Underwater Communications and Networks

Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
Acronyms
Part I Underwater Acoustic Communications and Networks
	1 Basic Principles of Underwater Acoustic Communication
		1.1 Introduction
		1.2 Theory of UWA Waves Propagation
			1.2.1 Speed of Underwater Sound
			1.2.2 Underwater Sound Transmission Loss
		1.3 Acoustic Field Model
			1.3.1 Ray Theory Models
			1.3.2 Normal Wave Models
			1.3.3 Multipath Expansion Models
			1.3.4 Fast Field Models
			1.3.5 Parabolic Equation Models
		1.4 Structure and Performance of UWAC System
			1.4.1 Basic Structure of UWAC System
				1.4.1.1 Channel and Noise
				1.4.1.2 Encoder and Decoder
				1.4.1.3 Modulators and Demodulators
				1.4.1.4 Synchronization
			1.4.2 Performance Indicators of UWAC System
				1.4.2.1 Transmission Rate
				1.4.2.2 Error Probability
		1.5 Characteristics of the UWA Channel
			1.5.1 Multipath Effects
			1.5.2 Doppler Effect
			1.5.3 Transmission Loss
			1.5.4 Environmental Noise
			1.5.5 Channel Time Variation
			1.5.6 Propagation Time Delay
		1.6 Classification of UWA Channels
			1.6.1 Coherent Multipath Channels
			1.6.2 Shallow Sea Acoustic Channels
			1.6.3 Deep-Sea Acoustic Channels
		1.7 History of UWACs
		Questions
		References
	2 Modulation Technology in UWAC System
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Amplitude Shift Keying Modulation
		2.3 Frequency Shift Keying Modulation
		2.4 PSK Modulation
			2.4.1 Binary Phase-Shift Keying Modulation
			2.4.2 DPSK Signal
			2.4.3 QPSK Signal
		2.5 Spread Spectrum Communication Technology
			2.5.1 Processing Gain and Anti-interference Tolerance of Spread Spectrum Technology
				2.5.1.1 Common Spread Spectrum Technology
			2.5.2 Advantages of Spread Spectrum Technology
		2.6 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) Technology
			2.6.1 Spectrum Features
			2.6.2 Fundamentals of OFDM
			2.6.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of OFDM in UWAC
		2.7 Multi-Input Multi-Output Technology
		Questions
		References
	3 Signal Processing in UWAC System
		3.1 Diversity in UWAC System
		3.2 Equalization in UWAC System
			3.2.1 Development Process of Equalization
			3.2.2 Classification and Characteristics of Equalization
			3.2.3 Basic Principles of Equalization
				3.2.3.1 Time-Domain Equalization Algorithm
				3.2.3.2 Frequency-Domain Equalization
				3.2.3.3 Performance Analysis of Frequency-Domain Equalization
		3.3 Doppler Frequency-Shift Compensation for UWAC Systems
			3.3.1 Principle of Doppler Shift Compensation
			3.3.2 Doppler Shift Detection and Compensation
		3.4 UWAC System Based on Frequency-Shift Keying
		Questions
		References
	4 UWA Network Technology
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 Characteristics of UWA Network
		4.3 Topology of UWA Network
		4.4 Network Protocol Architecture of UWA Network
			4.4.1 Applications of UWA Network
				4.4.1.1 Introduction to Mobile Autonomous Network (MANET)
				4.4.1.2 Routing Protocol for UWA Mobile Self-organizing Networks
			4.4.2 Routing Protocol Design Issues
				4.4.2.1 Energy Consumption and Time Delay
				4.4.2.2 Scalability
				4.4.2.3 Security
				4.4.2.4 Self-Adaptive
			4.4.3 Routing Protocol Optimization Techniques
				4.4.3.1 Energy Balancing Technique
				4.4.3.2 Cross-Layer Design
				4.4.3.3 Adaptive Technology
		4.5 Applications of UWA Network
		Questions
		References
	5 UWAC Challenges and Research Trends
		5.1 Challenges of UWAC Technology
		5.2 Research Trends in UWAC Technology
			5.2.1 In-band Full-Duplex (IBFD) UWAC
				5.2.1.1 Performance Benefits of IBFD Technology
				5.2.1.2 Self-interference Cancellation Technology
			5.2.2 Advanced Modulation Schemes
			5.2.3 Massive MIMO
			5.2.4 Machine Learning-Based UWAC Technology
		Questions
		References
Part II Underwater Optical Wireless Communication and Networks
	6 Basic Principles of Underwater Optical Communication
		6.1 Introduction
			6.1.1 History
			6.1.2 Classification of Underwater Wireless Optical Communication Links
				6.1.2.1 LOS Configuration
				6.1.2.2 Diffused LOS Configuration
				6.1.2.3 Retroreflector-Based LOS Configuration
				6.1.2.4 NLOS Configuration
		6.2 Comparison Between UWOC and Other UWC Technologies
		6.3 UWOC System
			6.3.1 Modulation
			6.3.2 Coding
			6.3.3 Light Source Technology
				6.3.3.1 Common Lasers in UWOC Systems
			6.3.4 Signal Detector
				6.3.4.1 PMT
				6.3.4.2 PIN
				6.3.4.3 APD
			6.3.5 Alignment and Compensation
			6.3.6 Spatial Diversity Technology
		6.4 UWC Network
		6.5 Summary
		Questions
		References
	7 Underwater Wireless Optical Channel Model
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 Absorption and Scattering Losses
			7.2.1 Absorption and Scattering Coefficients
			7.2.2 Scattering Phase Function
			7.2.3 Composition of the Coefficients of Absorption and Scattering
		7.3 UWOC Channel Modeling
			7.3.1 Bill Lambert's Law
			7.3.2 Radiative Transfer Equation
				7.3.2.1 Analytic Solution of the RTE Equation
				7.3.2.2 Numerical Solution of the RTE Equation
			7.3.3 Monte Carlo Simulation for UWOC Channel Modeling
		7.4 Modeling of UWOC Geometric Misalignments
		7.5 Modeling of UWOC Link Turbulence
			7.5.1 Atmospheric Turbulence Model
			7.5.2 Underwater Turbulence Model
		7.6 Noise in the UWOC Channel
		Questions
		References
	8 Modulation Schemes
		8.1 Introduction
			8.1.1 Analog and Digital Modulation
			8.1.2 Direct and Indirect Modulation
			8.1.3 Internal and External Modulation
		8.2 Selection Principles of Modulation Scheme
		8.3 Pulse Modulation
			8.3.1 Binary On-Off Keying Modulation
			8.3.2 Pulse Position Modulation
			8.3.3 Pulse Width Modulation
			8.3.4 Digital Pulse Interval Modulation
			8.3.5 Performance Analysis of OOK, LPPM, DPIM Technology
				8.3.5.1  Transmit Power Performance Analysis
				8.3.5.2 Analysis of Bandwidth Requirements
				8.3.5.3 Transmission Capacity Analysis
				8.3.5.4 Time Slot Error Rate Analysis
		8.4 Sub-Carrier Intensity Modulation
			8.4.1 PSK
				8.4.1.1 2PSK
				8.4.1.2 2DPSK
			8.4.2 FSK
			8.4.3 Polarization Shift Keying (PolSK) Modulation
		8.5 Multi-Carrier Modulation
			8.5.1 Basic Principles of OFDM
			8.5.2 Guard Interval and Cyclic Prefix
			8.5.3 Peak-to-Average Power Ratio
		8.6 Summary
		Questions
		References
	9 Channel Coding
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Channel Coding
			9.2.1 Basic Idea of Channel Coding
			9.2.2 Classification of Coding
		9.3 Linear Block Codes
			9.3.1 Concepts Related to Linear Block Codes
				9.3.1.1 Parity-Check Equations
				9.3.1.2 Parity-Check Matrix
				9.3.1.3 The Generating Matrix
			9.3.2 Encoding of Linear Block Codes
			9.3.3 Decoding of Linear Block Codes
		9.4 Cyclic Codes
			9.4.1 Concepts Related to Cyclic Codes
				9.4.1.1 Generating Polynomial and Generating Matrix
				9.4.1.2 Parity-Check Polynomial and Parity-Check Matrix
			9.4.2 Encoding of Cyclic Codes
			9.4.3 Decoding of Cyclic Codes
		9.5 BCH Code
			9.5.1 Concepts Related to BCH Codes
				9.5.1.1 Generating Polynomial and Generating Matrix
				9.5.1.2 Parity-Check Matrix
			9.5.2 Encoding of BCH Codes
			9.5.3 Decoding of BCH Codes
		9.6 RS Codes
			9.6.1 Encoding of RS Codes
			9.6.2 Decoding of RS Codes
		9.7 Convolutional Codes
			9.7.1 Encoding of Convolutional Codes
			9.7.2 Decoding of Convolutional Codes
		9.8 LDPC Codes
			9.8.1 Encoding of LDPC Codes
			9.8.2 Decoding of LDPC Codes
		9.9 Turbo Codes
			9.9.1 Encoding of Turbo Codes
			9.9.2 Decoding of Turbo Codes
		9.10 CRC Codes
			9.10.1 Encoding of CRC Codes
			9.10.2 Decoding of CRC Codes
		9.11 Luby Transform (LT) Codes
			9.11.1 Encoding of LT Codes
			9.11.2 Decoding of LT Codes
		Questions
		References
	10 Link Performance Enhancement Techniques
		10.1 Diversity Technology
			10.1.1 Definition of Diversity
			10.1.2 Classification of Diversity
			10.1.3 Spatial Diversity
			10.1.4 Cooperative Diversity
			10.1.5 Combining Schemes
		10.2 Aperture Averaging
		10.3 Acquisition, Pointing, and Tracking
		10.4 Multiplexing
			10.4.1 Time Division Multiplexing
			10.4.2 Frequency Division Multiplexing
			10.4.3 Code Division Multiplexing
			10.4.4 Wavelength Division Multiplexing
			10.4.5 Sub-carrier Multiplexing
			10.4.6 Polarization Division Multiplexing Technology
			10.4.7 MIMO Technology
		10.5 Adaptive Technology
			10.5.1 Adaptive Optics Technology
			10.5.2 Adaptive Modulation and Demodulation Techniques
			10.5.3 Adaptive Equalization Techniques
				10.5.3.1 Time-Domain Equalization Principle
				10.5.3.2 Adaptive Equalization Algorithm and Implementation
		Questions
		References
	11 UWOC Networks
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 Relay Technology
			11.2.1 Serial Transmission and PAT
			11.2.2 Parallel Transmission and Relay Selection Protocol
			11.2.3 Forwarding Methods
				11.2.3.1 Amplify-and-Forward Relaying
				11.2.3.2 Decode-and-Forward Relaying
		11.3 Underwater Routing Technology
			11.3.1 Routing Protocols for UWONs
				11.3.1.1 Centralized Routing
				11.3.1.2 Distributed Routing
			11.3.2 Potential Routing Protocols for UWONs
		11.4 Underwater Acoustic-Optical Hybrid Network
			11.4.1 Introduction of Underwater Acoustic-Optical Hybrid Network
			11.4.2 Working Mode Switching Strategy
			11.4.3 Routing Protocol for Acoustic-Optical Hybrid Networks
				11.4.3.1 Routing Protocol MURAO
				11.4.3.2 Routing Protocol Based on Reverse Route
				11.4.3.3 Routing Protocol CAPTAIN
		Questions
		References
Part III Underwater MI Communication and Networks
	12 Fundamental Principles of Magnetic Induction
		12.1 Brief History of Magnetism and Electromagnetism
		12.2 Basic Elements of Magnetism
			12.2.1 Magnetic Fields
			12.2.2 Magnetic Flux
		12.3 Sources of Magnetic Field
			12.3.1 Ampere's and Biot–Savart's Law
		12.4 Magnetic Induction
			12.4.1 Faraday's Law of Magnetic Induction
			12.4.2 Lenz's Law
		12.5 Mutual and Self Induction
			12.5.1 Mutual Inductance
			12.5.2 Self-Inductance
			12.5.3 Inductive and Capacitive Reactance
		Summary
		References
	13 MI Communication System
		13.1 Introduction
		13.2 First Part: Coils
			13.2.1 Magnetic Field Generated by Circular Coils
			13.2.2 Magnetic Moment
			13.2.3 Voltage Induced in the Receive Coil
			13.2.4 Directivity Pattern
		13.3 Second Part: Matching Network
			13.3.1 Transmit Coil with Series RLC Configuration
			13.3.2 Receive Coil with Parallel RLC Configuration
		13.4 Third Part: Communication Block
			13.4.1 Digital Signals and MI Communication
				13.4.1.1 Manchester and Differential Manchester Encoding
			13.4.2 Analog Signals and MI Communication
			13.4.3 Analog and Digital Modulation Schemes
		Summary
		References
	14 MI Channel Characteristics
		14.1 Uniqueness of MI Channel
			14.1.1 Propagation Speed
			14.1.2 Multipath and Doppler Effect
		14.2 MI Channel Performance
			14.2.1 Pure Inductive Communication Channel
			14.2.2 Resonance Inductive Communication Channel
				14.2.2.1 Q Factor and Bandwidth of MI Transmitter
				14.2.2.2 Q Factor and Bandwidth of MI Receiver
		14.3 Factors Affecting MI Communication
			14.3.1 Skin Effect
			14.3.2 Background Noise
			14.3.3 Presence of Ferromagnetic Materials
		14.4 Path Loss Calculation
			14.4.1 Effect of Underwater Channel on Path Loss
		Summary
		References
	15 Challenges and Advancements in MI Communication
		15.1 Directionality Challenge and Multi-Directional Coils
			15.1.1 Tri-Directional Coil
			15.1.2 Meta-Materials and Spherical Array Enclosed Coils
		15.2 Range Challenge and Waveguides
			15.2.1 Introduction to Waveguides
			15.2.2 MI Waveguide Model
			15.2.3 Waveguide Implementation Challenges
		15.3 MIMO and MI Communication
		Summary
		References
	16 MI Wireless Sensor Networks
		16.1 Underwater Wireless Sensor Network Applications and Architecture
		16.2 Localization
			16.2.1 Localization in Wireless Sensor Networks
			16.2.2 Distance Estimation
				16.2.2.1 Localization Challenge with Single Dimensional Coil
			16.2.3 Position Estimation
		16.3 Medium Access protocols
			16.3.1 Hidden Node Problem and MI Communication
		16.4 Routing Protocols
			16.4.1 Active Relaying
			16.4.2 Hybrid Relaying
		16.5 Cross-Layer Protocols
		Summary
		References
Index