Understanding Well-Being in the Oldest Old

Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Tables......Page 11
Contributors......Page 13
Foreword......Page 17
Part I Theory: New Horizons in Well-being Research......Page 19
Introduction......Page 21
References......Page 27
Prologue: a lost category......Page 29
Recognizing an absent category of gerontological knowledge......Page 30
The quest for an ageless self......Page 32
The emergence of a selfless age......Page 35
The futile search for intersection and interaction......Page 36
Epilogue: a present category with an absent well-being......Page 38
References......Page 40
From philosophical discourse to scientific study: the shifting formulations of happiness......Page 45
Dual Accounts of Happiness in Western Thinking......Page 46
The Evolution of Modern Research on Happiness......Page 47
The Negativity Bias in Human Experience......Page 49
Rethinking SWB: The Dynamic Formulation......Page 50
Rethinking SWB: The Structural Formulation......Page 51
The Particular Implications of Old-Old Age for SWB......Page 52
Living under the Shadow of an Approaching End: Time Perspective and SWB in Late Life......Page 53
Accounting for the Evolvement in Time: The Life Story and SWB in Late Life......Page 55
Conclusion......Page 57
References......Page 58
Introduction......Page 64
Illustrations of the shifting baseline theory principles through extreme examples found in literature......Page 68
Factors Associated with Well-Being in Old Age......Page 69
Well-Being in Nursing-Home Residents with Dementia......Page 70
How Is This Theory Different from Other Theories of Well-Being in Older Persons?......Page 72
Priorities, Expectations, End-of-Life Issues, and Worse-Than-Death States......Page 73
Measures of Quality of Life......Page 74
The Agenda of Well-Being Research......Page 75
Goals of Dementia Care......Page 78
References......Page 79
Introduction......Page 83
Models of adaptation in adult life......Page 84
The georgia adaptation model......Page 85
Developmental adaptation model......Page 86
Illustrative example......Page 89
Conclusions......Page 91
References......Page 93
Part II Paradise Lost: Between Trauma and Happiness......Page 97
Lifetime trauma and survival in old-old age......Page 99
Cardinal survival modes......Page 100
Dementia-molded survival: what happens to traumatic memories in dementia?......Page 101
Embattled survival: how does trauma linger into old-old age?......Page 103
Robust survival: how do old-old people regulate the remnants of trauma?......Page 105
Conclusions......Page 108
References......Page 109
Introduction......Page 114
Proximal and distal life events in very old life......Page 115
Health events......Page 118
Family and work events......Page 119
Miscellaneous events......Page 121
Life events and well-being......Page 122
Implications......Page 125
References......Page 127
Introduction......Page 129
Trauma identification and diagnosis......Page 131
Health, biology, and trauma......Page 134
Working memory in aging and trauma......Page 136
Ptsd and coping in later life......Page 138
Understanding self and trauma......Page 140
Memory and a model of ptsd......Page 143
A model of ptsd and aging......Page 145
Treatment review......Page 148
Hyer and sohnles model......Page 151
References......Page 156
Part III Pathways and Gatekeepers: Moderating, Mediating, and Proximal Processes......Page 167
Introduction......Page 169
Georgia centenarians’ social and economic resources......Page 171
Theoretical framework and multivariate analysis strategy......Page 177
Influences of distal and proximal resources and resource adequacy on swb and pwb......Page 182
Implications for social support and successful aging among the oldest old......Page 185
References......Page 186
Introduction......Page 189
Methodology......Page 191
Results......Page 192
Discussion......Page 196
Antidepressant Medications and Nutrition-Related Variables......Page 197
Appetite and Weight Loss in Skilled Nursing Facilities......Page 198
Obesity......Page 199
References......Page 200
Cognitive functioning and vitality among the oldest old: implications for well-being......Page 204
Cognitive vitality: expanding cognitive health......Page 205
Normative cognitive aging and vitality......Page 209
Nonnormative cognitive aging and vitality......Page 210
Methodological Limitations......Page 212
Classifications of Functioning in the Oldest Old......Page 213
What factors or resources contribute to cognitive vitality among the oldest old?......Page 215
What conclusions and new directions can be identified for future research?......Page 219
References......Page 223
Introduction......Page 231
Social networks......Page 233
Social exchange......Page 236
Discussion......Page 240
References......Page 241
Introduction......Page 245
Conceptualizing religion and spirituality......Page 246
Religion, coping, and adaptation......Page 247
Religious coping and the oldest old......Page 248
Health......Page 249
Results......Page 250
Summary......Page 251
References......Page 255
What is leisure?......Page 258
Leisure in later life......Page 259
Leisure in the life of the oldest old......Page 261
Continuity and change in leisure with aging......Page 263
Innovation theory......Page 264
Jacob and the Garden Club......Page 266
Beth and the Quaker Church......Page 267
Summary......Page 269
References......Page 270
Part IV Signposting Paradise: Measurement of Well-Being......Page 277
Introduction......Page 279
Culture and the measurement of well-being......Page 280
Psychometric strategies of measurement......Page 284
Ethnographic strategies of measurement......Page 286
Well-being, evaluation, and meaning......Page 287
Data Reduction Strategies......Page 288
Scales and the Meaning of Numbers......Page 289
Cultural distortions......Page 290
“Life is wretched, but I am fine”......Page 291
“Life is fine, but I am miserable”......Page 292
“Life is wretched and I am miserable”......Page 293
Cultural equivalencies......Page 295
References......Page 297
Introduction......Page 299
What Is the WTL?......Page 300
Irrational and Rational Components of the WTL: Empirical Support......Page 301
A Single-Item Measure......Page 304
Four- and Five-Item Tools......Page 305
References......Page 306
Introduction......Page 308
Conceptualizing subjective well-being......Page 309
Life Satisfaction Index-A......Page 311
Bradburn Affect Balance Scale......Page 316
Philadelphia Geriatric Morale Scale – Revised......Page 317
Satisfaction with Life Scale......Page 319
The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule......Page 321
Ryff Scales of Psychological Well-Being......Page 323
Retirement Descriptive Index......Page 325
Retirement Satisfaction Index......Page 326
Work-Control Index......Page 328
Positive Affective Index......Page 329
Family Interaction Index......Page 331
Congregational Satisfaction Questionnaire......Page 332
Spiritual Well-Being Scale......Page 333
Gratitude toward God......Page 335
Meaning in life......Page 336
The Gratitude Questionnaire – Six-Item Form (GQ-6)......Page 337
Valuation of Life Scale......Page 338
Future directions......Page 340
References......Page 342
Introduction......Page 350
Macrolevel......Page 353
Microlevel......Page 355
Context......Page 357
Ptsd......Page 360
Issues to consider in treatment......Page 361
Issue 1: Maximize the Environment......Page 362
Issue 2: Individual Variability in the Treatment of the Oldest Old......Page 363
Issue 3: CBT as Psychotherapy Model for Oldest Old......Page 364
Issue 4: Power of the Therapeutic Alliance and the Therapist......Page 365
Issue 5: Maximize the Elders Positive Traits......Page 366
Issue 6: Placebo as Therapy......Page 367
Issue 7: Enhancing Self-Identify......Page 368
Issue 8: Personality as Guide......Page 369
Issue 9: Expand the Definition of Patient......Page 370
Issue 10: Differences That Make a Difference – Cognition and Health......Page 372
Conclusion......Page 373
References......Page 375
Introduction......Page 382
1. What Is Old-Old Age?......Page 383
2. What Is Well-Being in Old-Old Persons?......Page 384
3. What Affects Well-Being in Old-Old Age?......Page 387
4. What Theory Is Appropriate for Old-Old Age?......Page 389
5. What Interventions Are Needed to Enhance Well-Being in Old-Old Age?......Page 391
Future Directions......Page 392
References......Page 395
Index......Page 397