Understanding The Human Machine: A Primer For Bioengineering (Series on Bioengineering & Biomedical Engineering)

Dedication......Page 6
Preface......Page 8
Acknowledgments......Page 10
Contents......Page 12
Definitions: Are they really necessary?......Page 14
Quantification Process......Page 16
Witchery, Charlatanism, Frankenstein, Science Fiction......Page 18
Koestler\'s Creative Collisions......Page 20
Guiding Philosophy of this Book: The Recording Channel......Page 21
Objectives......Page 23
Organism in a Block Diagram......Page 26
Cardiac Mechanical Activity......Page 29
The circuit......Page 30
The customers......Page 31
Variables of the Cardiovascular System (CVS)......Page 32
The heart......Page 34
Laws of the heart: Starling\'s and Laplace\'s......Page 36
Vessels: arteries and veins......Page 42
Cardiac output or the total flow, coronary and cerebral flows......Page 43
The pressure-volume loops......Page 54
Arterial input impedance......Page 60
Body fluids......Page 65
Closing remarks......Page 67
Essentials of electrophysiology......Page 68
Origin of the heart beat: the pacemaker......Page 89
Spread of excitation: the conduction system......Page 92
Concept of block......Page 93
The surface electrocardiogram (or ECG)......Page 94
Derangements of the cardiac rhythm......Page 105
Closing remarks......Page 110
Introduction......Page 111
Basic mechanisms and principal muscles......Page 113
Pulmonary capacities and volumes......Page 115
Respiratory variables......Page 116
Compliance......Page 122
Work of respiration......Page 123
Pulmonary Circulation......Page 125
Gas Exchange......Page 127
Respiratory Control......Page 129
Closing remarks of Section 2.3......Page 132
Introduction......Page 134
Anatomical features......Page 135
Micropuncture......Page 137
Slices of medulla and freezing point......Page 138
Renal processes......Page 139
Filtration......Page 141
Secretion......Page 142
Reabsorption......Page 143
Osmosis......Page 145
Countercurrent multiplication......Page 149
Countercurrent exchanger......Page 151
Renal blood flow......Page 152
Closing remarks of Section 4......Page 154
Introduction......Page 155
Mechanics......Page 156
Secretions......Page 159
Perfusion......Page 161
Exchangers......Page 164
Control and Regulation......Page 165
Closing remarks of Section 5......Page 168
Introduction......Page 171
Hypothalamic-Adenohypophyseal System (HAHS)......Page 172
Hypothalamic-Neurohypophyseal System (HNHS)......Page 183
The Catecholamine System: Adrenal Medulla......Page 185
The Thyroid-Parathyroid System for Calcium Regulation......Page 187
The Insulin-Glucagon System: Pancreas......Page 189
The Renin-Angiotensin-Cardionatrine System......Page 194
The Pineal Gland and the Biological Clock......Page 196
Closing Remarks of Section 6......Page 203
Introduction......Page 204
Central Centers and Segmental Levels......Page 205
Reticular Activating System (RAS)......Page 210
The Autonomic System......Page 211
The Synapse......Page 213
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)......Page 214
Closing Remarks of Section 7......Page 215
Introduction......Page 216
Functional Unit: The Neuromuscular Juntion......Page 217
Muscle Spindle and Golgi Organ: Posture......Page 220
Diseases of the neuromuscular system......Page 222
Closing Remarks of Section 8......Page 224
Introduction......Page 225
The Nucleus......Page 226
Closing Remarks of Section 9......Page 228
Introduction......Page 230
Bioelectric Events and their Signals......Page 231
From the eye......Page 232
From the skin: the electrodermogram (EDG)......Page 236
From the oocyte......Page 239
Traditional Bioelectrical Signals......Page 241
The EMG......Page 242
The EEG......Page 244
Biomagnetic Signals......Page 247
Bioimpedancimetric Signals......Page 251
Mechanisms to change impedance......Page 252
Concept of biological impedance......Page 254
Some examples of physiological impedancimetric signals......Page 255
Biohydraulic Events and their Signals......Page 257
Signals Produced by Biomechanical Systems......Page 266
Signals Produced by Biomaterials......Page 272
Cellular Signals......Page 275
An image can be converted to a sequential time event......Page 276
Mathematical model of an image......Page 277
Image as a tool in Medicine and Biology......Page 279
Digital Image Processing......Page 280
Concluding Remarks of Chapter 3......Page 281
Introduction......Page 284
Electrodes: The electric-electric transducer......Page 285
The interface: Two lion\'s world......Page 287
Interface as an electrical circuit......Page 291
Useful and annoying interfaces......Page 295
Interface behavior with low and high current density......Page 296
Measurement of pH (dc signal at the interface)......Page 297
Bacterial concentration (ac signals at the interface)......Page 299
ECG, EMG and EEG (ac signals through the interface)......Page 300
Sensors/Transducers......Page 301
Characteristics of the Wheatstone bridge......Page 303
Biosensors......Page 305
Comments and conclusions......Page 309
Introduction......Page 312
Basic Requirements......Page 313
Instrumentation Amplifiers (IA)......Page 314
Differential amplifiers based on a single op-amp......Page 315
Amplifier loading effect......Page 317
External resistors mismatch......Page 318
Common Mode Rejection (CMR)......Page 319
Differential amplifiers based on two op-amps......Page 320
Differential amplifiers based on three op-amps......Page 322
Common Mode Performance......Page 324
Instrumentation Amplifier Specifications......Page 325
Gain range......Page 326
Non-linearity and distortion......Page 327
Input characteristics......Page 328
Voltage offset and drift......Page 329
Frequency response......Page 330
Noise and Interference......Page 331
Noise counductively coupled......Page 332
Noise capacitively coupled......Page 333
Noise coupled inductively (or magnetically)......Page 335
Network interference......Page 336
Capacitively Coupled Interference......Page 337
Inductively Coupled Noise......Page 341
Biopotencial interferences......Page 342
Ground loops......Page 343
Other types of noise......Page 344
Characterization of an amplifier\'s noise......Page 346
Isolation amplifier......Page 347
Conclusions......Page 348
Introduction......Page 350
Pattern reading......Page 351
Horizontal discretization: Sampling time interval......Page 353
Vertical discretization: Amplitude quantization......Page 355
What do we do with the signals?......Page 357
Final remarks and conclusions......Page 359
Introduction......Page 362
Linear versus non-linear models......Page 364
Characteristics of a System Model......Page 368
Partial Final Remarks......Page 370
Rounding up and looking ahead......Page 372
References......Page 378
Index......Page 396
List of Figures......Page 406
Author\'s Biographical Note......Page 410