Understanding Statistics for the Social Sciences with IBM SPSS

Contents......Page 3
Preface......Page 11
The Scientific Approach versus the Layperson’s  Approach to Knowledge......Page 12
The Univariate Approach......Page 14
Hypothesis Testing and Probability Theory......Page 16
Definition of Statistics......Page 17
Learning How to Use the SPSS Software Program......Page 20
Introduction to SPSS......Page 21
SPSS Analysis: Windows Method......Page 28
SPSS Analysis: Syntax Method......Page 30
--- Descriptive Statistics......Page 35
Basic Mathematical Concepts......Page 36
Measurement Scales (Levels of Measurement)......Page 38
Types of Variables......Page 40
Ungrouped Frequency Distributions......Page 43
Grouped Frequency Distributions......Page 49
Percentiles and Percentile Ranks......Page 57
Bar Graph......Page 69
Histogram......Page 75
Frequency Polygon......Page 79
Cumulative Percentage Curve......Page 85
Why Is Central Tendency Important?......Page 92
The Arithmetic Mean......Page 93
The Median......Page 108
The Mode......Page 111
Comparison of the Mean, Median, and Mode......Page 114
Measures of Central Tendency: Symmetry and Skewness......Page 116
What Is Variability?......Page 117
Range......Page 118
Standard Deviation......Page 119
Using SPSS to Calculate the Range,  the Standard Deviation, and the Variance......Page 123
Areas Contained under the Standard Normal Distribution......Page 128
Scores) and the Normal Curve......Page 129
Linear and Nonlinear Relationships......Page 149
Characteristics of Correlation......Page 151
Scores......Page 153
and the Linear Correlation Coefficient......Page 159
Some Issues with Correlation......Page 164
What Is Linear Regression?......Page 167
Linear Regression and Imperfect Relationships......Page 168
--- Inferential Statistics......Page 181
Introduction to Inferential Statistics......Page 182
Probability......Page 183
Sampling......Page 195
Confidence Interval and Confidence Level......Page 199
Introduction to Hypothesis Testing......Page 206
Types of Hypotheses......Page 208
Testing Hypotheses......Page 209
test......Page 217
test......Page 219
test......Page 226
One-Way Analysis of Variance......Page 231
)  Test......Page 240
) Test of Independence  between Two Variables......Page 245
Appendix......Page 254
Biblio......Page 267
Index......Page 268