equation......Page 560
Problems......Page 565
31-1 Magnetism......Page 566
31-2 The magnetic field. Induction......Page 567
31-4 Orbits of charged particles in magnetic fields......Page 571
31-5 The cyclotron......Page 572
31-6 Measurement of e/m......Page 576
31-7 The mass spectrograph......Page 578
31-8 Forces on a current-carrying conductor......Page 581
31-9 Force and torque on a complete circuit......Page 582
Problems......Page 585
32-1 The galvanometer......Page 587
32-2 The pivoted coil galvanometer......Page 589
32-3 Ammeters and voltmeters......Page 590
32-4 The ballistic galvanometer......Page 591
32-6 The direct-current motor......Page 592
Problems......Page 595
33-1 Magnetic field of a current element......Page 597
33-2 Magnetic field of a long straight conducto......Page 600
33-3 Force between parallel conductors. The ampere......Page 602
33-4 Magnetic field of a circular turn......Page 603
33-5 Ampere's law......Page 606
33-6 Field of a solenoid and of a toroid......Page 607
Problems......Page 610
34-1 Motional electromotive force......Page 612
34-2 The Faraday law......Page 615
34-3 Lenz's law......Page 618
34-4 The betatron......Page 620
34-5 Induced emf in a rotating coil......Page 622
34-6 The direct current generator......Page 624
34-7 Search coil method of measuring magnetic flux......Page 625
34-8 Galvanometer damping......Page 626
34-9 Eddy currents......Page 627
Problems......Page 630
35-2 Magnetic permeability......Page 632
35-3 Magnetic intensity......Page 635
35-4 Ferromagnetism......Page 636
35-5 The Curie temperature......Page 637
35-6 Hysteresis......Page 639
35-7 Ampere's theory of magnetism......Page 642
35-8 Magnetic domains......Page 643
35-9 Magnetic poles......Page 645
35-10 Torque on a bar magnet......Page 646
35-11 Force between magnetic poles......Page 648
35-12 Oscillation of a bar magnet in a magnetic field......Page 651
35-13 The magnetic field of the earth......Page 652
35-14 The magnetic cicuit......Page 654
Problems......Page 658
36-1 Self-inductance......Page 659
36-2 Circuit containg inductance and resistance......Page 661
36-3 Energy associated with an inductor......Page 664
36-4 The induction coil......Page 665
36-5 Circuit containing capacitance and resistance......Page 666
36-5 The "sweep" circuit......Page 668
36-7 Electrical oscillations......Page 669
36-8 Propagation of a disturbance along a transmission line......Page 672
Problems......Page 677
37-1 The alternating current series circuit......Page 679
37-2 Effective values......Page 683
37-3 Phase relations bewteen voltage and current......Page 684
37-4 Potential difference bewteen points of an ac circuit......Page 686
37-5 Resonance......Page 688
37-6 Power in ac circuits......Page 690
37-7 The transformer......Page 693
37-8 Electromagnetic waves......Page 694
37-9 The propagation of energy by an electromagnetic wave......Page 697
37-10 Radiation of electromagnetic waves......Page 698
Problems......Page 703
38-1 Vacuum pumps......Page 705
38-2 Thermionic emission......Page 706
38-3 Rectification......Page 710
38-4 The triode......Page 711
38-6 Elementary principles of amplification......Page 713
38-7 Elementary principles of oscillation......Page 716
38-8 Amplitude modulation......Page 717
38-9 Demodulation or detection......Page 718
38-10 The radio receiver......Page 719
38-11 The cathode-ray tube......Page 720
38-12 The photoelectric effect......Page 721
38-13 The x-ray tube......Page 724
38-14 Conduction in gases......Page 725
Problems......Page 727
39-1 The nature of light......Page 728
39-2 Waves and rays......Page 729
39-3 Shadows......Page 731
39-4 The velocity of light......Page 732
39-5 Index of refraction......Page 735
39-6 Huygens' principle......Page 736
39-7 Atmospheric refraction......Page 737
Problems......Page 739
40-1 Reflection of a plane wave at a plane surface......Page 740
40-2 Refraction of a plane wave at a plane surface......Page 741
40-3 Ray treatment of reflection and refraction......Page 743
40-4 Total internal reflection......Page 744
40-5 Refraction by a plane parallel plate......Page 746
40-6 Refraction by a prism......Page 747
40-7 Dispersion......Page 748
40-8 The rainbow......Page 750
Problems......Page 753
41-2 Reflection at a plane mirror......Page 754
41-3 Reflection at a spherical mirror......Page 757
41-4 Sign conventions......Page 759
41-5 Focal point and focal length......Page 762
41-6 Graphical methods......Page 764
41-7 Refraction at a plane surface......Page 767
41-8 Refraction at a spherical surface......Page 770
41-9 Reflection as a special case of refraction......Page 772
Problems......Page 774
42-1 Images as objects......Page 775
42-2 The thin lens......Page 776
42-3 The Newtonian form of the thin lens equation......Page 781
42-4 Diverging lenses......Page 782
42-5 Graphical methods......Page 784
42-7 Lens aberrations......Page 786
Problems......Page 792
43-1 The eye......Page 794
43-2 Defects of vision......Page 796
43-3 The simple microscope or magnifier......Page 799
43-4 The compound microscope......Page 801
43-5 Telescopes......Page 803
43-6 The camera......Page 806
43-7 The projection lantern......Page 808
43-8 The prism spectrometer......Page 809
Problems......Page 810
44-1 Sources of light......Page 811
44-2 Luminous flux......Page 814
44-3 The standard source and the lumen......Page 815
44-4 Illuminance......Page 818
44-5 Luminous intensity of a point source......Page 819
44-6 Illuminance produced by a point source......Page 820
44-7 Photometry......Page 822
44-8 Extended sources. Luminance......Page 824
Problems......Page 826
45-2 Additive color mixture......Page 827
45-3 Color mixture data for spectrum colors......Page 829
45-4 The chromaticity diagram......Page 831
45-5 Spectrophotometry......Page 832
45-6 Dominant wavelength and purity......Page 837
45-7 The subtractive method of color mixing......Page 840
45-8 Subtractive "primaries"......Page 842
46-1 Principles of interference. Coherent sources......Page 845
46-2 Young's experiment and Pohls experiment......Page 847
46-3 Phase changes in reflection......Page 851
46-4 Interference in thin films......Page 852
46-5 Newton's rings......Page 854
46-6 Diffraction......Page 856
46-7 Fraunhofer diffraction by a single slit......Page 858
46-8 The plane diffraction grating......Page 863
46-10 Diffraction of x-rays by a crystal......Page 866
46-11 The resolving power of optical instruments......Page 870
46-12 The electron microscope......Page 871
Problems......Page 874
47-1 Polarization......Page 875
47-2 Polarization by reflection......Page 876
47-3 Douple refraction......Page 878
47-4 Polarization by double refraction......Page 880
47-5 Percentage polarization. Malus' law......Page 882
47-6 The scattering of light......Page 885
47-7 Circular and elliptic polarization......Page 886
47-9 Optical stress analysis......Page 889
47-10 Study of crystals by convergent polarized light......Page 892
47-11 Optical activity......Page 893
Problems......Page 894
48-2 Spectral series......Page 895
48-3 The Bohr atom......Page 898
48-4 Deuterium......Page 902
48-5 Wave mechanics......Page 904
48-6 Absorption spectra......Page 906
48-7 Band spectra......Page 908
48-8 X-Ray spectra......Page 909
49-1 Natural radioactivity......Page 912
49-2 Alpha-particles......Page 913
49-3 Beta-particles......Page 914
49-4 Gamma-rays......Page 915
49-5 Radioactive transformations......Page 916
49-6 Artificial nuclear disintegration......Page 919
49-7 Cosmic rays. The positron and meson......Page 920
49-8 The neutron......Page 922
49-9 Nuclear fission......Page 923
49-10 Thermonuclear reactions......Page 925
Answers To Odd-Numbered Prolems......Page 928
Supplementary Problems......Page 938
Answers To Supplementary Problems......Page 1017
Common Logarithms......Page 1029
Natural Trigonometric Functions......Page 1031
Periodic Table Of The Elements......Page 1032
Table Of Conversion Factors......Page 1033
Index......Page 1034
Back Cover......Page 1044