Underutilized resources as animal feedstuffs

Overview 1
1 Industrial Food Processing Wastes 5
Introduction 5
Quantity 5
Physical Properties 7
Fruit and Nut Processing Wastes 7
Apple Processing Wastes 7
Citrus Processing Wastes 9
Peach Processing Wastes 10
Pear Processing Wastes 10
Fruit Canneries' Activated Sludge 12
Winery Wastes 13
Cacao Processing Wastes 15
Fruit Pits, Fruit Pit Kernels, Nut Hulls, and Nut Shells 15
Vegetable Processing Wastes 16
Potato Processing Wastes 16
Sweet Potato Processing Wastes 21
Tomato Processing Wastes 23
Other Vegetables 25
Animal By-Products 28
Dairy Whey 28
Seafood Processing Wastes 30
Poultry Processing Wastes 31
Red Meat Processing Wastes 32
Alternative Uses for Food Processing Wastes 38
Animal and Human Health Problems and Regulatory Aspects 38
Pesticide Residues 38
Heavy Metals 39
Animal Health 39
Summary 40
Literature Cited 41
2 Nonfood Industrial Wastes 46
Introduction 46
Organic Chemical Industry 47
Quantity 47
Physical Characteristics 48
Nutritive Value 52
Processing 54
Utilization Systems 58
Animal and Human Health 59
Fermentation Industry 59
Quantity 59
Physical Characteristics 60
Nutritive Value 60
Processing Technology 61
Utilization Systems 62
Health Considerations 62
Regulatory Aspects 62
Municipal Solid Waste 63
Quantity 63
Physical Characteristics 63
Nutritive Value 63
Processing 64
Animal and Human Health 64
Research Needs 65
Summary 65
Literature Cited 65
3 Forest Residues 69
Introduction 69
Whole-Tree Residue and Fractions of Whole Trees 69
Quantity 69
Collectibility 71
Physical Characteristics 73
Nutritive Value 74
Processing Methods 84
Utilization Systems 100
Pulpmill and Papermill Residues 101
Quantity 101
Physical Characteristics 106
Nutritive Value 107
Processing 110
Utilization Systems 110
Sludges 111
Spent Sulfite Liquor 113
Wood Residues as Roughage Substitutes in Ruminant Diets 113
Animal Health 114
Regulatory Aspects 115
Research Needs 115
Summary 116
Literature Cited 117
4 Animal Wastes 121
Introduction 121
Quantity 122
Physical Characteristics 122
Nutritive Value 123
Chemical Composition of Animal Wastes 123
Nutrient Utilization 124
Performance of Animals Fed Animal Wastes 132
Processing 144
Ensiling 145
Dehydration 145
Other Processes 147
Utilization Systems 148
Experimental 148
Industrial 149
Potential Utilization 150
Animal and Human Health 150
Pathogenic Organisms 151
Harmful Substances 156
Quality of Products from Animals Fed Waste 162
Regulatory Aspects: Federal and State 163
Research Needs 164
Summary 165
Literature Cited 166
5 Crop Residues 178
Introduction 178
Quantity 178
Physical Characteristics 179
Nutritive Value 180
Corn 180
Wheat and Other Small Grain and Grass Straws 182
Soybean 183
Grain Sorghum 183
Other Residues 184
Processing Methods 187
Corn 187
Wheat and Other Small Grains 194
Soybean 196
Grain Sorghum 196
Other Residues 198
Utilization Systems 199
Potential Utilization 202
Animal and Human Health Problems and Regulatory Aspects 203
Research Needs 203
Summary 204
Literature Cited 204
Glossary 210
6 Aquatic Plants 211
Introduction 211
Quantity 212
Physical Characteristics 212
Nutritive Value 214
Chemical Composition 214
Nutrient Utilization 214
Animal Performance 216
Processing 217
Algae 217
Seaweed 218
Other Aquatic Plants 219
Utilization Systems 220
Animal and Human Health 220
Regulatory Aspects 222
Research Needs 222
Summary 223
Literature Cited 224
Appendix Tables 228

Tables
Industrial Food Processing Wastes
1. Yearly Food Processing Industry Solid Residuals, by Product
and Disposal Method
6
2. Food Processing Industry Solid Residuals per Year, by Region 7
Nonfood Industrial Wastes
3. Major Chemicals Produced in Liquid-Phase Reaction Systems 49
4. Processes Identified as Possibly Having Underutilized NFI
Waste
53
5. Cell Conversion Yields on Various Substrates 56
6. Protein Content of Various Microorganisms 58
Forest Residues
7. Estimates of U.S. Aboveground Forest Biomass Potential 70
8. In Vitro Dry-Matter Digestibility of Various Woods and Barks 75
9. Water Solubility of Various Hardwood Barks and Extent of
Carbohydrate Dissolution
76
10. Feedlot Performance of Cattle Fed Pelleted Diets Containing
Whole Aspen Tree Material
78
11. Feedlot Performance of Cattle Fed Complete Mixed Rations
Containing Alfalfa and/or Whole Aspen Tree Material            80
12. Performance of Young and Old Cows Fed Wintering Diets
Containing Whole Aspen Tree Material
82
13. Nutrient Composition of Muka Made from Pinus sylvestris 83
14. Effect of NaOH Treatment on the In Vitro Digestibility of
Hardwoods
89
15. Degree of Delignification Required to Attain 60 Percent In
Vitro Digestibility
94
16. Composition and Cellulase Digestion of Various Woods
Before and After SO2 Treatment
96
17. Lignin and Carbohydrate Content and Digestibility of Sound
and Decayed Aspen and Birch Wood
99
18. Effect of Electron Irradiation on the In Vitro Digestion of
Aspen and Spruce
100
19. Kilograms Primary Sludge per 1000 Kilograms Pulp Produced
by Different Pulping Processes
103
20. Kilograms Primary Sludge per 1000 Kilograms Pulp Produced,
by Region
103
21. Kilograms Primary Sludge Produced per 1000 Kilograms
Paper Produced by Different Types of Mills
104
22. Kilograms Primary Sludge Produced per 1000 Kilograms
Paper Production, by Region
104
23. Inorganic Content of Primary Sludges 105
24. Sulfite Pulp and Spent Liquor Solids Production from North
American Sulfite Mills
105
25. Spent Sulfite Liquor Handling in United States Sulfite Mills 106
26. Canadian Sulfite Pulpmills, by Process and Spent Liquor
Solids Handling
106
27. Composition and In Vitro Rumen Digestibility of Pulpmill
Residues
108
28. Composition and In Vitro Rumen Digestibility of Combined
Pulpmill and Papermill Sludges
112
Animal Wastes
29. Livestock and Poultry Waste Production in the United States 123
30. Distribution of Nitrogen in Feces and Urine from Livestock 124
31. Mean Composition and Energy Value of Animal Wastes 125
32. Mean Mineral Composition of Animal Wastes 126
33. Mean Additional Mineral Composition of Animal Wastes 127
34. Mean Amino Acid Composition of Animal Wastes 128
35. Performance of Cattle Fed Diets Containing Dehydrated Layer
Waste (DLW)
134
36. Milk Production of Cows Fed Diets Containing Dehydrated
Layer Waste (DLW)
136
37. Performance of Sheep Fed Diets Containing Dehydrated Layer
Waste (DLW)
137
38. Performance of Swine Fed Diets Containing Dehydrated Layer
Waste (DLW)
138
39. Performance of Growing Chickens Fed Diets Containing Dehydrated
Layer Waste (DLW)
140
40. Performance of Laying Hens Fed Diets Containing Dehydrated
Layer Waste (DLW)
141
41. Performance of Cattle Fed Diets Containing Poultry Litter 142
42. Results of Bacteriological Analysis of 44 Samples of Poultry
Litter
152
43. Survival of Salmonellae in Cattle Waste and in an Ensiled
Waste-Feed Mixture
153
44. Effect of Temperature on Survival of Salmonellae in an
Ensiled Waste-Feed Mixture
154
45. Microorganisms Recovered from Samples of Poultry Waste 156
46. Effect of Temperature and Moisture on Microbial Counts of
Dehydrated Poultry Waste
157
47. Drug Residues in Broiler Litter 161
Crop Residues
48. Estimated Supply of Crop Residues 180
49. Dry Cow Daily Weight Gain (kg) on Various Corn Residue
Systems
182
50. Pelleted and Sodium Hydroxide-Treated Cornstalks 188
51. Performance of Steers Fed Sodium Hydroxide-Treated Corncobs 190
52. Treated Husklage Versus Corn Silage 190
53. Performance of Growing Calves Fed Different Chemically
Treated Cobs
192
54. Performance of Lambs Fed Wheat Straw 195
55. Effect of Treatment of Wheat Straw and Balancing Minerals
for High Sodium Intake on Rate and Efficiency of Gain of
Steers
195
56. Effect of Chemical Treatment of Wheat Straw on Lamb Dry
Matter and Neutral Detergent and Acid Detergent Digestibility
and Growth
197
57. Cow-Calf Production 200
58. Beef Production Systems with Heifers Utilizing Crop Residues 201
Aquatic Plants
59. Production of Seaweeds and Aquatic Plants 213
Appendix Tables
1. Proximate Compositon and Energy Value 228
2. Mineral Composition 241
3. Additional Mineral Elements 247
4. Essential Amino Acid Composition 250
5. Nonessential Amino Acid Composition 253
6. Vitamin Composition of Algae 253
Figures
Nonfood Industrial Wastes
1. Simplified flowsheet of production of single-cell protein 55
Forest Residues
2. Effect of NaOH pretreatment on the in vitro digestion of straw
and poplar wood
88
3. Relationship between lignin content and in vitro digestion for
NaOH pretreated hardwoods
90
4. Relationship between level of NaOH pretreatment and in vitro
digestion for quaking aspen and northern red oak
91
5. In vitro dry-matter digestion of rations containing untreated
and NaOH-treated aspen
92
6. Relationship between in vitro digestibility and extent of delignification
for kraft pulps made from four wood species
93
7. Relationship between digestibility and extent of delignification
for wood pulps
95
8. In vivo dry-matter digestion of rations containing SO2-treated
red oak
97
9. Relationship between in vitro digestibility and time of vibratory
ball milling
100
10. Division of the United States into six regions, based on best
judgment of similar tree species, pulping processes, and
end products within a region
102
Crop Residues
11. In vitro dry-matter disappearance (IVDMD) of cornstalks harvested
over time
181

12. In vitro dry-matter disappearance (IVDMD) for cobs with
different combinations of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and
calcium hydroxide (CaOH)
193
13. Average daily gains of steers fed corncob ration with 0, 50, or
100 percent alfalfa hay addition
202
Aquatic Plants
14. Flow diagram of kelp dewatering process 219
15. Harvester for water hyacinth 220
16. Floating harvester for submerged aquatic plants 221
17. Hyacinth control station 222